我国废旧线路板处置现状及非金属材料利用设想

本文在分析废线路板产生现状及成分组成的基础上，介绍了我国目前废线路板的主要处置工艺和回收利用现状，特别针对目前废旧线路板资源回收过程中对非金属材料重视不够的问题，提出了非金属材料回收利用的工艺设想，并对废线路板中非金属材料的利用前景进行了展望。     

钻井固废资源化利用途径分析

结合钻井固废资源化利用和处理处置以及废水、浸出液处理的相关技术标准,对钻井固废不同资源化利用途径的工艺技术、产品指标、产品应用场所和环境要求进行了分析,讨论了钻井固废用作路基填料、制烧结砖、水泥窑协同处置和免烧砖等资源化处理方式的工艺技术要求、利用现状,并对4种处理方式优缺点进行比较。提出资源化利用应以钻井固废的主要成分和有害成分为基础,因地制宜,确定经济、合理的方案。     

水基钻井固废分类资源化处置利用浅论

基于中国石油西南油气田目前水基钻井固废均送当地制砖厂处置利用存在的处置费用高、潜在 安全环保风险大的问题，在简要分析西南油气田水基钻井固废的产生量、来源、特性、组成性质等基础上，提出了依据不同水基钻井液体系对钻井固废进行分类的方法，并重点论述了气体水基钻井固废、聚合物钻井液体系 固废、磺化钻井液体系固废３种水基钻井液体系所产生固废的污染物性质，相应的资源化处置利用方法第1优选分别为：直接/生物处理土壤利用、生物处理土壤利用、制烧结砖/生物处理土壤利用等，提出了相关结论建议，对油气勘探钻井环保决策管理和研究具有一定参考价值。     

川渝地区页岩气钻井固废分类资源化处置利用

在简要分析川渝地区主要页岩气区域长宁、威远和涪陵页岩气钻井作业主要特点基础上,重点论述了页岩气钻井不同井段及不同钻井液体系钻井固废性质特点,针对页岩气钻井水基钻井固废和油基钻屑两大类固废的资源化处置利用情况及目前存在的主要问题进行了论述,提出了川渝地区页岩气钻井固废应分井 段或分不同钻井液体系进行收集并分类采用不同技术进行资源化处置利用,以达到更经济安全环保的效果。水基钻井固废就地生物处理资源化土壤利用是最优选择,第二选择是就地作为井场公路及井场场地路基建设利用,其次是制成水泥块或免烧砖,最后是转运制砖利用;脱油后的油基钻屑较好的资源利用方式是协同水泥窑焚烧处置,其次制成水泥块或作井场路基材料利用。同时针对性地提出了页岩气钻井固废分类处理利用等方面的建议措施,对油气勘探钻井环保决策管理具有一定参考价值。     

KH-550对废PCBs非金属粉/PP复合材料性能的影响

对回收的纸基印刷线路板非金属粉表面硅烷化处理,研究了硅烷偶联剂KH-550最佳用量和对非金属粉/PP复合材料的力学性能以及耐热性能的影响,并通过扫描电镜对复合材料的界面进行研究。结果表明,硅烷偶联剂的最佳用量为非金属粉质量的1.5%;经偶联剂表面处理非金属粉与PP基体树脂能够形成有效的界面粘结,与未处理非金属粉的PP复合体系相比,其力学性能和热性能得到明显提高。硅烷偶联剂KH-550在一定程度上能够改善复合材料的性能。     

江苏省废无机酸的产生及处置现状

江苏省废无机酸的产生总量大,且逐年增加。废无机酸具有腐蚀性、毒性、不稳定性等危险特性,如不进行合理处置便排入环境中,危害极大。江苏省废无机酸的产量与城市区域分布、产业布局有着密切的关系。废无机酸处置及利用企业与废无机酸的产生情况有较密切的关联。针对不同特性的废无机酸,适合采用不同的处置或利用工艺。废无机酸作为危险废物可采用中和法实现无害化处置或采用浓缩回收法等工艺进行资源化利用。     

钻井固废资源化处置利用技术综述

钻井固废具有固相含量高、有机物含量高、pH值较高、黏附性强、色度深、有害重金属含量低、不同类别固废其组成来源不同、性质差异较大等特点,处理处置及资源化利用难度较大,已成为当前油气勘探钻井污染治理的处置利用重点和难点。文章基于固废处置的减量化、资源化和无害化原则,分析论述了现钻井固废的资源化处置利用技术,分析了各技术适用处理对象,对油气田环保工作具有一定参考价值。     

废有机溶剂综合利用处理处置技术

由大连东泰产业废弃物处理有限公司开发、大连市环境保护局推荐的废有机溶剂综合利用处理处置技术适用于在工业生产过程中产生的废有机溶剂的减量化、无害化和资源化处理。主要技术内容一、基本原理采用常用的粗蒸、精馏、过滤、吸附、汽提等技术,充分掌握回收废有机溶剂组分参数和相关数据,进行单元组合和回收能力计算,使系统最大限度发挥回收能力,达到再生废溶剂的目的。同时,采取焚烧和安全填埋等工艺,对残液、残渣进行无害化处理。二、技术关键使用较少的单元过程形成一整套废有机溶剂等危险废物再生及处理的社会化、资源化、无害…     

川渝地区页岩气钻井固废分类资源化处置利用略论

本文在简要分析川渝地区主要页岩气区域长宁、威远和涪陵页岩气钻井作业主要特点基础上,重点论述了页岩气钻井不同井段及不同钻井液体系钻井固废性质特点,针对页岩气钻井水基固废和油基钻屑两大类固废的资源化处置利用情况及存在的主要问题进行了论述,提出了川渝地区页岩气钻井应分井段或分不同钻井液体系固废进行收集并分类采用不同处置利用技术进行资源化处置利用,可达到更经济安全环保的利用效果。水基钻井固废就地生物处理资源化土壤利用是最优先择,第二选择是就地作为井场公路及井场场地路基建设利用,其次才是制成水泥块或免烧砖,最后才是转运制砖利用；油基钻屑的处置利用最关键的问题是争取脱油能按一般固废对待的国家或地方政策或规定争取,脱油后的油基钻屑最好的资源利用方式应是协同水泥窑焚烧处置,其次制成水泥块或作井场路基材料利用。同时针对性提出了页岩气钻井固废分类处理利用等方面的建议措施,对油气勘探钻井环保决策管理者和工作者具有一定参考价值和指导意义。     

我国废旧电器回收利用现状及存在问题

人类社会发展到今天,创造了前所未有的文明,同时也带来了一系列环境问题。诸如废电脑、废家电、废通讯工具等废弃“电子垃圾”以及制造这些电器过程中产生的各类废弃物占用着大量资源,对这些废旧电子器件和电子材料的不合理处置和回收会给环境造成极大污染。因此,广泛开展有关废旧电器和各类废旧电子材料回收利用方面的研究,使这些宝贵的二次资源得到科学合理的资源化和无害化处置,对保证人类所需生产和生活资源的永续利用,促进人类的可持续发展具有十分重要的意义。文章结合废旧电器回收利用进行了探讨。     

Optimization of the recovery of plastics for recycling by density media separation cyclones

Material recovery processes are presented as the optimum option for recycling plastic wastes as a means of recovering hydrocarbon resources. There exist a large variety of automated material recovery processes for recycling of such wastes but each with significant limitations. Of these, the separation based on differences in densities is advocated as the optimum process either for producing recycled products or preparing wastes for subsequent recovery processing.Density separation processes based on cyclone type density media separation (DMS) is presented as an important, potential method for increasing plastics recycling process capacities. It is demonstrated to have the capacity to separate a significantly larger range of particle sizes than those presently processed industrially. The mathematical relationship for the prediction of quality of typical LARCODEMS type density media separations by particle size and density as expressed by the Ecart Probable is presented.A proposed device configuration is presented for density media separation to optimize the recovery and purity of both density fractions produced. It is also suggested that to be economically viable, a large scale of operation is required for industrial plastics recycling operations recovering and producing a number of different plastics with a purity to be used as a substitute for virgin material.     

建筑废弃物的回收原理与方法研究

由于社会和经济因素的要求,当今的建筑生命周期要最大程度地完成圆形的循环过程,即重新使用拆建物料制造新产品。循环经济的大背景下,承建商通过坚实的理论基础,采用分层次的方法来进行建筑废弃物的管理。文中总结了两种方法的优点和缺点,进行了混合回收与源头分离两种方法的比较研究。最值得注意的是两个不同的意向方案:绿色星球计划和ICC-ESSAVETM方案。突出的可持续认证和设计方案及绿色星球计划侧重的能源效率模型时常被繁重调试系统的LEED所青睐。一旦被国际编码理事会所批准,这些文件可以在LEED的评分系统下或绿色星球计划中,帮助其寻找资格评分。文章最后分析了建筑废弃物的回收流程,并得出结论:高达95%的建筑和拆迁建筑废弃物都可以回收;回收相比垃圾填埋更节省资金;源头分离较混合回收需要更多的管理和劳动力,但能获得更大的经济利益;承建商应该组织和管理现场的回收工作。     

Interpreting science in the real world for sustainable land application

Today's land application practices are designed to effectively treat wastes, and have evolved from earlier practices that centered on cheap disposal with less regard for environmental protection. The major objectives of this paper are to (i) review how current land application practices, and our understanding of them, have evolved over time and (ii) explore how science is used (and sometimes misused or ignored) in the development of design, regulation, and management of sustainable land application. Land treatment technologies have been used effectively for the treatment and recycling of many types of wastewaters and organic residuals for many years. Extensive research and demonstration efforts, as well as experience with pilot- and field-scale projects, have provided the information about soil reactions with contaminants in wastewater and organic residuals needed to design and operate sustainable land application projects. Still, systematic research programs are as important today as ever to support studies aimed at producing information on how soil-based treatment and recycling systems work, to address new areas of concerns as they arise, and continue to improve the overall design, performance, and reliability of land application systems as sustainable soil treatment and recycling systems.     

Diversion from landfill: quality products from valuable plastics

Mechanical recycling of 100% post-consumer plastic waste into high-quality products has been performed. The chemical and physical properties of these recycled materials have been compared with similar products manufactured from virgin resins. The properties of a blow-moulded bottle prepared from 100% post-consumer high-density polyethylene (HDPE) showed that this recycled polymer exceeded the materials specifications for virgin plastic designs. Similarly, a sample of thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO, 100% polypropylene), obtained entirely from shredder residue (SR) displayed sufficient material strength for future separation and reprocessing.     

Introduction of a waste incineration tax: Effects on the Swedish waste flows

A tax on waste-to-energy incineration of fossil carbon in municipal solid waste from households was introduced in Sweden on July 1, 2006. The tax has led to higher incineration gate fees. One of the main purposes with the tax is to increase the incentive for recycling of materials, including biological treatment. We investigate whether and to what extent this effect can be expected. A spreadsheet model is developed in order to estimate the net marginal cost of alternative waste treatment methods, i.e., the marginal cost of alternative treatment minus avoided cost of incineration. The value of the households’ time needed for source separation is discussed and included. The model includes the nine largest fractions, totalling 85% (weight), of the household waste currently being sent to waste incineration: food waste, newsprint, paper packaging, soft and hard plastic packaging, diapers, yard waste, other paper waste, and non-combustible waste. Our results indicate that the incineration tax will have the largest effect on biological treatment of kitchen and garden waste, which may increase by 9%. The consequences of an incineration tax depend on: (a) the level of the tax, (b) whether the tax is based on an assumed average Swedish fossil carbon content or on the measured carbon content in each incineration plant, (c) institutional factors such as the cooperation between waste incinerators, and (d) technological factors such as the availability of central sorting of waste or techniques for measurement of fossil carbon in exhaust gases, etc. Information turns out to be a key factor in transferring the governing force of the tax to the households as well improving the households’ attitudes towards material recycling.     

Integrated treatment and recycling of stormwater: a review of Australian practice

With the use of water approaching, and in some cases exceeding, the limits of sustainability in many locations, there is an increasing recognition of the need to utilise stormwater for non-potable requirements, thus reducing the demand on potable sources. This paper presents a review of Australian stormwater treatment and recycling practices as well as a discussion of key lessons and identified knowledge gaps. Where possible, recommendations for overcoming these knowledge gaps are given. The review of existing stormwater recycling systems focussed primarily on the recycling of general urban runoff (runoff generated from all urban surfaces) for non-potable purposes. Regulations and guidelines specific to stormwater recycling need to be developed to facilitate effective design of such systems, and to minimise risks of failure. There is a clear need for the development of innovative techniques for the collection, treatment and storage of stormwater. Existing stormwater recycling practice is far ahead of research, in that there are no technologies designed specifically for stormwater recycling. Instead, technologies designed for general stormwater pollution control are frequently utilised, which do not guarantee the necessary reliability of treatment. Performance modelling for evaluation purposes also needs further research, so that industry can objectively assess alternative approaches. Just as many aspects of these issues may have impeded adoption of stormwater, another impediment to adoption has been the lack of a practical and widely accepted method for assessing the many financial, social and ecological costs and benefits of stormwater recycling projects against traditional alternatives. Such triple-bottom-line assessment methodologies need to be trialled on stormwater recycling projects. If the costs and benefits of recycling systems can be shown to compare favourably with the costs and benefits of conventional practices this will provide an incentive to overcome other obstacles to widespread adoption of stormwater recycling.     

Introduction of a waste incineration tax: Effects on the Swedish waste flows

A tax on waste-to-energy incineration of fossil carbon in municipal solid waste from households was introduced in Sweden on July 1, 2006. The tax has led to higher incineration gate fees. One of the main purposes with the tax is to increase the incentive for recycling of materials, including biological treatment. We investigate whether and to what extent this effect can be expected. A spreadsheet model is developed in order to estimate the net marginal cost of alternative waste treatment methods, i.e., the marginal cost of alternative treatment minus avoided cost of incineration. The value of the households’ time needed for source separation is discussed and included. The model includes the nine largest fractions, totalling 85% (weight), of the household waste currently being sent to waste incineration: food waste, newsprint, paper packaging, soft and hard plastic packaging, diapers, yard waste, other paper waste, and non-combustible waste. Our results indicate that the incineration tax will have the largest effect on biological treatment of kitchen and garden waste, which may increase by 9%. The consequences of an incineration tax depend on: (a) the level of the tax, (b) whether the tax is based on an assumed average Swedish fossil carbon content or on the measured carbon content in each incineration plant, (c) institutional factors such as the cooperation between waste incinerators, and (d) technological factors such as the availability of central sorting of waste or techniques for measurement of fossil carbon in exhaust gases, etc. Information turns out to be a key factor in transferring the governing force of the tax to the households as well improving the households’ attitudes towards material recycling.     

Local recycling of plant nutrients from small-scale wastewater systems to farmland—A Swedish scenario study

Reducing the negative impact from on-site systems and promoting recycling are important tasks for municipal authorities, especially as regards phosphorus. The objective of this scenario study was to compare energy turnover in a life cycle perspective, recycling potential and expected reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions for three upgraded small-scale wastewater systems based on local recycling of plant nutrients. The systems studied were urine separation, blackwater separation and chemical precipitation in the septic tank. The urine was sanitised through storage, the blackwater through liquid composting and the precipitated sludge through chemical treatment with urea before reuse in agriculture. The system boundaries included the operational phase as well as investment in capital goods required for upgrading the existing on-site systems.The urine separation system used least energy. The potential recycling and reduction of phosphorus was lower than for the other two systems, while that of nitrogen was higher than for the chemical precipitation system but lower than for the blackwater separation system. The blackwater separation system reduced both nitrogen and phosphorus to a high extent and also enabled a large proportion of both nitrogen and phosphorus to be recycled to arable land. However, a major drawback with this system was its significantly higher use of electricity, related to the aeration and stirring required when sanitising the blackwater by liquid composting. When urea treatment replaced liquid composting, the use of electricity decreased substantially in the blackwater separation system. The chemical precipitation system was efficient in reducing and recycling phosphorus, while inefficient for nitrogen. The use of fossil fuels was significantly higher than for the other two systems, primarily due to the production of the precipitation chemical.     

Environmental assessment of different management options for individual waste fractions by means of life-cycle assessment modelling

Several alternatives exist for handling of individual waste fractions, including recycling, incineration and landfilling. From an environmental point of view, the latter is commonly considered as the least desirable option. Many studies based on life-cycle assessment (LCA) highlight the environmental benefits offered by incineration and especially by recycling. However, the landfilling option is often approached unjustly in these studies, maybe disregarding the remarkable technological improvements that landfills have undergone in the last decades in many parts of the world.This study, by means of LCA-modelling, aims at comparing the environmental performance of three major management options (landfilling, recycling and incineration or composting) for a number of individual waste fractions. The landfilling option is here approached comprehensively, accounting for all technical and environmental factors involved, including energy generation from landfill gas and storage of biogenic carbon. Leachate and gas emissions associated to each individual waste fraction have been estimated by means of a mathematical modelling. This approach towards landfilling emissions allows for a more precise quantification of the landfill impacts when comparing management options for selected waste fractions.Results from the life-cycle impact assessment (LCIA) show that the environmental performance estimated for landfilling with energy recovery of the fractions “organics” and “recyclable paper” is comparable with composting (for “organics”) and incineration (for “recyclable paper”). This however requires high degree of control over gas and leachate emissions, high gas collection efficiency and extensive gas utilization at the landfill. For the other waste fractions, recycling and incineration are favourable, although specific emissions of a variety of toxic compounds (VOCs, PAHs, NO_x, heavy metals, etc.) may significantly worsen their environmental performance.     

电石渣浆处理与资源化

针对电石渣浆处理的工艺流程和资源化途径进行了效益分析,工程实践表明:电石渣浆处理后,浆水回用作为生产用水,降低了乙炔生产成本.同时彻底解决电石渣含水率高的问题,利于企业开展资源化,值得在乙炔行业推广.