一九八九年四川省环境保护工作总结和一九九○年的任务

今年是九十年代的第一年。在新的年代,环境保护工作应该有新的进展。这次全省环境保护会议和水污染防治会议的任务是传达全国环保斤局长会议的精神,总结1989年全省环保工作,布置1990年环境保护工作的任务,同时贯彻全国第二次水污染防治会议     

河流突发水污染事件峰值模拟及预警研究

为了最大程度地降低突发水污染事件带来的损失,采用MIKE11水动力—水质耦合模型,对太子河流域本溪段突发水污染事件进行模拟。模型验证的结果表明,构建的水动力—水质耦合模型满足精度要求。模拟4种情景的含挥发酚废水超标排放,结果表明：在相同条件下,污染物峰值浓度与排放强度、瞬时排放量呈正相关;排放地点距离监测断面越近,污染物峰值浓度越高;排放强度不会影响污染物到达监测断面及峰值浓度的时间。不同挥发酚超标排放的模拟结果可以为相关河流突发水污染事件提供预测预警,还可以为应急处置提供参考。     

凡河榛子岭水库上游河段水质现状及污染防治对策

以2012年4月至10月的水质监测数据为基础,分析了凡河榛子岭水库上游河段水体的水质状况。结果表明：仅夹河厂断面9月监测的水质符合Ⅲ类水质要求,其余各月3个断面监测的水质均超出Ⅴ类水质标准,超标项目主要是总氮、氨氮和总磷;各监测断面水质除总氮、氨氮和总磷超标外,其他项目基本达到Ⅲ类水质标准。凡河榛子岭水库上游河段丰水期各监测项目的浓度值明显大于平水期和枯水期时期。导致水质超标的原因主要是农村面源污染。     

辽河治理再定新目标——退出重点治理名单

截至目前,辽河治理已取得了明显的阶段性成果。按化学需氧量考核,2009年底辽河干流考核断面全部消灭劣Ⅴ类水体,提前一年实现辽宁省政府提出的治理目标,首次实现枯水期均值符合Ⅴ类水质标准。2011年5月,在国家6部委对辽宁省辽河流域＂十一五＂水污染防治规划实施情况的考核中,辽宁省取得了总分95.3分的好成绩,完成情况居全国...     

沱江流域石亭江支流广汉段水质调查与分析

依据广汉市2014年对沱江流域主要二级支流石亭江广汉段水环境枯水期、平水期、丰水期调查监测统计资料,采用单因子评价法分析与评价石亭江流域广汉段水质污染特征和现状。结果表明,沱江流域石亭江支流广汉段及其三级支流白鱼河所布设的背景断面、控制断面、削减断面中,所有断面总磷项目均存在严重超标现象,水质在Ⅳ~劣Ⅴ类范围,属于重度污染。该评价结果能为石亭江广汉段的水环境保护和科学治理提供依据。     

汾河底泥耗氧速率测试

以汾河运城段几个县界断面底泥和水质为实验目标,采用实验室测定方法,分别对在平水期、枯水期的底泥耗氧(SOD)速率进行测试,并对测试条件进行优化,对结果进行分析。研究表明,无论枯水期还是平水期,SOD总体变化趋势与河流水质污染(化学需氧量、氨氮)趋势基本一致。     

青海省水体中的~(226)Ra、~(40)K放射性水平

青海省是长江、黄河的发源地,水系分外流水系和内流水系,省内湖泊多,并以青海湖和鄂陵湖著名.本文报道1987—1988年全省各类水体中的~(226)Ra、~(40)K浓度水平调查结果.调查方法1.采样与布点重点调查黄河流域(青海段)、长江干流(青海段)、澜沧江、内流河.河流设置断面28个,湖泊布点8个,水库布点5个,井水以农村饮用水为主布点30个,自来水布点40个.全省共布设各类水体采样点111个,采集平、枯两期水样135个.(一些采水点因交通、季节等枯水期未采到).     

南充市嘉陵江干流高锰酸盐指数和氨氮动态变化及影响因素

为更好地掌握南充市嘉陵江干流主要污染物质的情况,使用2011～2015年南充市嘉陵江干流3个主要断面的监测数据,采用Pearson相关性分析、单因子水质标识指数等方法进行分析和探讨了氨氮、高锰酸盐指数的动态趋势及引起变化的因素。结果显示:五年来,3个监测点的DO和p H达到Ⅲ类标准,且变化基本稳定。南充段嘉陵江干流沙溪站(入境断面)有机污染物质在逐年减少,进入南充境内清泉寺站(控制断面)受到了轻微的污染,出境断面烈面站的受轻度污染程度均高于其余两个断面。丰水期和平水期,高锰酸盐指数增大,而氨氮含量呈下降趋势;枯水期两项指标增减趋势相同。五年中3个自动监测站的高锰酸盐指数和氨氮监测数据均达到Ⅲ类水质标准内,其中沙溪监测点水质最好。2011～2015年南充段嘉陵江水质状况整体保持良好,但烈面(出境)的两项指标有上升趋势,应加强对清泉寺水源地的防护,进一步加强对出境断面的污染治理。     

基于模糊数学的矿业城市地表水污染风险评价

根据模糊数学方法，建立了水污染风险模糊综合评价数学模型，以煤炭资源型城市阜新为研究对象，选取辽河流域阜新段1996～2005年枯水期和丰水期水质状况平均值进行水污染风险评价。旨在定量分析评价阜新地区地表水环境质量现状和存在的问题。结果表明：辽河阜新段水质在1996～2005年间波动较大，呈水质日益恶化的状态。水体主要污染物为有机物、氨氮和溶解性铁，总体来说各污染物变化规律各不相同，总磷、BOD5、溶解性铁呈递增趋势，其他污染物质都呈波动性变化。     

滇池水污染物浓度预测的人工神经网络模型

本文针对滇池日益严重的水污染现状,根据云南昆明西苑隧道断面2004年-2010年的监测资料,建立了基于BP神经网络的主要污染指标预测模型,并对其进行训练检验,研究结果表明：独立样本中pH、溶解氧、氨氮、高锰酸盐浓度的预测值与监测值的线性相关系数分别为0．952、0．967、0．945、0．936。结果证明该模型预测精度满足要求,通过准确地预测湖泊水污染物可以为治理湖泊营养化和综合利用水资源、规划管理、决策提供重要的科学依据。     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

A Social Contract for Biotechnology: Shared Visions for Risky Technologies?

Future technological developmentsconcerning food, agriculture, and theenvironment face a gulf of social legitimationfrom a skeptical public and media, in the wakeof the crises of BSE, GM food, and foot andmouth disease in the UK (House of Lords, 2000). Keyethical issues were ignored by the bioindustry,regulators, and the Government, leaving alegacy of distrust. The paper examinesagricultural biotechnology in terms of a socialcontract, whose conditions would have to be fulfilled togain acceptance of novel applications. Variouscurrent and future GM applications areevaluated against these conditions. Successwould depend critically on how far a sharedvision can be found with the public. Tore-establish trust, significant changes areidentified in the planning and pursuit ofbiotechnology.