基于工业生态化建设的工业园区环境管理研究

工业园区是产业集聚的载体,是区域经济发展的引擎。工业园区同时又是污染产生排放集中地,我国工业园区在发展过程中随着经济总量扩大、资源和能源消耗的增加,出现了大量的环境问题,阻碍了园区的可持续发展。工业园区的环境管理可以从园区层面出发解决污染问题,这是个既复杂又重要的工作。本文在分析工业园区发展历程的基础上揭示了目前工业园区存在的环境问题,以及管理方面存在的缺陷和不足,发现总体上园区环境管理水平较差。工业生态化建设为进行合理的园区环境管理提供了一个契机,本文针对我国工业园区的发展现状及发展趋势,提出基于工业生态化建设的工业园区环境管理的对策:1提升生态工业的意识,鼓励公众参与;2确立生态化建设思想,以生态化建设促进环境管理效率的提升;3加强工业生态化建设相关政策法规、规划的完善和实施;4构建工业生态化建设信息服务平台,以生态化建设来实现工业园区科学的环境管理。     

福建典型茶区农户茶园生态化管理行为研究

基于福建省安溪县、福鼎市、武夷山市3个核心茶产区389户茶农调研数据进行分析，将福建省现有茶园生态化管理行为界定为间作套种、生态化施肥和不施用化学农药3种具体行为，建立二元Logit模型，从个人与家庭、茶园条件、茶园经营和外部情境4个维度分析影响茶园生态化管理行为的关键因素。结果表明：(1)福建省农户茶园生态化施肥、不施用化学农药、间作套种的比例依次为83%、63%、35%，且采用生态化管理行为的农户比例在地区间差异明显，总体来看，安溪>福鼎>武夷山；(2)福建省农户茶园生态化管理行为以外部因素驱动为主；(3)影响福建省茶园生态化管理行为的关键经营因素为短期经济因素。因此，制定更加有力的引导和激励政策，加强政策宣传，引导、规范本地民间茶企及茶叶合作社等组织，支持茶叶区域品牌创建，构建茶叶区域质量社会生态系统，有利于促进福建省茶园生态化管理。     

我国工业园区生态化轨迹及政策变迁

本文梳理了我国工业园区生态化过程中,包括生态工业示范园区、循环经济园、低碳园区、绿色园区建设的政策变迁,总结出工业园区生态化的轨迹和特点,并分析了工业园区生态化过程中的不足和未来面临的挑战。我国工业园区生态化特点包括：试点-示范-推广的一般模式、学习型的政策、逐步多样的政策工具、参与政府部门的逐步多样化与最终整合的趋势、产业共生与多种环境管理措施并行的状态。未来的工业园区生态化工作需要注重理清产业共生的内涵,确定相应的政策目标、政策工具和评价体系,同时需要注重园区的能力建设。     

论传统服务业的生态化建设

发展循环型服务业应首先从服务行业本身实施生态化转型开始,重点对生产型和非生产型中资源消耗较大、环境影响较重的传统服务业进行生态化建设,以低消耗、低污染、产业发展与生态环境协调为目标,通过实施服务主体生态化、服务途径清洁化、消费模式绿色化及与其他产业生态化耦合等措施,把“3R”原则和生态理念融入到“提供服务”、“实施服务”、“享用服务”的服务业产业系统结构中去。     

浅析可持续发展的城市生态化建设

城市生态化建设是城市实施可持续发展战略的必然选择,文章结合我国城市生态现状和问题,提出了可持续发展的城市生态化建设的战略对策。     

云南城市化与产业生态化协调发展研究——基于改进熵值法的协调度评价模型

根据2002—2011年的相关数据,通过构建指标体系,运用改进的熵值法和协调度评价模型对云南省近10年产业化、生态化、城市化相关指标进行测量,并对其协调发展规律进行了研究,提出现阶段云南城镇化和产业生态化协调发展的两大对策建议。即城镇化建设要突破传统发展路径实现创新发展和加大产业集群规模效益建设完善的生态补偿机制,为实现两者协调发展的循环经济模式提供决策依据。     

产业生态化影响因素研究综述

伴随着我国经济的高速发展,新时代对我国经济的发展提出了绿色、可持续的新要求,而产业生态化为应对新要求开辟了新途径。产业生态化能够使产业发展摒弃只追求速度的传统,倡导提高经济发展质量与生态环境保护紧密结合的发展模式。对关于产业生态化的定义、评价方法及影响因素3个方面文献进行梳理,介绍了国内外学者对产业生态化定义的不同见解,以及国内外学者关于产业生态化评价的主要方法,重点探讨了国内外学者对产业生态化影响因素的研究成果。研究发现：影响产业生态化的因素众多,宏观因素主要有经济发展、外资占比、环境规制、治理能力及资源消耗等;中观因素主要集中在产业发展、产业结构及产业聚集程度等;微观因素主要是人力资本、科技创新等。     

旅游产业生态化研究

综观国内外产业生态化的发展、研究和实践状况,其中产业生态化在工业、农业被广泛应用,并且取得了成功,而产业生态化应用于旅游的实践尚为数不多,但旅游产业生态化顺应了旅游可持续发展潮流.分析了旅游产业生态化的内涵和特征,提出旅游产业生态化需要在不同的层面上将生产和消费纳入旅游产业系统中,从微观、中观、宏观三个层次对旅游产业生态化加以推进.微观上,旅游企业进行清洁生产;中观上,建立旅游循环经济园区,促使园区企业间发生耦合关系,形成众多的物质循环链和循环网;宏观上,通过旅游循环经济,促使区域旅游产业生态化.     

红色旅游产业生态化开发问题调查研究——以韶山红色旅游产业为例

红色旅游产业的生态化开发对彰显红色旅游教育价值,构建资源节约型、环境优化型两型产业具有十分重要的意义.通过随机拦截问卷和抽样访谈等方法,对湖南省湘潭市韶山红色旅游产业生态化开发的现状及问题进行了初步的调查研究.研究发现,当前红色旅游产业的总体生态化水平不高,在旅游产品与服务、交通出行与餐饮住宿等旅游基础设施条件、纪念品产业及市场、对游客生态消费行为的培育等方面存在较突出的问题.在对其原因进行探讨的基础上,提出了促进红色旅游产业生态化开发的对策与建议.     

中国工业园区生态化发展决策优化方法研究

工业是当前中国经济绿色转型升级的关键行业,而工业园区作为工业集聚化发展的主要载体,工业园区生态化发展是解决资源环境问题、实现经济可持续发展的有效途径。本文关注工业园区生态化发展的中长期发展战略和具体方案,致力于通过仿真模拟的方法提出工业园区生态化发展的方向和优化路径,实现研究方法的创新。研究以3E系统(经济—环境—能源)为基础,综合分析工业园区经济发展与能源环境之间的耦合关系,并结合动态投入产出模型和系统动力学模型构建生态化发展决策模型,通过最优化动态模拟方法开展趋势预测和路径研究。通过辛集工业园区的实证和案例研究,对其生态化发展路径进行深入研究,验证了研究方法的科学性和可靠性,能够为工业园区生态化发展提供实践指导。本文为工业园区生态化发展规划提供新的研究方法,为制定合理有效的工业园区综合战略和实施路径提供科学依据。     

西安市高新技术产业开发区向生态工业园区的转变经验

生态工业园是继经济技术开发区和高新技术开发区后的第三代工业园区,是实施循环经济的三个领域之一。本文介绍了西安市高新技术产业开发区向生态工业园区转变模式与实施步骤,并总结实践经验。     

河北省观光农业园规划中存在的问题及对策

在调查了河北省多个观光农业园和参考相关资料的基础上,根据观光农业园的功能和景观特点,将河北省的观光农业园主要分为高科技综合型观光农业园、生态休闲度假型观光农业园和特色主题型观光农业园。并针对各观光农业园规划的现状,分析了存在的定位不合理、选址盲目、缺乏景观特色、环境污染严重、服务设施匮乏以及开放时间短等问题,并针对以上问题,提出了规划应合理定位、因地制宜、突出特色、建立节约型观光农业园等相应的对策。     

Wild pig populations in the National Parks

Populations of introduced European wild boar, feral pigs, and combinations of both types (all Susscrola L.) inhabit thirteen areas in the National Park Service system. All parks have relatively stable populations, with the exception of Great Smoky Mountains National Park, which reported a rapidly expanding wild boar population. Suspected and documented impacts were apparently related to pig densities and sensitivity of the ecosystem; the three largest units with dense wild pig populations reported the most damage. Overall, wild pigs are a relatively minor problem for the Park Service; however, problems are severe in at least three parks, and there is potential for invasion of wild boars into several additional parks in the Appalachian Mountains. More specific information is needed on numbers of wild pigs and their impacts in the various parks.     

Who Visits a National Park and What do They Get Out of It?: A Joint Visitor Cluster Analysis and Travel Cost Model for Yellowstone National Park

Yellowstone National Park visitor data were obtained from a survey collected for the National Park Service by the Park Studies Unit at the University of Idaho. Travel cost models have been conducted for national parks in the United States; however, this study builds on these studies and investigates how benefits vary by types of visitors who participate in different activities while at the park. Visitor clusters were developed based on activities in which a visitor participated while at the park. The clusters were analyzed and then incorporated into a travel cost model to determine the economic value (consumer surplus) that the different visitor groups received from visiting the park. The model was estimated using a zero-truncated negative binomial regression corrected for endogenous stratification. The travel cost price variable was estimated using both 1/3 and 1/4 the wage rate to test for sensitivity to opportunity cost specification. The average benefit across all visitor cluster groups was estimated at between $235 and $276 per person per trip. However, per trip benefits varied substantially across clusters; from $90 to $103 for the “value picnickers,” to $185–$263 for the “backcountry enthusiasts,” $189–$278 for the “do it all adventurists,” $204–$303 for the “windshield tourists,” and $323–$714 for the “creature comfort” cluster group.     

Restoring naturalness to national parks

National park resource management planning requires ecological information describing the objectives to be achieved. This information must be quantitative and unambiguous. Since most acts creating United States national parks, beginning with the Yellowstone National Park Act of 1872, specify that these parks should be maintained in a natural condition, resource management objectives for each national park must be defined in terms of quantitative standards of naturalness. Such quantitative standards of naturalness do not yet exist for any national park in the United States. Although this article focuses on US national parks, the same problem exists in national parks, reserves, and wilderness areas throughout the world. The physical evidence needed to develop quantitative standards of naturalness is rapidly disappearing because of the effects of management fires, wildfires, decomposition, successional changes, and other disturbances. Therefore, a nationwide rescue ecology program is recommended to recover as much remaining ecological information as possible before it is lost. This information is essential for developing quantitative standards to restore naturalness to national parks.     

潜流人工湿地在景观水系水质维持中的应用

以上海金地格林世界高尔夫公园生态景观水体水质维持系统工程为例，探讨了建立以FILSYS潜流人工湿地工艺为核心的住宅区生态景观水体水质维持系统，以及FLSYS潜流人工湿地工艺的应用特点和效果，并对其经济效益进行了分析。     

Estimating the Economic Value of National Parks with Count Data Models Using On-Site,Secondary Data: The Case of the Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve

We estimate an individual travel cost model for Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve (GSD) in Colorado using on-site, secondary data. The purpose of the on-site survey was to help the National Park Service better understand the visitors of GSD; it was not intended for a travel cost model. Variables such as travel cost and income were estimated based on respondents’ Zip Codes. Following approaches found in the literature, a negative binomial model corrected for truncation and endogenous stratification fit the data the best. We estimate a recreational benefit of U.S. $89/visitor/year or U.S. $54/visitor/24-h recreational day (in 2002 U.S. $). Based on the approach presented here, there are other data sets for national parks, preserves, and battlefields where travel cost models could be estimated and used to support National Park Service management decisions.     

典型进口废物循环利用技术园区投资建设模式研究

随着社会经济的快速发展、资源及原材料需求量的不断增加,以进口废物为原料进行加工利用的循环经济园区也随之蓬勃发展。循环经济产业园区建设过程中有投资巨大、资本回收周期长、投资主体众多的特点。在考虑经济效益的同时,也要统筹考虑社会效益和环境效益,因此选择何种投资建设模式来指导园区建设具有十分重大的意义。本文通过对国内三省的四个园区投资建设模式的调查研究,分析对比了不同投资建设模式的典型特征,总结概括了不同模式之间的优缺点,为同类园区的开发建设提供了有益参考。     

An Interpretive Study of Yosemite National Park Visitors’ Perspectives Toward Alternative Transportation in Yosemite Valley

The National Park Service (NPS) is increasingly focusing on alternative transportation systems in national parks to address environmental and social problems arising from a historical reliance on personal automobiles as the primary means of visitor access. Despite the potential advantages, alternative transportation may require a reorientation in the way that Americans have experienced national parks since the advent of auto-tourism in the early twentieth century. Little research exists, however, on visitor perspectives towards alternative transportation or the rationale underlying their perspectives. It remains unclear how transportation systems affect visitors’ experiences of the park landscape or the factors influencing their travel behavior in the parks. This report presents an interpretive study of visitor perspectives toward transportation management in the Yosemite Valley area of Yosemite National Park, California. Qualitative analysis of 160 semi-structured interviews identified individual psychological factors as well as situational influences that affect visitors’ behavior and perspectives. Individual psychological factors include perceived freedom, environmental values and beliefs, prior experience with Yosemite National Park and other national parks, prior experience with alternative transportation in national parks, and sensitivity to subjective perceptions of crowding. Situational factors included convenience, access, and flexibility of travel modes, as well as type of visit, type of group, and park use level. Interpretive communication designed to encourage voluntary visitor use of alternative transportation should focus on these psychological and situational factors. Although challenges remain, the results of this study suggest approaches for shaping the way Americans visit and experience their national parks to encourage environmental sustainability.