水基钻屑固化填埋对周边土壤环境的影响

为了探讨水基钻屑固化填埋对周边土壤环境的影响,以西南某页岩气田为例,选取了3处具有代表性的井场,先对水基钻屑固化处置方式和效果进行了评价,然后再对水基钻屑固化填埋池周边土壤进行监测,分析了固化填埋池对周边土壤环境的影响。结果表明,井场的水基钻屑固化填埋池周边土壤重金属的综合污染指数分别是0.45,0.56,0.29,三个井场的水基钻屑固化填埋池周边土壤重金属的综合污染指数均小于0.7,与相关标准相比,说明水基钻屑固化填埋暂时未对周边土壤造成影响,属于清洁水平。短期内水基钻屑的固化填埋效果较好,对周围土壤的环境影响较小。     

钻屑、钻井液固化处理及对环境的影响分析

钻屑和废钻井液的固化处理是现阶段钻井废物无害化处理的主要研究方向,研究利用固化剂对钻屑和废泥浆进行固化处理,优选配方(水泥+粉煤灰+添加剂)进行固化处理;同时考查了钻屑、钻井液固化填埋后对周围环境的影响。结果表明,固化物浸出液的分析结果符合国家危险废物鉴别标准(GB5085.3-1996)和国家污水综合排放标准(GB8978-1996),对周围环境水质调查监测,环境水质未受到污染,与填埋前的监测指标变化不大。     

水基钻屑制备烧结砖技术研究及应用

针对某地区钻井过程中水基钻屑产生量大、处理难的问题,通过水基钻屑制烧结砖技术,进行钻井废物资源化利用。介绍了水基钻屑制作路基材料、免烧砖、烧结砖等"资源化"处置技术现状,对水基钻屑制备烧结砖技术进行实验研究,进行了破胶处理和钻屑成分分析,分析了水基钻屑预处理,对烧结砖性能进行评价,结果表明,水基钻屑、配伍材料B、补强剂A之比为1∶4∶5时,抗压强度等指标达到GB 5101—2003《烧结普通砖》要求,烧结砖浸出液达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》一级标准。     

页岩气勘探开发钻井固废特性鉴别研究

为实现清水钻屑、水基钻屑和油基钻屑3类钻井固废的资源化处理处置,对现有页岩气勘探开发产生的3类钻井固废的成分进行固废特性的鉴别。分析了固废的来源与产生方式,根据GB 5085.1～6—2007从氧化性、摩擦感度、遇水放气、腐蚀性对危险废物特性进行鉴别,从浸出毒性、毒性物质含量、急毒性物质初筛、生物毒性评价方面对危险废物进行毒性鉴别,根据GB 18599—2001《一般工业固体废物贮存、处置场污染控制标准》对其进行一般工业固废的鉴别。结果表明:3类钻井固废不具有GB 5085—2007《危险废物鉴别标准》所规定的易燃性、反应性等危险固废特性指标;3类钻井固废生物毒性远低于危险固废所规定的最低值,水基钻屑和油基钻屑热解灰渣的生物毒性评价结果均为无毒;除pH值高于9.0之外,3类固废的浸出液其他指标均低于GB 18599—2001中第Ⅱ类一般工业固废标准要求。     

MEG环保泥浆在王庄油田强水敏储层的应用

王庄油田属强水敏储层,过去采用污染强、费用高的油基泥浆、强抑制泥浆,对周边环境影响较大,施工费用高。针对上述情况,在分析MEG(甲基葡萄糖苷)环保泥浆优势的基础上,通过实验室对比和现场应用对比,研究MEG泥浆的应用效果及其固化浸出液对环境的影响。结果表明,MEG钻井液固化浸出液满足GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》的一级标准要求,固化泥浆池固化后对周边土壤环境影响不大,不影响作物的正常生长。     

高性能水基钻井液废物不落地处理先导试验

高性能水基钻井液是"水代油基"钻井液技术发展的新型水基钻井液,采用物理分离-资源化处理工艺处理高性能水基钻井液废物,回收钻屑夹带的钻井液,剩余固相通过资源化处理制成铺路基土和免烧砖等资源化产品,产品的浸出液主要指标达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》一级标准,产品质量符合相应的国家建材产品质量要求。     

塔里木油田钻完井液环保处理技术研究

文章分别对水基磺化钻完井液和高密度柴油基钻完井液的环保处理技术进行了研究评价,对高温氧化、化学絮凝+机械脱水、生物修复等三类环保处理技术及工艺进行的研究表明,对水基磺化钻完井液产生的作业废物,3种方法中高温氧化处理技术处理效果稳定,COD去除率最高;化学絮凝+机械脱水工艺对COD去除效果不理想;生物处理工艺处理效果不能达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》的二级标准,不适合于塔里木油田气候环境。对于油基钻完井液产生的作业废物,基于萃取脱附的LRET脱附技术处理后固相含油量小于1%,回收油全部回用作为配置油基钻井液的基油,处理效果稳定,处理后含油钻屑的含油量小于1%,达到DB 23/T 1413—2010《油田含油污泥综合利用污染控制标准》要求。     

油气田钻屑与废泥浆固化处理技术的初步研究

由于钻井废弃泥浆流失会对环境造成严重污染，所以必须对废弃泥浆进行固化处理。通过大量实验研究，筛选出了分别适合于钻屑与高密度（ρ〉2.0g／cm^3）、中密度（ρ=1.6g/cm^3左右）、低密度（ρ=1.2g/cm^3左右）钻井废泥浆的几种固化剂配方。现场结合具体情况选用实验筛选的固化荆配方对废钻井泥浆和钻屑固化处理，固化物的强度达到0.3MPa以上，固化物浸出液中污染物含量达到《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978-1996）一级标准要求。     

安全环保研究院水基钻井废物处理与资源化技术成果加快推进升级应用

正中国石油集团安全环保技术研究院有限公司经过一代、二代水基钻井废物不落地处理装置的研发和现场应用,积累了丰富成果,并在此基础上研发了第三代水基钻井废物不落地处理成套装置。装置以不落地收集、液相再生回用、固相无害化和固相资源化为一体的集约化随钻处理装备,消除了废钻井液池,并且实现了废钻井液再生处理后达标就地回用的循环利用模式。制成的钻屑资源化产品均能够达到环保和建材相关标准要求,产品浸出液主要污染控制指标pH值、色度、COD、石油类等均达到了GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》     

沈阳郊区耕作土壤As、Hg的污染评价

对沈阳郊区3个农产品生产区域土壤中的重金属As、Hg进行检测,用土壤环境质量标准和土壤背景值标准进行评价,结果表明,沈阳郊区土壤已经受到了不同程度的污染,污染较重的元素是Hg。以土壤环境质量标准评价其综合污染指数为2.89;以土壤背景值标准评价其综合污染指数为13.56。     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Provincial development plans in Zimbabwe: an analysis of their content,structure and methodology

Zimbabwean provincial plans were instituted to help in the achievement of the national goal of the creation of an egalitarian, socialist and integrated society. The national goal itself was adopted as an antithesis to the dualist society characterised by spatial, economic, social, politican and technological inequalities that Zimbabwe inherited from colonialism. This meant that provincial plans had to play both a functional (or growth allocating/distribution) and a territorial (or redistribution) role.

This paper reviews their role in achieving the national goal by examining their functions, content, structure and methodology. The paper concludes that because of their nature, provincial plans are not suitable tools for the achievement of the national goal.     

Effect of Light on Biodegradation of Estrone, 17β‐Estradiol,and 17α‐Ethinylestradiol in Stream Sediment

Biodegradation of [A‐ring ¹⁴C] Estrone (E1), 17β‐estradiol (E2), and 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2) to ¹⁴CO₂ was investigated under light and dark conditions in microcosms containing epilithon or sediment collected from Boulder Creek, Colorado. Mineralization of the estrogen A‐ring was observed in all sediment treatments, but not epilithon treatments. No difference in net mineralization between light and dark treatments was observed for ¹⁴C‐E2. Net mineralization of ¹⁴C‐E1 and ¹⁴C‐EE2 was enhanced in light treatments. Extents of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were significantly greater for E2 than E1 under dark conditions, but were comparable under light conditions. These results indicate substantial differences in the uptake and metabolism of E1 and E2 in the environment and suggest biorecalcitrance of E1 relative to E2 in light‐limited environments. The extent of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rate of mineralization for EE2 in dark treatments were less than half of that observed for E2 and generally lower than for E1, consistent with previous reports of EE2 biorecalcitrance. However, ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were comparable for EE2, E2, and E1 under light conditions. These results indicate photoactivation and/or phototransformation/photodegradation processes can substantially enhance heterotrophic biodegradation of estrogens in sunlit environments and may play an important role in estrogen transport and attenuation.     

Bioremediation of Soils by Plant–Microbe Systems

Abstract

Sustainable ecosystems can be designed to eliminate environmental toxins and reduce pathogen loads through the direct and indirect consequences of plant and microbial activities. We present an approach to the bioremediation of disturbed environments, focusing on petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) contaminants. Treatment consists of incorporating a plant-based amendment to enhance ecosystem productivity and physiochemical degradation followed by the establishment of plants to serve as oxidizers and foundations for microbial communities. Promising amendments for widespread use are entire plants of the water fern Azolla and seed meal of Brassica napus (rapeseed). An inexpensive byproduct from the manufacture of biodiesel and lubricants, rapeseed meal is high in nitrogen (6% wt/wt), stimulates >100-fold increases in populations of resident Streptomyces species, and suppresses fungal infection of roots subsequently cultivated in the amended soil. Synergistic enzymatic and chemical activities of plant and microbial metabolism in root zones transform and degrade soil contaminants. Emphasis is given to mechanisms that enable PHC functionalization via reactive molecular species.     

National minerals policies and stakeholder participation for broad-based development in the southern African development community (SADC)

This paper explains how the well-accepted concept of improved stakeholder participation during mineral policy development leads to a national mineral policy that accommodates the diverging views and interests that allows wide acceptance of decisions, enhancing the success of implementation and, ultimately, national benefits. This process is based on lessons learnt during the South African experience and has been successfully applied in the development of the Namibian and Malawian national minerals policies. An effective policy in the SADC will engineer the delicate balance between poverty reduction and an internationally competitive minerals sector. This balance enhances the possibility of long-term economic growth and development in the SADC region. The overriding advantage of this strategy is that it generates ‘home-grown’ policy instruments and implementation of mineral law with which stakeholders can identify. This process presents a new challenge to traditional policy formulation strategies in emerging economies and the bottom-up approach, linked to wide political support, allows the potential realisation of national objectives.     

Energetics and environmental costs of agriculture in a dry tropical region of India

The present article, based on a study of five village ecosystems, assesses the energy efficiency of rain-fed agriculture in a dry tropical environment and the impact of agricultural activity on the surrounding natural ecosystems. Agronomic yield is insufficient to meet the food requirement of the human population, hence 11.5%–49.7% of the required amount of food grains are imported from the market. Energy requirements of five studied agroecosystems are subsidized considerably by the surrounding forest in the form of fodder and firewood. Natural ecosystems supply about 80%–95% of fodder needs and 81%–100% of fuelwood needs. The output-input ratio of agriculture indicated that, on average, 4.1 units of energy are expended to obtain one unit of agronomic energy. Of this, 3.9 units are supplied by the natural ecosystem. In addition, 38% of the extracted firewood is marketed. The illegal felling and lopping of trees result in ever-increasing concentric circles of forest destruction around the villages and together with excessive grazing results in savannization. The forests can be conserved by encouraging fuelwood plantations (0.7 ha/ha cultivated land) and developing village pastures (1.6 ha/ha cultivated land) and reducing the livestock numbers. Agricultural production in the region can be stabilized by introducing improved dry farming techniques such as intercropping, planned rainwater management, and adequate use of fertilizers.     

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY “METROPOLITAN WATER MANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONS?”1

ABSTRACT The term “institution” and several variants are used frequently in the literature on metropolitan water management. The state-of-the art investigation on which this paper is based revealed that 1) many uses of the term do not include careful definitions; 2) many users of the term seemed unaware of the general, theoretical literature on the subject of institutions; 3) there was little consistency among uses, either in the practical literature dealing with water or in the conceptual literature dealing with theories of institutions or institutionalization; 4) some usages were without significant meaning; 5) in many cases the term was used as a kind of “black box” to account for behavioral, societal, or managerial factors; 6) the term was often used as a synonym for “organization”. This latter use is frequently found in federal reports, including National Water Commission studies, and is most unfortunate because it tends to slight significant social-psychological factors. A suggested definition is: “An institution is the structured result or outcome of a process by which values are articulated, arranged, and communicated, having continuity over time, and influencing behavior of persons who did not necessarily participate in formulating those values (norms).”     

Waste minimisation in practice

One of the major hindrances to waste minimisation on a construction site is the difficulty in establishing a methodology and using this methodology to benchmark future construction projects. This paper introduces SMARTWaste, a software tool that has been used to audit, reduce and target waste arisings on a construction site. This tool tries to link the construction process and the waste hierarchy. That is reducing waste on a construction site rather than landfilling it. Three applications of the SMARTWaste software will be discussed using case studies from three different types of construction. An evaluation of these case studies shows that, by implementing a waste minimisation scheme on-site, you can improve material recovery for reuse. Also, by using the waste arisings as a benchmark you can reduce your waste arisings on future sites. Application of SMARTWaste or a similar waste minimisation tool on a wider basis could reduce waste arisings and could result in a built environment that consumed less natural resources and energy, and also produced less pollution and waste. Such a built environment would be environmentally and socially more responsive and responsible.