生态足迹在城市可持续性定量测度中的应用——以济南市2003年为例

根据生态足迹模型,对济南市2003年的生态足迹、生态承载力和生态赤字进行了实证计算和分析.结果表明:济南处于不可持续发展中.造成生态赤字大的原因是能源结构、对自然资源开发过度和人口密度大.因此,提高土地生产力、严格控制人口数量、建立资源节约型生产和消费体系势在必行.     

发展水电产业对四川水资源可持续利用的影响

初步分析了四川省水资源现状和四川省发展水电产业的优势.发展水电产业对提高水资源的有效利用、防洪、减少水土流失、改善水环境、保障农业灌溉和城镇生活与工业用水、改善航运等具有重要作用,对鱼业、生物多样性保护和生态环境的影响也很大.     

锰改性活性炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附研究

Cr(Ⅵ)是一种高毒性重金属.为了探究炭质材料对水中六价铬的吸附行为,首次尝试用不同浓度的锰离子溶液对颗粒活性炭进行改性,研究了包括pH、温度、投加量和Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度对原活性炭和改性活性炭的对比实验.结果表明在相同的条件下锰离子改性可以增加活性炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附容量,溶液pH、温度、投加量和初始浓度对CKⅥ)的去除率有很大影响.活性炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附等温线与Langrmuir模型有更好的线性相关性.     

我院一年级学生思想政治状况调查报告

这篇报告是在对我院一年级学生思想政治状况调查的基础上写成的.文章从十个方面对对调查的结果进行了简要的总结.并对调查和总结中的问题给予了简要分析.希望以期能对我院学生的成长、教师的教学和领导的管理提供一点参考.     

从色觉、科学仪器、测不准原理看非决定论

通过对色觉、科学仪器、测不准原理的分析,认为认识在感性阶段是客主体相互作用的结果.感官的生物学意义在于对客体的区别.这种区别是相对准确的,而不是与客体严格一一对应的.科学仪器是人感官的延伸.色觉与其它感官和科学仪器同是人类认识工具.测不准问题是与认识工具直接相关,与客主体相互影响密不可分的,它在宏观上和微观上同时存在,它不是非决定论的理论依据.     

挺水植物净化村镇污水的实验研究

为研究挺水植物浮床对村镇污水处理厂的水质净化效果及其生长情况,选择美人蕉、黄花鸢尾和芦苇对污水处理厂的进水和生化池进行静态实验.实验表明:低浓度污水中第4一11d为植物快速生长期,污染物浓度均明显减少.美人蕉脱氮除磷效果最好且对污水适应良好;黄花鸢尾和芦苇在高浓度污水中生长缓慢.美人蕉对低、高浓度污水中TN去除量达0....     

多主枝孢粗毒素提取及抑菌活性研究

采用生长速率法和孢子萌发法研究多主枝孢毒素粗提物TIC和TOC对小麦赤霉病菌、番茄早疫病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制作用.结果表明,TIC和TOC对两种供试病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发都有一定的抑制作用,且对菌丝生长抑制作用的强度与毒素浓度呈正相关.TOC对番茄早疫病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用强于对小麦赤霉病菌的抑制作用,而TIC在较高浓度下对番茄早疫病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用较强.TIC和TOC对番茄早疫病菌孢子萌发的抑制作用均强于小麦赤霉病菌.     

王莽岭地质公园旅游资源类型及开发建议

建立地质公园是保护地质遗迹资源、普及地学知识、促进旅游发展的一种形式.目前,地质公园旅游资源的不合理开发给公园的可持续发展造成了巨大压力.以山西陵川王莽岭国家地质公园为例,对公园内地质遗迹资源类型进行了系统论述,对人文资源和植物资源进行了概括.针对公园建设和资源开发现状,重点提出了地质遗迹保护和旅游资源开发建议.     

森林火灾风险对林业经济发展的影响研究

森林火灾是森林资源面临的最主要风险源,对林业产业的影响值得认真探讨.研究尝试用方差贡献率作为衡量贡献率的因子,运用因子分析法结合平均值法得到林业三次产业对总产值的贡献率分别为0.4831、0.4431、0.0738.依据灰色关联分析法的相对性和非对称性进行横向、纵向二维排序,通过两项得分对反向关联度进行综合得分排名,并对林业各次产业的增长率波动进行分析,这对林业经济发展和管理具有重要意义.     

电子产品环境试验

鉴定电子产品对储存、运输和使用环境的适应能力的试验.电子产品的环境试验通常分为自然曝露试验、现场运行试验和人工模拟试验三种.     

Building a model of commitment to the natural environment to predict ecological behavior and willingness to sacrifice

We examined the connection between individuals’ relationships with the natural environment and their environmental behaviors with a focus on commitment to the environment, defined as psychological attachment and long-term orientation to the natural world. Commitment is theorized to emerge from structural interdependence with the environment and to lead to pro-environmental behaviors. Close relationships research has identified three key antecedents to commitment (satisfaction, alternatives, and investments). We developed environment-specific measures of these constructs, and factor analysis verified three distinct factors. A path analysis revealed that satisfaction with the environment and investments in the environment, but not alternatives to the environment, predicted commitment to the environment. Moreover, commitment mediated the effects of satisfaction and investments on general ecological behavior and willingness to sacrifice for the environment. In regression analyses, commitment predicted general ecological behavior and willingness to sacrifice for the environment, even when controlling for ecological worldview, inclusion of nature in the self, connectedness to nature, and environmental identity. Individuals who are satisfied with and invested in the natural world are likely to be committed to the environment and act with the well-being of the environment in mind.     

Managing Endangered Species Within the Use–Preservation Paradox: The Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) as a Tourism Attraction

A significant challenge to wildlife managers in tourism settings is to provide visitors with opportunities to observe rare and endangered wildlife while simultaneously protecting the target species from deleterious impacts. Nearly 100,000 people annually visit Crystal River, Florida, USA to observe and swim with the Florida manatee, an endangered species. This research aimed to investigate and describe human-manatee interactions in a tourism context, to understand the salient issues related to such interactions as identified by stakeholders, and to recommend a course of action to address multiple interests in the planning and management of human-manatee interactions. Five issues were identified by all stakeholder groups: water quality, harassment, density and crowding, education, and enforcement. Currently, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, which is responsible for manatee management, does not have mechanisms in place to manage the tourism component of the manatee encounter. Although a regulatory approach can be taken, a better approach would be to create an organization of tour operators to establish "best practices" that reflect the goal of the managing agency to enhance manatee protection (and thus ensure their livelihood) and to enhance the visitor experience.     

Study of the saltwater pond at Capoterra,southern Sardinia: General characteristics

Capoterra Pond in southern Sardinia is described and analyzed with respect to its morphological, meteorological, physical and chemical characteristics, and its zoobenthic, zooplankton, and phytoplankton biocenoses. The birdlife, flora, and riparian associations of vegetation are studied in order to draw international attention to the importance of this lagoon, the precariousness of its ecosystem, the seriousness of current attempts to destabilize it, and the need to encourage the Sardinian authorities to initiate conservation measures, especially as rare birds have found their niches there.     

Sediment Flux to the Sea as Influenced by Changing Human Activities and Precipitation: Example of the Yellow River,China

Since the 1970s, the sediment flux of the Yellow River to the sea has shown a marked tendency to decrease, which is unfavorable for wetland protection and oil extraction in the Yellow River delta. Thus, an effort has been made to elucidate the relation between the sediment flux to the sea and the drainage basin factors including climate and human activities. The results show that the sediment flux to the sea responds to the changed precipitation in different ways for different runoff and sediment source areas in the drainage basin. If other factors are assumed to be constant, when the annual precipitation in the area between Longmen and Sanmenxia decreases by 10 mm, the sediment flux to the sea will decrease by 27.5 million t/yr; when the precipitation in the area between Hekouzhen and Longmen decreases by 10 mm, the sediment flux to the sea will decrease by 14.3 million t/yr; when the precipitation in the area above Lanzhou decreases by 10 mm, the sediment flux to the sea will decrease by 17.4 million t/yr. A multiple regression equation has been established between the sediment flux to the sea and the influencing factors, such as the area of land terracing and tree and grass planting, the area of the land created by the sediment trapped by check dams, the annual precipitation, and the annual quantity of water diversion by man. The equation may be used to estimate the change in the sediment flux to the sea when the influencing variables are further changed, to provide useful knowledge for the environmental planning of the Yellow River drainage basin and its delta.     

Social, cultural and structural influences on household waste recycling: A case study

The household-recycling rate in the Borough of Burnley, England in 2001/2002 was only half the national average of 12%. This research employed both quantitative and qualitative surveys in order to ascertain whether householders’ attitudes to recycling were contributory factors to the generally poor recycling performance and to investigate other social, cultural and structural influences. The Borough has a large Asian–British population concentrated in two deprived wards where recycling rates are particularly low, so special attention was given to ascertaining their attitudes towards recycling.The quantitative survey comprised a postal questionnaire sent to a random sample of 360 households drawn from the electoral register. The qualitative survey consisted of group interviews with the Asian–British population at local community centres and focus groups attended by volunteers from the quantitative study.The findings suggest that householders are very willing to participate in recycling, as shown by the almost 80% claiming to recycle paper, but that local recycling services are too unreliable and inconvenient to allow them to do so comprehensively. Asian–British attitudes to recycling were found to be no different to those of the wider population, with their low participation being linked to the higher priorities imposed upon them by economic deprivation. The findings are broadly in line with those of the literature in that recycling participation tends to be higher among more affluent and older people, but lower among less affluent and younger households, probably due in part to the availability of both storage space and time, with the implication that the Borough's preponderance of terraced housing militates against a high recycling rate. Policy recommendations to local authorities include the provision of bespoke recycling services to suit the variety of residential conditions across the UK, and the provision of regular feedback to householders regarding recycling services and performance.Further research is needed to identify non-recyclers and to explore how householders’ underlying psychological, cultural and social attitudes to recycling impinge upon recycling and participation rates.     

Environmental politics in post-World War II America

America has always had to confront environmental problems, but it wasn't until after World War II that most Americans began to develop the kind of consciousness about environmental issues that has played such a role in domestic politics over the past quarter century. After the surge of post war growth, we began to recognize the limits of our ability to exploit our environment for private gain, thus creating environmental awareness and ultimately a political movement. In 1970, President Nixon created the Environmental Protection Agency, and appointed William Ruckelshaus as Director. Ruckelshaus was succeeded by Russell Train and Douglas Coste, and all three men began to make serious headway in the effort to clean up the nation's environment. In 1980, however, President Ronald Reagan, taking an anti-Federal government involvement in the private sector stance, began to seriously cut the budget of the EPA. He appointed Ann Gorsuch, who cut the budget as she believed the President wished, but her poor relationship with the Congress eventually forced her to resign. President Reagan requested that Bill Ruckelshaus return, and EPA has been blessed with good leadership ever since. During the Bush years, EPA director William Reilly even managed to pass sweeping acid rain control legislation. When Bill Clinton was elected President in 1992, he did not possess a strong environmental record, however his running mate, Al Gore, most certainly did. EPA administrator Carole Browner, in fact, was a former Gore staffer and the White House environmental office is led by former Gore people. Clinton and Gore have attempted to bring a degree of flexibility to environmental regulation, and have also involved themselves personally in resolving environmental disputes. For instance, they and Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbit worked to fashion a long-term plan for the Florida Everglades that helped warring groups and interests come to consensus. With the 1994 Republican victory in the Congressional elections, it appeared that the environment may once again be in danger, as the Contract with America pledged to reduce or eliminate environmental controls. Popular opinion, however, caused the Congress to change their views and even directed them to pass environmental legislation that has won the support of both the business and environmental protection sectors. These developments have displayed that Americans care deeply about the environment and provide the basis for a genuine bipartisan consensus on environmental issues which will increasingly emphasize thoughtful and effective technological solutions in the future. Although the benefits of this legislation have been drastic, we are now dealing with problems requiring more subtle and sophisticated answers than we needed in the past. Because of this, political leaders will look to the classrooms and laboratories to produce the answers to the environmental problems of the future, and in turn will be willing to support educators and researchers with resources and political clout. Neither the politicians nor the business community can solve these problems without a close working relationship with the world of environmental and biotechnology. Building that collaborative relationship is one of the most important challenges we face as we approach the 21st century. It is also, particularly for those of us who have been laboring in the environmental vineyard for years, one of the most exciting.     

电子设备的安全性设计

本电子设备安全性设计的目的就是通过识别、分析、评价系统中存在的危险性,预计事故对人员、设备和环境的破坏的可能性和严重性,根据其结果调整工艺、设备、操作、管理、生产周期和投资等因素,提出消除、减少、控制危险及危险事件的措施,以便使事故在发生之前得到控制,降低系统运行的风险。     

A Review of Water Quality Responses to Air Temperature and Precipitation Changes 2: Nutrients,Algal Blooms,Sediment, Pathogens

In this paper we review the published, scientific literature addressing the response of nutrients, sediment, pathogens, and cyanobacterial blooms to historical and potential future changes in air temperature and precipitation. The goal is to document how different attributes of water quality are sensitive to these drivers, to characterize future risk, to inform management responses, and to identify research needs to fill gaps in our understanding. Results suggest that anticipated future changes present a risk of water quality and ecosystem degradation in many United States locations. Understanding responses is, however, complicated by inherent high spatial and temporal variability, interactions with land use and water management, and dependence on uncertain changes in hydrology in response to future climate. Effects on pollutant loading in different watershed settings generally correlate with projected changes in precipitation and runoff. In all regions, increased heavy precipitation events are likely to drive more episodic pollutant loading to water bodies. The risk of algal blooms could increase due to an expanded seasonal window of warm water temperatures and the potential for episodic increases in nutrient loading. Increased air and water temperatures are also likely to affect the survival of waterborne pathogens. Responding to these challenges requires understanding of vulnerabilities, and management strategies to reduce risk.     

Seeking Indigenous food sovereignty: origins of and responses to the food crisis in northern Manitoba,Canada

A food crisis confronts many Indigenous communities in northwestern Canada, as reflected by wide-scale food insecurity and diet-related disease. South-generated responses to this crisis generally disregard principles of Indigenous food sovereignty and are disengaged from concerns related to environmental and food justice. This study seeks to explore the needs and priorities of a First Nation (Misipawistik Cree Nation) and an associated Métis community (Grand Rapids) regarding existing and potential responses to the food crisis in northern Manitoba. Substantial changes to the traditional food system were initiated during the establishment of the reserve system in the 1800s and now extend to damage associated with hydro development. Responses to these changes were categorised according to themes and include the revival of country food traditions, individual and community gardens, agriculture in the North, and better quality imported foods. Regardless of response, decision-making needs to be community-driven, culturally appropriate, to reflect local priorities in order to effectively address the northern food crisis, and, ultimately, needs to work towards Indigenous food sovereignty to be effective.     

A STUDY OF RESIDENTIAL STORMWATER IMPOUNDMENTS: PERCEPTIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS1

ABSTRACT: The traditional solution to stormwater runoff from housing developments has been stormwater sewer systems. A newer and increasingly popular solution is some sort of impoundment or “lake” within the development, which is thought to be cheaper, to provide recreation, to improve the aesthetics of the environment, and to increase property values. Little is known of the acceptability of these to public officials, developers, or potential residents, or of their policy implications. Two such developments in Mississauga, Ontario, were studied, in terms of the perceptions and opinions of a random sample of residents and of officials who had been involved in their planning and management. The areas have attracted a relatively young group, just beginning their child-bearing years, with relatively high income and education. The lakes appear to be popular, and relatively successful, especially the one which provides more recreational opportunities, and which has had fewer maintenance problems. The major problems are visual and safety. The City, and to some extent the developers, are seen as the appropriate groups to manage and maintain the lakes. Some suggestions, based on residents' and officials' responses, are presented for future designs and policy formulation.