长白山区立体气候资源与立体农业开发

本文概述了吉林省东部长白山区农业气候资源的立体变化规律,分析了如何根据立体气候规律安排农作物品种的垂直布局,确定主要特产植物适宜裁培高度、森林植被类型和立体农业生态经济系统建设等问题,指出了充分利用气候资源搞好山区农业立体开发的有效途径。     

长白山区生态用地破碎化演变及土地利用变化研究

随着城镇化进程的推进,土地资源破碎化现象逐步加深,严重威胁着区域生态安全、土地利用格局和人类生存环境。通过构建景观破碎度评价模型,研究了我国东北典型山区长白山区1995—2015年的生态用地破碎化程度及其动态变化特征。结果表明:①长白山区20年间生态用地破碎化程度降低,破碎化区域缩小,生态景观格局趋于安全。②各用地类型之间转换频繁,林地主要向草地转化。③20年来生态用地面积逐年缩小,内部类型变化幅度大于生态用地本身。④除了人类活动,城市扩张、耕地复垦等土地利用政策也是影响土地利用变化的外在因素。     

吉东山区总辐射资源的地理空间分布特征

本文以地理纬度、经度和海拔高度为因子,采用二次趋势面函数,建立了描述吉林省东部长白山区年总辐射、5～9月总辐射和日平气温稳定通过10℃期间的总辐射资源的地理空间分布特征的数学模式。采用地理细网格场的分析方法,揭示了该山区总辐射资源的空间分布情况。     

《重点经济开发区环境影响预测的程序和方法》

文章提出,环境预测的程序一般应分作:明确环境保护目标、鉴别环境影响程度与波及范围、信息解析、现状评价、建立指标体系、模型模拟、优化决策,并介绍了逐一程序的具体做法。全文约一万七千字,并附有“长白山区资源开发的环境现状评价及影响预测程序图”。     

吉林市多措并举 焕发绿色生机 市民参与环保 共建绿色江城

吉林市位于长白山区向松嫩平原过渡地带,自然环境优越,地貌类型复杂,有"远迎长白,近绕松花"之势。吉林市是一个以工业为主导产业的城市,在发展的过程中,如何发展成为一个焕发绿色生机的生态宜居城市?答案可以从吉林市政府、环境保护等部门的多措并举中轻而易举地找到。     

天然含硅饮用矿泉水的化学成因与开发前景

我国幅员辽阔,饮用矿水资源丰富。其中,含硅饮用矿水(偏硅酸矿水)在全国许多省区均有发现,如吉林省长白山区就有31处,天然流量达187702m~3·d~(-1);在四川省已鉴定的10余处矿泉水中,有8处是偏硅酸泉。含硅饮用矿水的形成,笔者曾在“华蓥山九洞含硅饮用矿泉水形成的水文地球化学机理”一文中进行了初步的化学热力学探讨。本文拟再次从化学     

多姿多彩的长白山自然保护区植物

人参(见图1)是国家二级保护植物。人参的根茎叶及果实均可入药,是极其珍贵的药材。野生人参多生长在以红松为主的针阔混交林及阔叶林下,喜生长在腐质值层肥厚,排水良好,荫蔽适宜的地方。目前国内只有吉林省的长白山区各县,黑龙江的大、小兴安岭有野生人参生长,河北省兴隆县雾灵山等地亦有少量分布。     

环境是对外开放成败的关键

正向污染宣战——这个已响彻当今中国的口号,既表达了中国坚定的选择,也表达了中国迫不得已的选择。中国已拥有多个"大国"头衔,但在全球化、一体化趋势下,都比不上"环境大国"令世界各国瞩目。中国的环境问题已经远远不止是中国自身的问题。世界关注中国的环境问题,原因很多。第一,     

中国农业发展的结构性困境

非均衡的现代化策略导致中国工业化与农业现代化,城市建设与乡村发展之间的失衡。中国特色的城乡二元结构为中国快速发展提供稳定基础,这是中国道路的关键所在,而巨大的发展成本则被转嫁到农村,并最终产生了"三农问题"。中国农业发展是与整个中国发展模式高度相关的,由此而决定了中国农业发展的根本出路也是要超越农业本身的。     

新时代中国特色社会主义生态文明建设的方略与任务

坚持人与自然和谐共生、建设美丽中国是新时代中国特色社会主义建设的基本方略之一。本文从十九大报告提出的生态文明建设战略任务出发,诠释了新时代中国特色社会主义生态文明建设的特征,结合中国未来发展蓝图,提出了新时代生态文明建设的战略目标,深入分析了新时代建设生态文明和美丽中国的四大战略任务背景和要求。     

Sustainability and Local People’s Participation in Coastal Aquaculture: Regional Differences and Historical Experiences in Sri Lanka and the Philippines

This article discusses environmental sustainability in aquaculture and its contribution to poverty alleviation, based on field studies in Sri Lanka and the Philippines. The aquaculture practices studied are the monoculture of the black tiger prawn (Penneaus monodon) and milkfish (Chanos chanos) and the polyculture of the two species together with the mud crab (Scylla serrata). Factors affecting economic viability, social equity and environmental impacts in aquaculture are discussed and used to illuminate local and regional differences between aquaculture in Sri Lanka and the Philippines. Findings indicate that the most significant difference is the level of participation by local people (i.e., people originating ≤10 km away from the farm location). In the Philippines, 84 % of the people involved in aquaculture are locals, whereas in Sri Lanka, 55% are outsiders. Whether differences between the two areas can be explained by analyzing regional conditions, which might have resulted in different aquaculture practices, is discussed. In Sri Lanka, semi-intensive shrimp monoculture is currently the most common practice, whereas in the Philippines, extensive shrimp/fish polyculture is more common. Previous studies, as well as fieldwork, indicate that extensive culture practices reduce environmental impacts and benefit local people more. Sustainability in aquaculture is, however, also dependent on the extent of mangrove conversion into ponds. As such, extensive and locally owned farms do not necessarily result in an all but sustainable situation. Keeping this in mind, it is discussed if extensive polyculture practices might result in a more sustainable aquaculture, both environmentally and socioeconomically.     

盐碱湿地鲇鱼资源及其增养殖

鲇鱼是松嫩平原盐碱湿地重要的高值食用鱼类之一。根据近年来对新荒泡鲇鱼的研究,作者报道了其生物学特征、经济价值、资源利用现状及其对新荒泡渔业资源的影响,提出了鲇鱼的增养殖途径及其关键技术。     

Economic Valuation of a Mangrove Ecosystem Threatened by Shrimp Aquaculture in Sri Lanka

Mangrove ecosystems in Sri Lanka are increasingly under threat from development projects, especially aquaculture. An economic assessment is presented for a relatively large (42 ha) shrimp culture development proposed for the Rekawa Lagoon system in the south of Sri Lanka, which involved an extended cost–benefit analysis of the proposal and an estimate of the “total economic value” (TEV) of a mangrove ecosystem. The analysis revealed that the internal benefits of developing the shrimp farm are higher than the internal costs in the ratio of 1.5:1. However, when the wider environmental impacts are more comprehensively evaluated, the external benefits are much lower than the external costs in a ratio that ranges between 1:6 and 1:11. In areas like Rekawa, where agriculture and fisheries are widely practiced at subsistence levels, shrimp aquaculture developments have disproportionately large impacts on traditional livelihoods and social welfare. Thus, although the analysis retains considerable uncertainties, more explicit costing of the environmental services provided by mangrove ecosystems demonstrates that low intensity, but sustainable, harvesting has far greater long-term value to local stakeholders and the wider community than large shrimp aquaculture developments.     

Issues,impacts, and implications of shrimp aquaculture in Thailand

Water quality impacts to and from intensive shrimp aquaculture in Thailand are substantial. Besides the surface and subsurface salinization of freshwaters, loadings of solids, oxygen-consuming organic matter, and nutrients to receiving waters are considerable when the cumulative impacts from water exchange during the growout cycle, pond drainage during harvesting, and illegal pond sediment disposal are taken into account. Although just beginning to be considered in Thailand, partial recirculating and integrated intensive farming systems are producing promising, if somewhat limited, results. By providing on-site treatment of the effluent from the shrimp growout ponds, there is less reliance on using outside water supplies, believed to be the source of the contamination.The explosion in the number of intensively operated shrimp farms has not only impacted the coastal zone of Thailand, but has also resulted in an unsustainable aquaculture industry. Abandonment of shrimp ponds due to either drastic, disease-caused collapses or more grandual, year-to-year reductions in the productivity of the pond is common. To move Thailand towards a more sustainable aquaculture industry and coastal zone environment, integrated aquaculture management is needed. Components of integrated aquaculture management are technical and institutional. The technical components involve deployment of wastewater treatment and minimal water-use systems aimed at making aquaculture operations more hydraulically closed. Before this is possible, technical and economic feasibility studies on enhanced nitrification systems and organic solids removal by oxidation between production cycles and/or the utilization of plastic pond liners need to be conducted. The integration of semi-intensive aquaculture within mangrove areas also should be investigated since mangrove losses attributable to shrimp aquaculture are estimated to be between 16 and 32% of the total mangrove area destroyed betweeen 1979 and 1993.Government policy needs to devote as much attention to sustainability issues as it has on promoting intensive pond culture. Such a balanced policy would include training and education monitoring and enforcement, rehabilitating abandoned ponds, managing land use within the coastal zone, more community involvement, and government reorganization to eliminate overlapping jurisdictions among agencies.As integrated aquaculture management becomes more the practice than the exception, less risk of crop failure to the industry and reduced discharge loadings from intensively managed shrimp ponds to receiving waters can be expected. Projected limitations on growing and marketing shrimp in the future, such as scarcity of land and broodstock, continued disease outbreaks, negative publicity, regulatory enforcement, water treatment and solids disposal costs, and increased competition from growers in other Asian countries will also drive the government and the industry towards adopting integrated aquaculture management.The data for this paper was obtained while the senior author was a Visiting Fulbright Researcher at the Coastal Resources Institute (CORIN), Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand.     

水产养殖环境管理与污染减排的政策建议

随着我国水产养殖业的迅速发展,水产养殖环境问题日益突出。针对我国水产养殖业在行政管理、法律法规制度和养殖户管理等方面存在的环境管理问题,结合国际水产养殖业环境管理经验,本文从制定水产养殖环境管理专门法规、实施水产养殖排污许可证制度、加强环境友好养殖技术集成创新和推广生态健康养殖模式等方面提出了政策建议。     

盐碱湿地青虾资源及其增养殖

青虾是松嫩平原盐碱湿地重要的渔业生物资源 ,具有一定的渔业经济价值。以新荒泡为例 ,介绍了青虾的生物学特征、资源利用现状及其增殖途径 ,提出了青虾的池塘、稻田与网箱养殖的模式及其主要技术措施。     

沉入式膜生物反应器处理池塘污水的初步实验研究

膜生物反应器(MBR)主要用于工业污水和城市生活污水的处理,但在水产养殖污水处理方面的应用研究,国内外尚未见报道.作者根据膜生物反应器的工作原理和水产养殖污水的主要特征,设计了一种简易的沉入式膜生物反应器,尝试性地对珠江口有代表性的对虾低位养殖池污水进行了处理实验,并根据实验结果对今后开展无公害高效水产养殖模式提出了一些设想.     

Can Export-Oriented Aquaculture in Developing Countries be Sustainable and Promote Sustainable Development? The Shrimp Case

Industrial shrimp farming has been promoted by international development and financial institutions in coastal indebted poor countries as a way to obtain foreign exchange earnings, reimburse external debt, and promote development. The promotion of the shrimp industry is a clear example of a more general trend of support of export-oriented primary products, consisting in monocultures of commodities, as opposed to the promotion of more diverse, traditional production directed to feed the local population. In general, it is assumed that export-oriented aquaculture and agriculture, in a framework of liberalization policies, facilitates economic growth and this is associated with poverty reduction and the improvement of food security. However, it has been shown that the promotion of export-oriented production, mostly in the hands of big corporations, can have detrimental consequences for the livelihoods of local populations and the environment. As a result, international institutions, NGOs, and the industry aim to minimize these impacts by promoting sustainable export-oriented production. But some impacts may remain, since the main issue is the primary focus on international deregulated markets and the search for cheap primary products. To illustrate the relationships between the mainstream concept of development, the environmental and social impact of industrial farming systems, and the promotion of export-oriented production in developing countries, this article analyzes the case of the shrimp aquaculture industry.     

Shellfish aquaculture and First Nations' sovereignty: The quest for sustainable development in contested sea space

Aquaculture tenures or leases have become an increasingly important management tool for regulating access rights to coastal and offshore marine habitat. Tenure, as a form of private property rights to marine space, is generally considered a prerequisite for aquaculture development, as are the associated exclusive access rights which provide necessary incentives for producers to invest in infrastructure. The shellfish industry in British Columbia (BC), Canada, is presented as a case study of a transition from a primarily common property wild fishery to a rights‐based system for aquaculture. In BC, seafood production has grown substantially during the past two decades as a result of aquaculture production. However, despite the inherent economic advantages of the tenuring system for increasing seafood production, rights to aquaculture sites in BC remain highly controversial, particularly in response to environmental concerns and infringements on Aboriginal territorial claims. Shellfish farming has, to‐date, been far less controversial than salmon farming; however, shellfish aquaculture has not been uniformly adopted across the province, and analyses of industry capacity or economic opportunities for coastal communities have failed to adequately explain development patterns. This paper, which identifies perceptions of the risks and benefits of the shellfish aquaculture tenuring system, presents the results of 56 interviews conducted with individuals involved in shellfish production in BC. Results indicate that heightened perceptions of risk about shellfish aquaculture tenuring are related to unresolved Aboriginal territorial claims, economic dependence on wild shellfish resources, as well as place‐based values favouring access to wild resources. Underlying values and cultural understandings also strongly shape public perceptions of the risks of aquaculture, and as such, influence local decisions to either accept or resist industry growth. In this case, interviewees' risk perceptions were found to be more important indicators of the potential for industry expansion than studies of capacity or economic cost‐benefit analyses.     

Whose marginalisation? Politics around environmental injustices in India's Chilika lagoon

The article examines marginalisation in small-scale fishing communities in a large lagoon system. It explores what marginalisation looks like from the fishers' point of view, and examines the extreme discrepancy between the official government account of the lagoon's resources, and the fishers' account. We analyse two major drivers of marginalisation: (1) role of aquaculture development in the loss of resource access rights and decline of local institutions, and (2) ecological displacement and livelihood loss brought about by the opening of a new (2001) “sea mouth”. We consider evidence collected through household- and village-level surveys combined with a host of qualitative and quantitative research methods. The fishers' point of view, and the data obtained using this point of view as a guide, presents a more complex, multidimensional concept of marginalisation, not simply as a state of being but as a process over time, impacting social and economic conditions, political standing, and environmental health.