钻井泥浆固化处置对地表水环境影响

选取四川省境内比较有代表性的5处井场,通过进行不同水泥固化剂处理效果的对比,包括固化体样品性状对比及固化体浸出液污染因子监测数据对比,分析以水基泥浆为原泥浆的钻井废泥浆固化处理工艺的效果,以及现有常用固化处置对周边地表水环境的影响。     

油气田钻屑与废泥浆固化处理技术的初步研究

由于钻井废弃泥浆流失会对环境造成严重污染，所以必须对废弃泥浆进行固化处理。通过大量实验研究，筛选出了分别适合于钻屑与高密度（ρ〉2.0g／cm^3）、中密度（ρ=1.6g/cm^3左右）、低密度（ρ=1.2g/cm^3左右）钻井废泥浆的几种固化剂配方。现场结合具体情况选用实验筛选的固化荆配方对废钻井泥浆和钻屑固化处理，固化物的强度达到0.3MPa以上，固化物浸出液中污染物含量达到《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978-1996）一级标准要求。     

钻屑、钻井液固化处理及对环境的影响分析

钻屑和废钻井液的固化处理是现阶段钻井废物无害化处理的主要研究方向,研究利用固化剂对钻屑和废泥浆进行固化处理,优选配方(水泥+粉煤灰+添加剂)进行固化处理;同时考查了钻屑、钻井液固化填埋后对周围环境的影响。结果表明,固化物浸出液的分析结果符合国家危险废物鉴别标准(GB5085.3-1996)和国家污水综合排放标准(GB8978-1996),对周围环境水质调查监测,环境水质未受到污染,与填埋前的监测指标变化不大。     

低含油污泥固化处理技术研究*

针对辽河油田欢采水厂低含油污泥,采用固化处理方法,测定了固化剂用量对抗压强度的影响和促凝剂用量对固化时间的影响,得到含油污泥:固化剂:促凝剂最佳配比为100:12:1.5。对含油污泥固化块进行浸出液毒性监测,分析结果表明:含油污泥固化块浸出液中重金属Cu、Pb、Cr、As、Zn、Ni、Cd的含量明显降低,远低于GB5085.3-2007《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》;浸出液中COD降低了77%。     

固化剂在钻井液不落地生产中的应用

选用5种固化剂对钻井液进行室内固化试验和现场应用研究。抗压强度试验结果表明:脲醛树脂、丙烯酞胺凝胶体、无机固化剂高炉矿渣、无定形硅粉及复合固化剂CQGH-1中,复合固化剂CQGH-1固化效果最好,固化体抗压强度最大;对5种固化剂形成的固化体浸出液进行铜、锌、镉、铬和铅等含量分析,结果表明:复合固化剂CQGH-1固化体浸出液达到GB 5085.3—2007《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》要求,从而得出CQGH-1为最佳固化剂。进行了最佳加量试验,得出最佳加量为25%。现场应用表明,CQGH-1固化效果好,固化体浸出液满足GB 5085.3—2007《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》,且复合固化剂CQGH-1经济效益优于传统固化剂。     

油田钻井废泥浆固化处理研究

文章结合油田的现场实际情况,针对该区钻井废泥浆污染物的特性,研究了固化的最佳工艺条件,并对固化效果进行评价。通过多组固化处理定性对比实验,从多种处理剂中筛选出处理效果较好的水泥、粉煤灰、石灰和黄土作为固化处理废泥浆的固化剂原材料。利用筛选出的固化剂组成,设计正交实验,确定固化剂最佳配方为每100mL泥浆添加10g水泥、20g粉煤灰、8g石灰、15g黄土。影响因素对固化处理效果的影响实验结果表明:当废泥浆固相含量在30%～70%,固化温度在20～40℃之间,固化时间能够满足7d的条件下,固化效果最佳。     

钻井废弃物无害化处理技术研究及应用

通过对钻井废弃物成分和环境影响的分析,指出川渝地区钻井废弃物固化处理中存在的问题:固化物浸出液中污染物难以达标。对钻井废弃物通过采用破胶固化工艺进行处理,固化物浸出液分析结果表明:COD等达到了GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》一级标准,采用该技术和工艺进行现场实施,检测结果达标。     

一种废钻井液固化剂的研制与应用

研制以固体固化剂SD和饱和盐溶液SG为基础的复合固化剂体系,通过废钻井液的高效、高强度固化,实现废钻井液的无害化处理。通过优选固化剂SD、SG配方及加量,并经过固化机理分析和固化效果评价,研制出一种适用于现场作业的高效、高强度固化剂。在100 g废钻井液中加入21 g复合固化剂后,固化 物即可达到较高的强度3.75MPa,浸出液毒性较低;加入固化剂28 g后,浸出液可满足GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》二级要求（COD＜150mg/L,色度＜80）。固化4h后即可形成可运输的固化物。复合固化剂SD/SG原料价廉易得,配制、使用方便,处理费用低,具备较强的推广应用价值。选取两口井,进行现场试验,废 钻井液使用该固化剂固化后,重金属含量满足GB 15618—2018《土壤环境质量 农用地土壤污染风险管控标 准》,其浸出液检测满足GB 5085.3—2007《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》要求。     

钻井泥浆固化处置对土壤环境的影响

针对四川地区油气田产生钻井废泥浆的特点,选取代表性的井场平台,进行现场调查和固化体取样实验,并将量化的数据定性化,得出固化处理钻井废泥浆对环境影响的程度,再通过对较差的井场进行土壤环境质量监测,最终分析钻井泥浆固化处置对土壤环境的影响及应采取的相应措施。结果表明：采取废弃泥浆固化方法效果较好,对周围土壤环境影响小。     

页岩气钻屑固化填埋池监测与评价研究

为了探讨钻屑固化填埋池对周围土壤及水体环境的影响,以西南某页岩气田为例,分别选取了具有代表性的水基钻屑固化填埋池和油基灰渣固化填埋池,先对钻屑固化处置方式和效果进行了评价,再对钻屑固化填埋池土壤径流液及土壤进行了监测,分析了固化填埋池对周边土壤环境的影响。结果表明:钻屑固化体浸出液达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》一级排放标准,钻屑固化填埋池土壤径流液满足GB5084-2005《农田灌溉水质标准》旱作标准;水基钻屑固化填埋池和油基灰渣固化填埋池上覆土壤重金属综合污染指数分别是0.42、0.45,周边土壤重金属综合污染指数分别是0.45、0.54。钻屑固化填埋池各项监测指标均未超标,土壤重金属综合污染指数均小于0.7,钻屑固化填埋暂时未对周边土壤造成影响,属于清洁水平。短期内钻屑固化填埋效果较好,对周围土壤环境影响较小。     

Projected Changes in Discharge in an Agricultural Watershed in Iowa

Our improved capability to adapt to the future changes in discharge is linked to our capability to predict the magnitude or at least the direction of these changes. For the agricultural United States Midwest, too much or too little water has severe socioeconomic impacts. Here, we focus on the Raccoon River at Van Meter, Iowa, and use a statistical approach to examine projected changes in discharge. We build on statistical models using rainfall and harvested corn and soybean acreage to explain the observed discharge variability. We then use projections of these two predictors to examine the projected discharge response. Results are based on seven global climate models part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and two representative concentration pathways (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5). There is not a strong signal of change in the discharge projections under the RCP 4.5. However, the results for the RCP 8.5 point to a stronger changing signal related to larger projected increases in rainfall, resulting in increased trends, in particular, in the upper part of the discharge distribution (i.e., 60th percentile and above). Examination of two hypothetical agricultural scenarios indicates that these increasing trends could be alleviated by decreasing the extent of the agricultural production. We also discuss how the methodology presented in this study represents a viable approach to move forward with the concept of return period for engineering design and management in a nonstationary world.     

Pesticides in rain in four agricultural watersheds in the United States

Rainfall samples were collected during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons at four agricultural locales across the USA in Maryland, Indiana, Nebraska, and California. The samples were analyzed for 21 insecticides, 18 herbicides, three fungicides, and 40 pesticide degradates. Data from all sites combined show that 7 of the 10 most frequently detected pesticides were herbicides, with atrazine (70%) and metolachlor (83%) detected at every site. Dacthal, acetochlor, simazine, alachlor, and pendimethalin were detected in more than 50% of the samples. Chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and diazinon were the only insecticides among the 10 most frequently detected compounds. Of the remaining pesticide parent compounds, 18 were detected in fewer than 30% of the samples, and 13 were not detected. The most frequently detected degradates were deethylatrazine; the oxygen analogs (OAs) of the organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion; and 1-napthol (degradate of carbaryl). Deethylatrazine was detected in nearly 70% of the samples collected in Maryland, Indiana, and Nebraska but was detected only once in California. The OAs of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were detected primarily in California. Degradates of the acetanilide herbicides were rarely detected in rain, indicating that they are not formed in the atmosphere or readily volatilized from soils. Herbicides accounted for 91 to 98% of the total pesticide mass deposited by rain except in California, where insecticides accounted for 61% in 2004. The mass of pesticides deposited by rainfall was estimated to be less than 2% of the total applied in these agricultural areas.     

Investment in human capital in Africa

Summary The author analyses the problems currently faced by the African continent, recognises six factors which he believes are important in influencing the analysis, and argues that the only secure, renewable asset any country or continent has, is its people. He maintains that people development, rather than the classical economic forms of encouraging development, offers Africa a viable way forward. He then identifies a number of specific issues within such a strategy of investment in human capital.Brian Walker is the President of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), and this address was given at the inaugural meeting of the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless, in London, on 18th April, 1985. A second, earlier, associated address was published inThe Environmentalist 5(3) 167–170.     

Environmental assessment in countries in transition: evolution in a changing context

Over the last fifteen years, Environmental Assessment systems of transitional societies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia have undergone dramatic change from appraisals integrated into centrally planned economies to formal procedures aimed to ensure interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts and linked to publicly accountable decision-making. In most Central European nations, EA systems have been radically reformed to approximate the procedures used in developed countries, particularly in the European Union. In contrast, EA in most of the former Soviet republics has been reformed more gradually and is still based on the so-called State Environmental Review procedure inherited from the USSR and substantially different from 'Western' EA. About one-third of the transitional countries (in the Balkans, the Caucasus and Central Asia) have, so far, failed to establish functioning EA systems. Throughout the region, there has been a gap between EA legislation and practice, especially concerning interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts, public participation, and utilisation of EA findings in decision-making. A key driving force in the reform of EA systems has been the change in their societal context, the so-called 'process of transition'. Three main policy agendas--environmental protection, reforms of decision-making, and conforming to international requirements--along with the institutional context of EA regulations and practice have influenced both the change of EA systems over time and the regional variations in the patterns of their evolution. This study suggests that an effective reform of an EA system should be context-sensitive, or be 'in gear' with the political and economic transition. Future EA research should consider their changing societal contexts and focused on practical effects of applying EA procedures.     

Water management problems in economies in transition

Ambitious programmes of reform in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) are threatened by a serious deterioration of the environment. Large-scale damage of the natural environment in many forms, including water pollution has created development barriers which adversely affect the living conditions of current and future generations. Despite similar patterns of environmental policy in the CEE countries compared with their Western counterparts, neither environmental legislation nor economic incentives have produced any significant improvement in water quality over the last 10–20 years. For that very reason in the transition period, it is necessary to identify existing deficiencies in the system and to build up a mixed system of new institutions of water management, more realistic legislation with a strong enforcement system, and market based incentives for water conservation and protection against pollution.     

Community-company relations in gold mining in Ghana

As a result of Structural Adjustment Programme from the 1980s, many developing countries have experienced an increase in resource extraction activities by international and transnational corporations. The work reported here examines the perceived impacts of gold mining at the community level in the Wassa West District of Ghana, Africa and discusses those perceived impacts in the context of globalization processes and growing multinational corporate interest in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Interview data compared community members' perceptions with those of company representatives in three communities. The results indicate that communities held companies responsible for a series of economic, social, and environmental changes. While recognizing some of the benefits brought by the mines, communities felt that the companies did not live up to their responsibility to support local development. Companies responded by denying, dismissing concerns, or shifting blame. Findings from this work show that lack of engagement and action by government agencies at all levels resulted in companies acting in a surrogate governmental capacity. In such situations, managing expectations is key to community-company relations.     

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术研究进展

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术已得到了广泛关注.本文从电极材料与应用,电极结构及反应器形状,以及与其它处理方法联用等综述了最新研究进展,并在此基础上总结出了电催化氧化技术今后的发展方向.     

Private participation in isolated grids in Mozambique

This article presents a case study from Mozambique of the electrification of two selected towns under a World Bank financed project. Low-cost electricity services were extended to the two isolated areas after an enabling framework had been created for private sector participation. The World Bank project also demonstrates that the private sector can be attracted to participate in rural electrification schemes even in a poor country. The example shown in this article is one of the few of its kind in SubSaharan Africa.     

我国城市生态评价研究进展

城市建设带来了越来越多的生态环境问题，生态城市建设是解决这些问题的良好途径。生态城市的建设要有一定的评价体系作为支撑，本文综述了国内基于AHP方法建立的应用较为广泛的城市生态评价体系和方法，并对国内城市生态评价的现状做了分析。