高电平试验在飞机级试验中的应用

电磁环境的日益复杂和航空电子技术的发展使得机载电子电气系统更容易受到高强辐射场(HIRF)的影响。功能危险性评估为A级的电子电气系统在开展HIRF防护合格审定时,必须进行飞机级HIRF防护符合性验证,这也是民用航空器电磁环境效应研究的重要内容。针对A级系统的飞机级验证方法—飞机级高电平试验进行研究,概述了HIRF防护的合格审定程序,研究了飞机级高电平试验环境的构建及校准方式,归纳总结了不同测试阶段的测试程序。     

雷击高塔附近埋地线缆耦合数值分析

本文采用FDTD两步法建模,仿真分析了雷击高塔附近,埋地线缆的雷电电磁脉冲耦合。数值计算结果表明,与雷击大地情况相比,雷击高塔时埋地线缆感应电压幅值更高。感应电压波形也存在较大差异,持续时间变长并且出现衰减振荡。仿真结果对于高建筑物附近埋地线缆的防护具有指导意义。     

机载电子装备电磁兼容设计方法研究

飞机平台电磁干扰源种类及发生时机多样,且由于在飞机舱室内部,受体积、重量及安装位置限制,电子装备安装密度高,所处电磁环境恶劣,对电磁兼容性要求高,一旦失效造成的风险巨大。本文通过对机载电子装备的电磁兼容典型试验项目及电磁兼容要素进行分析,研究其电磁兼容设计,最后通过试验验证其有效性,希望可为有关装备研制工作提供参考。     

飞机抗电磁干扰设计

飞机抗电磁干扰设计是现代飞机设计中的重要环节。本文分析了机上电磁干扰的耦合路径，并阐述了飞机蒙皮、机上电缆及装机设备的抗干扰设计方法。     

航空装备典型舱室结构环境数据预测方法研究

为进行航空装备典型舱室环境谱编制,需依据机场环境数据得到典型舱室环境数据。为此,本文通过实测航空装备典型舱室温、湿度环境数据与机场温、湿度环境数据,在对所测数据进行正态性与独立性检验的前提下,开展典型舱室温、湿度环境数据回归预测模型建模研究。研究发现,航空装备典型舱室温、湿度环境数据与机场温、湿度环境数据存在较好的相关性,建立的温、湿度回归预测模型健康,可用于后续典型舱室局部环境谱编制分析。     

汽车电子BCI法与空间辐射法等效性研究

首先通过理论分析了线缆在电场中产生的电流大小,其次使用带状线装置产生均匀场强,通过测量找出线缆感应电流与场强之间的传输函数关系,从而验证了BCI法与空间辐射场的等效性,这为将来我国汽车电子BCI法制定合适的试验限值提供了参考。     

实验室太阳辐射试验中温度测量的分析

按GJB 150.7-1986中稳态长期光化学效应的试验要求,对线缆样件进行了实验室太阳辐射试验。温度测量结果显示,样件的附加温升显著,且内部存在热梯度。     

GEO卫星空间自然强电磁环境与防护综述

GEO卫星在轨运行期间,面临着复杂的空间自然强电磁环境,环境中的强电磁脉冲将从"前门"和"后门"两种途径耦合进入星内,对卫星的在轨安全运行构成威胁。本文首先介绍了GEO卫星所面临的空间自然强电磁环境,然后分别就孔缝、光学窗口和穿舱管路、线缆这几种典型的后门耦合通道的特点和研究现状进行了介绍,最后对相应的防护措施进行了总结。     

广东省土地利用效率和产业结构耦合协调特征及时空演变分析

土地利用和产业结构协调关系对探索高质量发展、推动经济转型升级具有重要意义。基于含有非期望产出的超效率SBM模型和空间向量夹角法,结合耦合协调和空间自相关模型探究广东省2005—2020年土地利用效率与产业结构耦合协调度的时空演变特征及空间相关性。结果表明：(1)广东省土地利用效率大致呈“W”型趋势,产业结构高级化水平总体持续上升,两者增减趋势存在相似性;(2)土地利用效率和产业结构耦合协调度跨度较大,大部分城市处于良好协调状态,随时间推进有明显提升;(3)耦合协调度空间格局具有较强的稳定性,水平差异呈现为粤东>珠三角>粤西>粤北,地区间差异正在缩小,珠三角和粤西地区的内部差异逐渐扩大,粤东和粤北地区的内部差异缩小;(4)耦合协调度总体呈现“集聚——随机”趋势,空间聚集现象逐渐减弱,并且冷、热点区域影响力下降。     

海洋大气自然环境下电连接器线缆密封措施验证分析

研究海洋大气环境下,电连接器线缆不同密封工艺方法的环境适应性。试验选取航空常用的GJB599系列圆形连接器,实施4种不同的线缆密封防护措施,在某南海环境自然暴晒站开展了3年自然环境暴露试验,通过电连接器的绝缘电阻和耐电压测试结果的变化,验证不同线缆密封防护工艺的环境适应性。试验结果与试验室模拟海洋环境的加速试验存在一定偏差,通过原因分析和对试验结果的综合评估,给出工程应用上给出了一些实用的建议。     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

A Social Contract for Biotechnology: Shared Visions for Risky Technologies?

Future technological developmentsconcerning food, agriculture, and theenvironment face a gulf of social legitimationfrom a skeptical public and media, in the wakeof the crises of BSE, GM food, and foot andmouth disease in the UK (House of Lords, 2000). Keyethical issues were ignored by the bioindustry,regulators, and the Government, leaving alegacy of distrust. The paper examinesagricultural biotechnology in terms of a socialcontract, whose conditions would have to be fulfilled togain acceptance of novel applications. Variouscurrent and future GM applications areevaluated against these conditions. Successwould depend critically on how far a sharedvision can be found with the public. Tore-establish trust, significant changes areidentified in the planning and pursuit ofbiotechnology.