加快发展县域特色经济

从根本上说，中国特色的社会主义经济，不仅表现为公有制为主导的市场经济，同时还应该表现为区域布局上的特色经济。我们应当从战略的、现实的和长远的高度，充分认识加快发展特色经济的重大意义。首先，加快发展特色经济是顺应国际经济发展趋势的现实需要。发达国家和地区的产业结构都具有自己鲜明的特色，特别是在市场化、知识化和全球化浪潮扑面而来的新形势下，世界各国都把发展特色经济作为谋求发展新优势的重要举措。我国即将入世，既是机遇也是挑战。所谓机遇，是因为在统一规范的市场规则下可以更好地将我们的特色产品打入国际市场…     

循环块状经济发展的思考--以诸暨市山下湖镇珍珠块状经济为例

诸暨市山下湖镇通过建设循环经济工业园，合理规划剖蚌点，充分利用废弃的蚌壳和蚌肉，及时回收利用废料、废水、废液等措施，使珍珠循环块状经济得到迅速发展。发展循环经济是企业对环境、社会发展的责任和义务，要加快研究制定循环经济发展的规划和思路，努力将循环经济的发展理念贯穿在块状经济发展之中，培育新的产业形态，形成新的增长潜力。     

21世纪:人类需走节制发展的道路

人类社会发展至今，文明的巨大进步与生存危机并存的现象日益显露出来，特别是人们所向往追求的工业化、现代化的种种弊端暴露更加明显，使不少有识之士感到人类的发展行为和模式需要加以改进，否则最终将走向反面。马克思早就指出：“文明如果是自发地发展，而不是自觉地发展，留给自己的则是荒漠”。在人类面临许多生存危机的今天，人类要提高对发展的自觉性，减少盲目性，以正确指导自己的发展行为，特别是要合理地、有节制地使用自己的发展权。地球不仅对人口有个承载力的问题，而且对人类的发展行为也同样有一个承载力问题。当然，“节…     

基于SD模型评测区域低碳经济发展研究——以成渝经济区为例

区域低碳经济发展是可持续发展的重要选择，成渝经济区是中国经济增长的第四极，是拉动中国西部经济社会发展，缩小地区经济社会差异的重要地区。从SD模型的原理与方法人手，基于成渝经济区低碳经济发展现状，利用SD模型对成渝经济区的能源总量与能源缺口、能源消耗量构成、工业增加值能耗、废气废水废物排放量等方面进行模拟预测，并提出区域发展低碳经济的对策：发展低碳产业，走低碳经济发展道路；积极合理开发新技术利用新能源；鼓励促进优势特色产业的发展。     

发展有机食品 拓展新的经济增长点

青海省具有发展有机食品的天然优势，有机食品市场需求旺盛，随着人们对食品安全的日益关注，有机农业在世界范围内得到了快速发展。有机农业采用与环境高度协调的生产方式，禁止使用农用化学品，对于环境保护、人体健康和农业可持续发展意义重大，促进有机食品产业发展，将成为青海新的经济增长点。     

区域经济政策对区域经济发展的影响——以山东半岛城市群为例

区域经济快速、健康、稳定发展是区域社会发展中的重大战略问题。随着近些年来区域经济发展速度的不断加快，市场机制“马太效应”和试错性逐渐显现出来，为区域经济政策的形成创造了条件。以山东省制定的山东半岛城市群区域经济政策为例，分析了区域经济政策对区域经济发展的影响，评价其政策效应，讨论如何更加有效地保障该区域经济政策的实施，从而实现区域经济均衡发展的总体目标。     

农业文化遗产地研学游客保护行为仿真研究——以云南哈尼梯田为例

坚持“以保护为中心，以发展为手段”的原则，实施农业文化遗产动态保护。以云南红河哈尼梯田研学游客为研究对象，基于场域理论，构建农业文化遗产研学游客行为仿真模型，实证研究研学旅游对农业文化遗产游客保护行为影响作用，探索农业文化遗产研学游客保护行为的影响因素。结论显示：(1)研学游客保护行为由周边环境与农业文化遗产知识、地方依恋、信息干预、自我概念共同作用；(2)从研学游客保护行为影响因素来看，农业文化遗产知识对游客保护行为具有正向的引导作用，尤其对于游客劝导型保护行为的影响最为显著；解说活动对于农业文化遗产地研学游客保护行为的实施有重要作用；研学强度、环境质量对衍生型研学游客和研学游客保护行为的影响不同；(3)对衍生型研学游客来说，环境质量感知对文化遵守型保护行为更为明显。对研学游客来说，环境质量感知对劝导型、消费传播型保护行为更加明显。     

经济发达地区的生态农业发展战略--以江苏省江阴市为例

我国的经济发达地区普遍存在着人地关系紧张、环境质量恶化和农产品质量下降等问题，发展生态农业是缓解这些矛盾的重要途径。本文以江阴市为例，分析了经济发达地区农业发展中存在的主要制约因素，强调了区内发展生态农业的迫切性和优势条件，根据区域社会经济发展特点，指出该市应以为中心城市服务的都市生态农业为发展方向，借鉴发达国家生态农业建设的先进经验，将生态农业建设与农业现代化建设有机地结合起来，探索和推广适合本地特点的精准设施农业技术，达到节约水、肥资源，提高农产品产量和品质的目的。     

论经济环境协调发展及其模式

持续性术语出现在环境和发展领域是初80年代．但对于经济环境协调发展不论从概念还是涵义上都较为模糊，从而也难以对经济环境协调发展的模式做出深入分析。本文在系统阐明经济环境协调发展内在涵义的基础上提出协调发展模式的相对性、约束性和均衡性特征，并从环境容量角度讨论经济环境协调发展的模式。一、经济与环境持续协调的发展1987年，世界环境与发展委员会（WCED）将持续发展定义为一种满足现一代需要而不危及将来一代需求的发展模式。它认为持续性发展包括两种基本思想：一是经济发展，二是生态环境的持续性。即经济生态系统的结…     

发展福建经济必须与环境、资源相协调

环境和资源是人类赖以生存和发展的基础，福建在经济高速发展的同时，也造成了环境污染和资源浪费的严重后果。为了促进经济的可持续发展，福建必须采取积极有效的保护环境和节约资源的措施，并实现长期的良性循环，从而建设一个经济发达、环境优美的“生态省”。     

珍惜生命，保护水资源

水是生命之源。本文报道了由于地球上水资源有限,并且人为的活动加剧了水体污染,面临着水资源短缺形势,给人类生存造成严重威胁。为此,告诫人们要保护水资源,加强水的回收利用,节约用水,缺水并非是危言耸听的宣传。     

全球变暖对人类健康的影响与对策研究

全球变暖是当前人类所面临的一个非常严重的环境问题。全球变暖等环境问题的产生是与人类的各种活动息息相关的，环境的恶化必将给人类的健康带来严重的后果。本文吸收了较新的科学发现对全球变暖成因进行了阐述；综合该领域近年的研究进展，将全球变暖对人类健康的影响纳为三个方面，并作了比较详尽的分析；从多个方面探讨了应对策略。     

Learning sustainable water practices through participatory irrigation management in Thailand

Participatory irrigation management (PIM) was adopted in Thailand in 2004 to encourage the sustainable use of water in the agricultural sector. The research presented in this paper sought to understand the relationships between public participation, learning, and the implementation of more sustainable water practices through PIM in Thailand. Data was collected through document reviews, observation, informal meetings, and a total of 55 semi‐structured face‐to‐face interviews of local irrigators from two case study regions around the Krasiew Reservoir. Results showed that participating in PIM activities facilitated both instrumental (e.g., water supply and demand data, benefits of on‐time water delivery) and communicative (e.g., reasons for past PIM failure, expectations of fellow farmers) learning among PIM participants. Findings also revealed that social action is fostered through the recognition of human dignity and compassionate communication that instils a sense of ownership and solidarity among irrigators. Sustainable water practices among local farmers were spurred further through learning that the reservoir is a finite water source.     

The marginal cost of public funds of mineral and energy taxes in Peru

We estimate the Marginal Cost of Public Funds (MCPF) for Peru using a detailed computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. Revenues from all major sources (including taxes on factors of production, natural resources such as energy and minerals, consumption, and imports) are examined. Our focus is on the efficiency implications of mineral and energy taxes, given their importance to Peruvian public finance. The primary data are from the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) as modified to include detailed tax information from the Peruvian Ministry of Economy and Finance and the Peruvian Internal Revenue Service. Consistent with the theories of public finance, we find that the MCPF is greater for activities that face high or widely varying tax rates. The taxes on energy and mineral activities represent a clear illustration of this relationship. The results presented in this paper indicate opportunities to improved efficiency in the current tax mix, and also indicate the financing costs of proposed expenditures that would be funded with taxes on energy and natural resources.     

Green shipping practices in the shipping industry: Conceptualization, adoption, and implications

There have been increasing concerns about the adverse impacts on the environment caused by cargo movement in international trade. Different stakeholders ranging from shippers and carriers to government bodies and international communities have expressed worries about the environmental impacts brought by shipping related activities. The pollution and waste created in the shipping processes have imposed environmental burdens and accelerated resource depletion. The situation is set to worsen in the face of intensifying trade globalization, which has contributed to sustained growth in international shipping activities. To help protect the environment, many shipping firms have taken the initiative to find ways to lessen the environmental damage of their operations while enhancing their performance. The objective of this study is to examine the environmental awareness and the environmental measures taken in the shipping industry. We propose a conceptual framework for evaluating green shipping practices and develop several propositions stating the conditions under which shipping firms would behave in an environmentally responsible manner. We conclude with managerial and policy implications of the conceptual framework to promote green shipping practices in the shipping industry.     

Resource Use Among Rural Agricultural Households Near Protected Areas in Vietnam: The Social Costs of Conservation and Implications for Enforcement

This article examines the use of forests in a protected area by nearby agriculturalists in central Vietnam. Research indicates that the majority of rural farmers interviewed who lived near a state designated protected area were receiving both subsistence and cash incomes from forest-based activities, primarily from the collection of forest products. However, much of the collection of forest produce was officially illegal, as it occurred in state protected forests, and interdiction efforts were on the increase. Yet, little attention has been paid in Vietnam to the need for income substitution for households who lose access to forest produce as a result of conservation enforcement, particularly in the case of farmers who live near, but not in, protected areas; their resources use has been ‘invisible’ due to a lack of attention and research on the topic. This misunderstanding of the importance of forests to rural farmers has the potential to result in households facing adverse welfare and livelihood outcomes as protected areas boundaries are tightened, and local communities face increased opportunity costs due to stricter conservation enforcement. The article concludes that substitution for loss of income due to conservation activities would best be achieved through carefully targeted interventions to specific high-impact and high-dependency households. Additionally, investments in new sources of wage labor and other low capital-input activities, rather than in agriculture, would likely be of most benefit.     

Assessing the social impacts of extensive resource use activities

Extensive forms of resource use are rarely subject to detailed environmental and social assessment. This paper outlines a potential methodology for assessment of the social impacts of extensive resource use activities based on the Pressure-State-Impact-Response (PSIR) model of integrated indicator development. It then tests this methodology through a case study of changed water flow regimes in Central Queensland's Fitzroy River catchment. While resource degradation associated with interruptions to flow was expected to force all resource users to face higher costs and greater uncertainty, negative social impacts were particularly concentrated among vulnerable groups and downstream industries. Extension of the PSIR framework and methodology proved useful in linking social and biophysical research and would thus appear to offer some potential as a model for incorporating social concerns within natural resource decision making.     

Creating local ecological footprints in a North American context

Many urban areas face conflicts between economic growth and environmental limitations. The ecological footprint is popular for communicating the global impacts of local activities, and if calculated at the local level, should be useful in emphasising the impacts of local planning, engaging community members, and allowing intra-community comparisons. We compare the two dominant methods for local ecological footprints: the compound and component methods. Both fail to adequately represent local footprints in North America. We propose a hybrid component method that takes advantage of the benefits of the component method but incorporates interpolation from the compound method to address data limitations. Grounded in Montreal, Canada, a city currently facing significant conflict between environment and growth, the study applies the hybrid method and discusses its potential benefits and limitations for community activists and planners.     

Why institutional reforms in forestry? Lessons from international experience

Profound changes have taken place, worldwide, during the last decade. These political, economic, and institutional changes have contributed to redefine the role of the state in all sectors, including natural resources. This article discusses traditional shortcomings of forest departments and new challenges they face arising from the changes in national policies and global concerns. Worldwide trends, such as civil service reforms, decentralization of government, increased local community involvement in resource management, and divestiture of state-owned enterprises impact the forestry sector, already faced with shrinking forest areas, decreased revenues, and government downsizing. To survive, forest departments need to form strategic partnerships with other stakeholders, get out of forest activities where they do not have a comparative advantage, and focus on core functions that governments do best. Examples are given from countries in Asia and the Pacific. Two country case studies are presented discussing Nepal's experience with Forest User Groups and New Zealand's experience with privatization of forestry.     

The Economic Value of Open Space: A Review and Synthesis

/ Communities increasingly face development pressures that can irreversibly alter open space lands. While the monetary costs and benefits of development are typically known, the corresponding values of natural lands are complex and difficult to measure. This paper reviews different concepts of economic value in relation to open space, describes methods for quantifying these values, and presents examples of each from published literature. Open space benefits accruing to citizens as market values or consumers' surplus include market and enhancement values, production values, natural systems value, use and nonuse values, and various intangible values. Economic impacts that open space lands have on local communities and economies include fiscal impacts on municipal budgets, expenditures from open space-related activities, and impacts from employment and tax revenues. These values are not universally present within a given community, nor are they quantitatively additive. However, a comprehensive consideration of the multiple values of open space will better inform community decisions about land conservation and development. KEY WORDS: Conservation; Economic value; Land use; Open space; Zoning