西三角经济区产业结构与就业结构互动关系研究

在描述西部大开发以来西三角经济区产业结构和就业结构演变趋势的基础上,借助就业弹性和结构偏离度来分析该地区产业结构与就业结构的互动关系。结果表明:西三角经济区产业结构的演变明显超前于就业结构的演变;第一产业对剩余劳动力的吸收和转移压力较大;第二产业虽然是拉动地区经济增长的主力,但并没有带动大量就业增长;第三产业发展不足,面临着转型升级的压力。     

基于DEA的大连市产业结构优化评估

优化高效的产业结构是城市经济社会全面发展的必要条件,对产业结构优化程度进行评估是促进大连市产业结构调整、加快经济发展的有力手段.基于数据包络分析方法的C<'2>R模型,构建包括6个投入指标、4个产出指标的城市产业结构合理性评估指标体系,利用Matlab7.0软件对大连市产业结构合理性进行了评估分析,同时又通过与上海、深圳的第三产业比较分析发现,大连市产业结构合理化较高,但产业结构高级化方面较低,即第三产业所占比重较少,仍需通过相关手段发展第三产业.     

资源加科技石头变"金子"--西部资源开发,民企可为

西部大开发的实质就是西部资源大开发。要使西部资源开发取得预期的效果,就必须切实转变观念,摒弃重第二产业、轻第一产业和第三产业,重国家垄断、轻民营资本的传统观念,积极鼓励更多的民营企业介入资源开发领域。通过扶持优势民营企业在资源开发领域的发展,以优势企业为依托,进行存量资产调整或上新项目,是解决目前已步入困境的“四矿”（矿业、矿区、矿山、矿城）问题的重要途径。     

资源型城市产业结构动态调整的灰色关联分析——以国家级能化基地榆林市为例

产业结构的优化调整对资源型城市转变单一经济发展模式具有重要意义。基于榆林市产业发展的相关统计数据,在分析产业发展现状和产业体系形成路径的基础上,采用灰色关联分析法,就榆林市产业结构调整运行状况进行了相关分析。结果表明:榆林市产业结构呈现第一产业发展薄弱、第二产业主体独大、第三产业缓慢改观的欠合理发展现状。根据相关分析结果,提出以下建议:第一产业坚持打造全国知名的现代特色农牧基地,从粗放经营向品牌引领转变;第二产业应合理开采和提高转化效率,延长能化产业链条,推动高端能化产品、新材料和新兴技术产业的创新发展;第三产业应重点开发转战陕北红色旅游专线和塞北古城文化特色旅游资源,实施"全域旅游"创建工程,推进国内知名旅游基地建设。     

新形势下第三产业对环境的影响及监督管理对策

随着我国经济体制改革的深化，产业结构的调整，第三产业也焕发了勃勃生机，其在国民生产总值中的比重逐渐加大。然而第三产业在发展繁荣的同时，也给环境保护工作者提出了一系列新的问题。在我国目前业已成熟的第三产业中，对城市环境影响较大的主要是交通运输业、饮食服务业及旅游业等。经济的繁荣带来了交通运输业的发展，机动车数量也直线上升，截止1990年底，全国机动车数量高达693．12万辆。机动车运行中鸣笛发出的噪音可高达95－100分贝，而排放的尾气则富含氮氧化物、碳氢化物等有毒气体。近几年来，我国的餐饮服务业得到了很大的发…     

西部大开发:自然增长还是政策效应——基于合成控制法的研究

西部大开发是我国一项长期的区域发展战略,客观准确地评估其实施效果,对制定实施后续政策和其他区域发展政策具有借鉴意义。利用1980—2016年我国31个省份的面板数据,运用合成控制法评估了西部大开发对西部地区经济发展的影响。结果表明:①西部大开发对西部地区经济发展没有明显的改善作用;②显著促进了内蒙古、重庆、陕西和宁夏地区经济发展,抑制了广西、贵州、云南、西藏、甘肃和新疆地区经济发展,而对四川和青海无显著作用;③对第一、三产业具有促进作用,而对第二产业具有抑制作用。建议继续把基础设施建设放在首位,推进产业结构调整,使西部大开发真正促进西部地区的经济增长。     

城市化水平测度及其与水环境质量关联性分析

中国城市化正处在快速发展时期,城市化进程对水环境质量产生了重要影响.在对合肥城市化水平进行测度的基础上,利用灰色关联分析法对合肥城市化与巢湖水环境质量进行了关联分析.结果显示：合肥市产业结构对巢湖西半湖水环境质量的影响较大;在城市化发展初期,第二产业成为影响水质的主要因素;近年随着产业结构调整,第三产业比重逐步提高,成为水质改善的驱动力.因此,在合肥城市化进程中第二、三产业比重对水环境的影响不容忽视,应加强产业结构调整,促进城市化与水环境质量的协调发展.     

萧灼基:蓉城畅谈“资本市场”

日前,在成都“申奥成功与西部投资机遇论坛”上,著名经济学家萧灼基开宗明义阐述了中国股市发展面临的几大机遇：其一,政府对发展股市十分重视;其二,中国入世在即,既要提高国际竞争又要发展资本市场;其三,产业结构需要进行大调整,现在的调整并非昔日的那种简单“关、停、并、转”,而必须采取企业购并、资产重组等资本运作方式来进行;其四,目前居民个人存款已达7万亿元,这些闲散资金需要找到合适的投资渠道。     

结构红利与资源诅咒——西部大开发以来内蒙古产业结构变迁绩效评价

统计分析表明，西部大开发以来内蒙古经济存在越来越严重的就业-产值结构偏离趋势。采用shilt—share方法分别对西部大开以来内蒙古、西部和全国的劳动生产率进行分解和比较分析发现，内蒙古的结构红利不显著。因此，近年来内蒙古经济虽有良好的增长绩效，但其资源依赖型增长正通过价格机制和制度效率两个途径制约着产业结构的高级化与合理化变迁，即存在潜在的资源诅咒问题。     

坚持旅游兴市战略加快发展旅游经济

旅游业是当今世界发展前景极为广阔的朝阳产业,是国家实施西部大开发战略,带动西部地区产业结构调整升级的先导产业。都江堰市是首批中国优秀旅游城市、国家历史文化名城,拥有世界文化遗产、国家4A级景区青城山、都江堰,龙池国家森林公园,龙溪-虹口国家级自然保护区等景区景点,市委、市政府立足旅游资源丰富、     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

A Social Contract for Biotechnology: Shared Visions for Risky Technologies?

Future technological developmentsconcerning food, agriculture, and theenvironment face a gulf of social legitimationfrom a skeptical public and media, in the wakeof the crises of BSE, GM food, and foot andmouth disease in the UK (House of Lords, 2000). Keyethical issues were ignored by the bioindustry,regulators, and the Government, leaving alegacy of distrust. The paper examinesagricultural biotechnology in terms of a socialcontract, whose conditions would have to be fulfilled togain acceptance of novel applications. Variouscurrent and future GM applications areevaluated against these conditions. Successwould depend critically on how far a sharedvision can be found with the public. Tore-establish trust, significant changes areidentified in the planning and pursuit ofbiotechnology.