环境保护领域地方市级首次立法进展研究

为调研设区的市立法权放开后各地立法进展,通过全国各省市政府网站(除港澳台外)等公开渠道收集整理的各设区的市"首次立法"(第一部实体法,简称"首法")立法情况,发现截至2017年7月,全国89%新获立法权设区的市已完成"首法"立项,超一半新获立法权设区的市已顺利出台"首法"。从"首法"立项类型来看,约40%设区的市"首法"关注环境保护,仅次于城乡建设与管理类立法,表明环境保护是各地"首法"立法关注的重点领域之一。从地方环境"首法"立项类型来看,水环境保护领域条例立项数最多,其次是生态保护领域和大气污染防治领域;从地方环境"首法"立项分布来看,水环境保护类条例多分布于位于水系末端的沿海各省,大气污染防治条例则主要集中于京津冀及其周边空气质量较差的区域。当前国家高度重视生态文明建设,各地有必要抓住地方立法这一机遇,研究出台地方环境条例,助力地方环境管理水平的提升。     

关于《水污染防治法》修订中加强经济政策手段的思考

"十二五"以来,我国对水污染防治运用经济政策手段进行了积极探索。党和国家出台的政策文件、新修订的《中华人民共和国环境保护法》以及《水污染防治行动计划》等都对水污染防治经济政策手段的制定和实施提出了新的要求。因此,亟需在未来《水污染防治法》的修订过程中加强对相关经济政策手段的规定,给予相关手段明确的法律地位,充分发挥经济政策在水污染防治中的重要作用。为此,本文建议着眼于"十三五"及未来更长一段时期水环境质量改善以及水污染防治形势和突出问题,以推动构建和实施系统、协调和高效的水污染防治经济政策体系为目标,结合党和国家相关文件、法律、行动计划的最新要求,借鉴国际上通过立法保障水污染防治经济政策手段制定和实施的经验,重点从投融资政策、税费和价格政策、排污交易政策等三个方面对现行《水污染防治法》进行修订、补充和完善。具体建议包括:一是完善关于财政投入和融资渠道的相关规定,要求加大水污染防治财政投入和补贴力度、鼓励水污染防治第三方治理方式和PPP模式以及建立流域上下游(跨界)生态补偿机制等;二是完善对于环境税(费)和其他价格机制的相关规定,增加关于环境保护税的说明等;三是增加逐步推行重点水污染物排污权交易的条款等。     

“十四五”生态环境政策和法制宜增强针对性和灵活性

"十三五"时期,我国通过政策和法制改革有效地促进了污染防治和生态环境保护工作。"十四五"时期,须进一步加强政策和法制的针对性和灵活性,从充分性和均衡度两个方面提升我国区域、流域和行业生态环境国家治理的综合绩效。为此,需要发挥党内法规和国家立法的相互支持作用,促进国家立法的有效实施;中央与地方签订行政协议,调动地方深入开展生态环保工作的积极性;推进流域与区域的专门立法或者协同立法,通过体制制度和机制的集成创新促进实际问题的解决;按照流域与区域生态环保目标设立生态环境标准,体现生态环保工作的针对性和因地制宜性;实行"法定义务+企业承诺"履行制度,因企制宜地落实各生产经营单位的生态环保责任;国家需要总结和推广一些地方探索和有效实施的灵活性工作制度,并发挥市场机制对生态环境资源和生态环保产业发展的调节作用。     

农村生态环境污染治理的法律思考

农村生态环境保护是乡村振兴战略的重要一步，但当前农村生态环境污染现状严重，亟待解决。运用案例分析和文献研究法对农村生产、生活现状进行分析。发现我国农村生态环境法制方面存在基本法律缺乏、执法不规范、农民环保意识淡薄的问题。而完善农村环境保护立法、强化农村环境保护执法、提高农民环境保护意识这三条路径能够有效解决农村环境法制方面存在的问题，改善农村生态环境、实现乡村振兴。     

省域水环境保护政策实施效果评价的指标体系构建与实证研究

本文以湖北省"十二五"环境规划的水环境保护指标为主要依据,采用压力—状态—响应(PSR)模型,从污染排放强度、水质改善效果、水资源利用和污染减排效率三个维度出发,建立湖北省"十二五"水环境保护政策评价指标体系,对政策的实施效果进行量化评估。结果表明:湖北省"十二五"期间水环境保护政策实施效果呈逐年上升趋势,从二级指标来看,政策实施在污染排放强度以及水资源利用和污染减排效率两方面均取得较好的成效,但在水质改善方面效果不明显甚至有所下降。建议湖北省在"十三五"期间以至接下来更长的一段时期内,首先要重点加强省内各局部区域的水环境承载能力评估,并依据评估结果对现有的产业布局进行有效的调整;其次应进一步强化环境监测和管理力度,以减少可能的非法排污。本文构建的指标体系对进一步促进省域水环境保护政策实施效果评价的规范化、合理化不无借鉴意义。     

水源型流域污染系统控制科技支撑战略

创新水源型流域污染系统控制科技支撑战略,对我国流域水环境综合治理与管理具有前瞻意义.文章从引导科技支撑发展方向,发展多维流域认知系统,创立流域系统控制知识,创新水源流域环境技术,建立流域水环境经济学与完善流域环境管理体系六个方面构建了水源流域污染系统控制的科技支撑战略体系;从制定水源型流域环境区划、水源型流域安全发展规划、水源型流域环境保护规划与水源型流域保护工程规划四个方面提出了水源型流域污染系统控制科技支撑的战略行动;从转变治理方向、改变治理目标与调整控制范围、优化监控指标等方面提出了水源型流域污染系统控制科技支撑的战略建议.     

论海洋污染的国际法规制

海洋环境保护是国际环境保护的重要组成部分,而国际社会的合作是构建海洋环境保护国际法制的有效路径。本研究梳理了海洋环境保护立法的历史演变,分析了《联合国海洋法公约》在海洋环境保护中的意义,从陆地来源、船舶、倾倒、远洋油气和矿产资源开发造成海上污染的四个方面着重论述了海洋环境污染与国际法保护问题,最后总结了国际海洋环境保护立法中的教训。     

An overview of pollution in Nigeria and the impact of legislated standards on its abatement

Summary The socio-economic and ecological importance of conservation of the environment is incontestable; however, total environmental conservation is an ephemeral goal, if development is to take place. Hence, the need to appraise the current levels of pollution, and environmental protection legislations in Nigeria with a view to enacting a new legislation. New legislated standards are proposed since existing legislations are found deficient. Also the advantages and possible problems of the proposed legislation are discussed.Mr Femi Olokesusi is a Research Fellow at the Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research (NISER).     

论地方环境立法中的若干问题

地方环境立法是我国环境法体系的重要组成部分,分析了地方环境立法过程中暴露出的若干问题,提出相应对策,并具体论述了如何加强我国地方环境法的体系建设。     

An online water quality monitoring and management system developed for the Liming River basin in Daqing, China

This paper describes an online water quality monitoring and management system that was developed by combining a chemical oxygen demand sensor with an artificial neural network technology and a virtual instrument technique. The system was used to model the hydrological environment of the Liming River basin in Daqing City, China, in an effort to maintain the water quality in this basin at a level compatible with the status of Daqing City as a scenic resort. Operation of the system during the past 2 years has shown that an optimal allocation of water (including water released from an environmental reservoir to mitigate pollution events) could be achieved for the basin using the information gathered by the system; using mathematic models established for this system, the quantity of water released from the reservoir is adequate to improve the overall water environment. The results demonstrate that the system provides an effective approach to water quality control for environmental protection.     

推进土壤污染防治立法奠定生态环境安全基石

面对我国日益严峻的土壤环境形势,加快推进土壤污染防治立法刻不容缓。加强土壤污染防治立法,是贯彻落实党中央、国务院重要决策部署的具体行动,是有效遏制土壤污染加重趋势的关键环节,是明确落实各方责任的客观要求,是提高公众土壤环境保护意识的现实需要。推进土壤污染防治立法,要坚持问题导向,突出重点环节,明确责任划分,处理好与其他法律的关系,加快建立以土壤污染防治法为统领、以国家政策标准为导向、以部门规章为基础、以科学技术为支撑的中国特色土壤污染防治体系,奠定生态环境安全基石,大力推进生态文明建设。     

试论加强城乡结合部的环境保护

随着我国城市化进程的不断加快，城乡结合部经济、社会飞速发展。在发展过程中，城乡结合部环境污染和资源破坏问题日益突出，为此，必须完善城乡结合部环境保护立法和执法，切实做好环境规划工作，实现环境保护与经济、社会的协调发展。     

STATE POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMS - A REVIEW1

ABSTRACT: This review of state pollution control programs suggests that states have brought imaginative thought to environmental programs. While manpower and funds have been concentrated in such traditional areas of concern as air and water quality enforcement, many states have attempted to defray the industrial costs of pollution control by increasing public waste treatment facilities, providing tax incentives for pollution control equipment and authorizing pollution control revenue bond financing.     

京津冀协同发展的生态环境保护战略研究

随着中共中央在2014年将京津冀协同发展上升为国家战略,京津冀区域再次成为我国北方重要的经济增长极。然而,京津冀地区当前环境形势仍十分严峻,是全国水资源最短缺,大气污染、水污染最严重的区域,生态环境是京津冀协同发展需要尽快补齐的突出短板。本文深刻分析了京津冀区域当前大气、水、生态三个领域存在的突出问题以及内在的体制机制不协调。在此基础上,明确了解决京津冀生态环保总体思路,并分别从环境功能区划、生态保护红线、大气联防联控、跨界水环境治理、环境监管联动以及体制政策创新等方面提出针对性解决措施,为国家开展京津冀生态环境协同治理提供参考借鉴。     

丽江古城水环境现状与调控对策研究

水环境是丽江世界文化遗产地生态地质环境的重要组成部分。由于丽江城市化进程加快，对水环境保护不力，导致古城水污染加剧、水资源量衰减、景观生态用水不足和景观水质下降。通过强化水环境研究，加强水环境立法，进行水生态环境综合治理；实施以调剂古城周边地下泉水为主，拉市海调水为辅的丽江古城景观调水方案，可保护丽江古城水环境，为丽江古城世界文化遗产地的可持续发展提供保证。     

水环境有毒重金属污染的防控与监管路线

有毒重金属污染已成为我国的重大环境问题。对有毒重金属污染进行有效监管,首先,必须明确认定,对第一类污染物实施《源头总量控制》是污控执法和促进经济结构改革的保证条件。这种监管方式自2008年《笫一次全国污染源普查工业产排污系数手册》公布以来,更具有切实实施的可行性。《源头总量控制》与《水环境容量总量控制》两种监管方式既是各自独立、缺一不可,又是相互依赖和相互补充的关系,目前一些地方的规划管理者模糊和混淆了两类污染物和两种监管的内容和方式,笼统以《水环境总量控制》来监管所有污染物,丢弃了《源头总量控制》,使本应严加管理的饮用水水源地丧失了控制第一类污染物的能力。我国《地面水环境质量标准》(GB3838-88)中第一类污染物的水质指标与我国实际的水环境背景值有很大差距,存在"放宽允排量"和"价态转化引发危害"的问题,以一个10t电解铅的企业为例,证明两种监管方式的铅允排量相差甚大。总之,把第一类污染物与第二类污染物统一实施《水环境容量总量控制》将带来众多的危害,应当严格实施《源头总量控制》与《水环境总量控制》相结合的监管方式。     

生态文明进入党的全国代表大会报告的十年

党的十七大、十八大和十九大报告均对生态文明建设作了阐述。本文系统梳理了党的十七大以来我国生态文明推进工作的历程和成就,数据显示我国在水环境保护、大气环境保护、生态环境保护方面取得了成绩。我国通过健全立法、调整结构、联防联控、专项督查等手段应对突出的大气污染、水体污染、土壤污染和生态保护等问题,其中健全党内法规和环保立法、实行党政同责与一岗双责、开展中央环境保护督察与专项环保督查以及统筹优化区域资源是关键的手段。党的十九大对生态文明建设作出了新的判断,提出两步走的战略,并作出行动部署,为美好中国的目标提供了体制和制度保障。     

美国在环境议题上的分歧及对中国的启示

美国曾经在环境保护和治理污染上做出了卓越的成绩,但是如今环境议题成为撕裂美国的重要议题。美国的共和党和民主党在环境议题上互相牵制,难以达成共识。最近,美国特朗普总统宣布退出应对气候变化的《巴黎协定》就是这种分歧的表现。但当美国1970年代开始环境立法治理污染的时候,美国社会上下和两大党之间高度一致。在此后,因为环境思想上的差异和代际转变,政党斗争、选举体制、利益集团等多方面原因,美国不同政治势力在环境议题上越发分裂。美国在环境议题上的分歧对中国如今解决环境问题有重要的启示意义:首先,现在我国社会上下一致应对环境问题的广泛共识很宝贵,应该抓住难得的机遇期,为未来环境治理积极立法,留下宝贵法治遗产。另一方面,随着人们在环境议题上的利益变得多元,中国应该在环境治理上整合各方面利益,防止中国未来的环保事业被利益集团绑架。最后,中国应该明确环境议题的概念远远大于治理污染,为未来环境事业扩展空间。     

GOAL-ORIENTED AGRICULTURAL WATER QUALITY LEGISLATION1

ABSTRACT: While significant nonpoint source (NIPS) pollution control progress has been made since passage of Section 319 in the 1987 Water Quality Act, existing federal legislation does not provide for the most timely and cost-effective NIPS pollution reduction. In this paper, we use findings from the Rural Clean Water Program and other nationwide agricultural NIPS pollution control programs, building on legislative history to recommend a coordinated and efficient direction for agricultural water quality legislation. A collaborative framework should be established to accomplish the goals of the Clean Water Act (CWA), Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA), and the Conservation Title of the Farm Bill. Valuable elements of the 1990 CZMA amendments that created a coastal NIPS program should be subsumed into the CWA. The CWA should reemphasize use of receiving water quality criteria and standards and should allow states flexibility to tailor basin-scale NPS program implementation to local needs. Implementation should involve targeting of NIPS pollution control efforts to critical land treatment areas and use of systems of best management practices to address these targeted water quality problems. The 1995 Farm Bill should reorient production incentives toward water quality to support the collaborative framework, implementing ecologically sound source reduction principles. The Farm Bill and the CWA should contain interrelated provisions for voluntary, incentive-assisted producer participation and fallback regulatory measures. Such coordinated national water quality and Farm Bill legislation that recognizes the need for flexibility in state implementation is supported as the most rational and cost-effective means of attaining water quality goals.     

The Environmental Pollution Perception of Residents in Coal Mining Areas: A Case Study in the Hancheng Mine Area, Shaanxi Province, China

The environmental behavior of the residents depends on their perception of environmental pollution. Hence, it is important for scientific and policy experts to research on the impact of the environmental pollution perception of local residents. Owing to the richness of natural resources, Hancheng coal mine areas are abound in heavy industries, and environmental pollution is serious and typical in this area, thus, the residents are anxious about their health. Using questionnaires, this paper surveys the perception of residents living in the coal mine area. The influential factors of environmental perception were analyzed by the Rank Sum Test. The results were: (1) the majority of the residents in the coal mine area are not satisfied with their living environment. The perception order of pollution severity is: air pollution?>?noise pollution?>?sanitation?>?water pollution. The residents think that pollution is mainly caused by coal processing. Hence, coal mining is not the main reason of the pollution in the coal mine area. (2) Age and length of residence have significant positive effects on perceptions of air, water, and noise pollutions; whereas education has a significant negative effect on perceptions of water and noise pollutions, as well as sanitation. This phenomenon can be explained by the various cultural groups having varied perceptions on the environmental pollution. In addition, proximity to mine has significant negative effect on perceptions of water and noise pollution. In conclusion, the paper discusses the effects of demographical and social factors on the perception of environmental pollution and gives suggestions on the planning and management of the environment.