垃圾焚烧飞灰处置与资源化利用研究进展

随着生活垃圾焚烧处理方式的不断推广，焚烧飞灰的产生量也不断增加。按照我国固体废物分类方法，焚烧飞灰属于危险废物，必须进一步处置才能进入填埋场或资源化利用。本文分析了飞灰物理化学特性，论述了常规处置技术（水泥固化、化学药剂稳定化、酸溶剂提取和熔融固化等）存在的问题。将原始飞灰直接应用于水泥、混凝土或路基材料，飞灰中高含量的重金属和盐类会产生新的环境问题。飞灰水洗可以高效去除其中的可溶性盐类，水洗飞灰在焙烧后重金属的浸出浓度远低于原始飞灰烧结后的相应浓度，飞灰水洗-焙烧技术具有很好的应用前景。     

水洗及酸洗过程对焚烧飞灰中重金属浸出特性的影响

以上海江桥和老港两家垃圾焚烧厂飞灰为研究对象,基于固体废物浸出毒性的醋酸缓冲溶液浸出法(HJ/T300-2007),研究了水洗和酸洗过程对焚烧飞灰中Cr、Cu、Cd、Pb等重金属元素浸出特性的影响,并结合XRD、SEM和EDS分析了飞灰在水洗和酸洗过程中矿物相组成和颗粒形态的变化,探索其与重金属浸出特性的关系。结果表明,水洗灰(GWF)和酸洗灰(AWF)中重金属含量的变化取决于重金属向液相转移以及在固相中浓缩这两种不同机制的共同作用。Pb向液相转移的作用大于浓缩作用,而Cr、Cu和Cd则相反。同GPF (原灰)和GWF (水洗飞灰)相比,AWF (酸洗飞灰)中产生了新的针状晶体;由于浓缩作用,水洗飞灰中元素硅明显增加,酸洗飞灰中Cu、Cr、Cd等重金属含量明显增加,Pb含量变化不大。决定重金属元素浸出能力的关键因素是各种重金属元素在飞灰中的存在形式,而不是其在飞灰中的绝对含量。pH值对飞灰中重金属的浸出具有较大影响,GWF的浸出毒性弱,AWF的浸出毒性强。水洗对飞灰中重金属的浸出特性有减弱作用,而酸洗对飞灰中重金属的浸出特性有增强作用。对于上海江桥和老港焚烧厂飞灰,水洗能够降低其Cr的浸出特性,酸洗处理后,Cd和Pb的浸出毒性超过卫生填埋标准。     

多级水洗垃圾焚烧飞灰对水泥性能的影响

焚烧飞灰由于含有大量氯化物等可溶性有毒物质限制了其应用范围。水洗作为最有效的预处理方式之一,可有效降低飞灰中氯、钠、钾等成分含量,提高水泥原料中飞灰投加量。本文从水洗生产线上收集三种等级的水洗飞灰,从多个方面分析其作为混合材的可行性。研究结果表明：三级水洗更能有效去除氯离子。三种水洗飞灰作为混合材后在掺量较低时能够促进水泥粉磨,在相同水洗细度下可节省粉磨时间,降低能耗。在掺量小于10%时不会缩短水泥凝结时间,同时能够提升水泥在不同龄期下的抗压强度。20%掺量下重金属的浸出满足《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》（GB 5085.3—2007）的要求。焚烧飞灰作为混合材后会降低水泥水化放热与Friedel盐生成量。考虑水洗后焚烧飞灰中各离子的限制,其最大掺量不应超过1.58%。综上,水洗焚烧飞灰有作为水泥混合材的潜力,去除有害离子后能够增大其在水泥工业中的应用范围。     

我国南方某城市垃圾焚烧飞灰特性及固化/稳定化处置实验

我国南方某城市主要采用焚烧法处理生活垃圾,已建7个焚烧厂日产生飞灰量为101.62 t/d。文章分析了各个垃圾焚烧厂飞灰的化学组成和重金属浸出毒性,其主要成分为CaO、SiO2、MgO、Al2O3、Fe2O3、Na2O、SO3和Cl,所有焚烧飞灰都有至少一种重金属浸出浓度超标,属于危险废物。在飞灰处置出路亟待解决的背景下,实验探讨了飞灰稳定化工艺,结果表明10%的水泥添加量可以使飞灰中超标重金属(Cd、Pb和Zn)的浸出浓度满足危险废物鉴别浓度限值和安全填埋场入场浓度限值。同时,通过人体健康风险评价分析了飞灰豁免管理的可行性,并对近期和远期该城市焚烧厂飞灰的处理处置及管理提出建议。     

四川马边某磷矿区土壤重金属特征及形态分析

为研究四川马边某磷矿区土壤重金属分布状况及特征,采集矿区土壤样品,用ICP-MS测定了重金属As、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Cr的含量及其形态,并用潜在生态危害指数法对土壤重金属污染程度进行评价。结果表明,研究区土壤重金属中的Cd和Pb含量高于四川土壤背景值的10. 00、7. 14倍,高于全国土壤背景值8. 14、8. 48倍,其余元素均略高于各背景值,经相关性分析,As、Zn、Cd 3种重金属具有同源性。形态分析显示,Cd的形态分布以可还原态为主,易迁移释放,其余元素均以残渣态为主,Pb除残渣态外,可还原态与可氧化态占一定比例,具有一定的潜在风险。潜在生态危害指数法分析表明,重金属的单一潜在生态危害程度E_r~i顺序为Cd Pb As Cu Cr Zn,各样点重金属潜在生态危害指数RI平均值为378. 87,属于强生态危害,其中又以Cd贡献率最大,为78%。     

西湖和东苕溪沉积物重金属化学形态分析

不同赋存形态重金属的环境行为和生态效应不同,水体沉积物中重金属的迁移转化及其潜在环境危害更大程度上取决于其赋存形态。本研究在西湖和东苕溪设置12个采样点采集沉积物样品,采用改进BCR分步提取法,提取了重金属污染物的4种化学形态,分别为弱酸提取态、可还原态、可氧化态及残渣态。结果表明:沉积物中Cd以弱酸提取态为主,对外界环境的变化极其敏感,并易于发生迁移转化,生态风险较高。Cu离子对有机质表现出极强的亲和力导致Cu的可氧化态含量较高也有一定的生态风险。Pb会被Fe-Mn氧化物所吸附导致Pb的可还原态含量较高,存在较高的潜在生态危害。Mn的弱酸提取态、可还原态和残渣态含量都较高,在迁移的过程中变化地较快,能够逐渐降低Mn对自然环境的危害。其他各重金属(As、Cr、Zn)则都以残渣态为主,潜在危害较低。     

攀枝花市攀钢工业区土壤重金属污染特征及评价

本文对攀枝花市攀钢工业区土壤中五种重金属元素（Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd）的空间的分布特征、形态分布特征进行了研究，并应用污染负荷指数法对各重金属的污染程度进行了评价。研究发现，Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr的最大值与最小值分别相差2．98、3．4、5．2、2．7倍，cd的最大值与最小值甚至相差15．7倍。重金属元素相关性特征可分为Cd—Pb—Zn和Cu—Cr两组。形态分布特征表现在Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr主要以稳定的残渣态存在，Cd主要以可利用性最强的可交换态和碳酸盐结合态存在。污染较严重的是攀钢机关、攀钢原料场。     

准噶尔盆地南缘荒漠与农牧区交错带土壤Cu、Pb化学形态分布特征

采取Tessier连续提取法,研究了荒漠与农牧区交错带土壤中Cu,Pb的化学形态分布。结果表明,荒漠与农牧区交错带土壤中Cu、Pb主要以残渣晶格态为主,可交换态比例较低。Cu(荒漠土壤样品除外)的各形态含量之间的相互关系为:残渣态>有机物结合态>铁锰氧化物结合态>碳酸盐结合态>可交换态。荒漠土壤样品中重金属Cu各形态含量之间的相互关系为:残渣态>铁锰氧化物结合态>有机物结合态>碳酸盐结合态>可交换态;重金属Pb各形态含量之间的相互关系为:残渣态>铁锰氧化物结合态>碳酸盐结合态>可交换态>有机物结合态。重金属Pb的活性态较高,高于重金属Cu的活性态。     

对广州灰霾天气中单个气溶胶颗粒物的研究

利用电子显微镜，采用形态分析法和X射线能谱分析法相结合的方法对2003年广州灰霾天气中单个气溶胶颗粒物的大小、形态结构和元素组成进行了研究。在灰霾天气中，颗粒物的半径在1．0μm以下，属于细颗粒物；X射线能谱分析的结果显示，它们有比较复杂的组成，大都是混合物。在灰霾天气，常可以观察到一些特殊的颗粒物，它们带有卫星滴结构。比较灰霾天气形成前后一些气溶胶颗粒物的形态结构和元素组成，它们有着较明显的差异。这些观察提供了证据：在灰霾天气过程中，部分粒子的组成有可能发生了变化。     

成渝经济区主要河流沉积物重金属赋存形态及生态风险评估

以成渝经济区主要水系水体沉积物为研究对象,利用Eri（单一金属潜在生态风险因子）和RI（多金属潜在风险指数）等定量诊断工具分析沉积物中的重金属的潜在生态风险,为成渝经济区战略环评提供数据支撑。根据风险指标评价结果和重金属空间分布规律,将区域水系分为3种生态风险功能区。结合沉积物中重金属赋存形态,得出区域Cd的生态风险较...     

Characterization of MSWI fly ash through mineralogy and water extraction

This paper investigates the mineralogical characteristics of fresh, aged and hot water extracted MSWI fly ash for providing the baseline information of minerals stability which controls the released heavy metals into the environment. Quantitative determination of bulk phase abundance in the fresh fly ash by the XRD Rietveld refinement method provided composition levels for amorphous and crystalline phases such as potassium tetrachlorozincate (K₂ZnCl₄), gehlenite, halite, quartz, anhydrite, and feldspar. The minerals association in the fly ash is clearly unstable and subject to mineralogical reactions. The phases of K₂ZnCl₄, halite and anhydrite in the fresh fly ash were involved in hydration and dissolution/precipitation processes to form new minerals such as the Zn-bearing mineral gordaite, syngenite, gypsum and hydrocalumite. The solubility-controlling phases and extractability of heavy metals were examined in a Soxhlet hot water-extractor. Here the soluble salts were simply removed from fly ash while Ca-, Al-, Si- and SO₄²⁻-bearing hydrate minerals were precipitated from the extraction solution. Furthermore, a low release of heavy metals Zn, Pb and Cd in hot water was noticed, indicating a strong retention of the trace metals in the mineral phases remaining in the insoluble fly ash residues.     

生活垃圾焚烧中重金属行为的研究进展

垃圾中的金属以氧化物、氮化物、碳化物及其它形态转移到焚烧产物如烟气、飞灰和底灰中，需严格控制焚烧过程中重金属的排放，故清楚了解金属在焚烧中的行为是很必要的。经研究发现，飞灰中重金属含量远远大于底灰中的含量，因此以垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的稳定化处理为目标，分析了目前国内外处理垃圾焚烧飞灰的方法和重金属在各种影响因素下的行为，并进行了比较，为飞灰的无害化和资源化处理提供参考。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的固化/稳定化处理实验研究

研究了城市生活垃圾焚烧-电灰的特性及飞灰中重金属的特性,对利用水泥作粘结剂进行飞灰固化/稳定化处理效果开展了系统的实验研究,分析了水泥固化/稳定化飞灰的工艺特点和最佳工艺参数,并讨论了粘结剂固化飞灰机理以及重金属浸出毒性,为进一步研究城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的无害化处理与利用提供了有重要价值的参考依据.     

Leaching characteristics of solid wastes from thermal power plants of western Turkey and comparison of toxicity methodologies

Use of lignite in power generation has led to increasing environmental problems associated not only with gaseous emissions, but also with the disposal of ash residues. In particular, use of low quality coals with high ash content results in huge quantities of both fly and bottom ashes to be disposed of. A main problem related to coal ash disposal is the heavy metal content of the residue. In this regard, experimental results of numerous studies indicate that toxic trace metals may leach when fly and bottom ashes are in contact with water. In this study, fly and bottom ash samples obtained from thermal power plants, namely Yenikoy, Kemerkoy and Yatagan, located at the southwestern coast of Turkey, were subjected to toxicity tests such as the extraction (EP) and toxicity characteristic leaching (TCLP) procedures of the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the so-called 'Method A' extraction procedure of the American Society of Testing and Material (ASTM). The geochemical composition of ash samples showed variations depending on the coal burned in the plants. Furthermore, the EP, TCLP and ASTM toxicity tests showed variations such that the ash samples were classified as 'toxic waste' based on EP and TCLP results whereas they were classified as 'non-toxic' based on ASTM results, indicating test results are pH dependent. When the extraction results were compared with the chemical composition of water samples obtained in the vicinity of the thermal power plants, it was found that the results obtained using the ASTM procedure cannot be used to predict subsurface contamination whereas the EP and TCLP procedures can be used.     

铁尾矿路用对土壤环境质量影响及安全修复研究

为分析铁尾矿路用对道路沿线土壤环境质量影响的程度,对铁尾矿化学成分及有害物质进行测定,以秦巴山区的山地黄棕壤作为道路建设的耕土环境,把铁尾矿按70%~90%的推荐比例掺入,铁尾矿中的重金属按照最不利的全浸入式扩散进行分析,对黄棕壤中重金属含量超过限制要求的重金属进行安全修复,使铁尾矿道路沿线黄棕壤的重金属含量满足限制要求。结果表明:铁尾矿硫化物含量高达到2.89%,不满足配制混凝土的硫化物限量要求;铁尾矿路用的土壤中重金属Cr最大含量103.24 mg/kg、Cu最大含量116.4 mg/kg,国评标准污染等级均为Ⅱ级,其余重金属元素含量都在国家标准正常范围以内;高生物量的非超富集植物、细菌微生物、城市的污泥、工业粉煤灰(5%粉煤灰+50%尾矿砂+45%黄褐土)能够很好修复重金属Cr、Cu污染的土壤;含钙类物质的钝化剂处置重金属Cr、Cu污染效果好,腐殖酸、凹凸棒土、膨润土可以钝化土壤中的重金属Cu;高生物量非超富集植物、微生物钝化剂联合使用,具有更好的修复效果;当控制铁尾矿掺加比例不超过73%时,铁尾矿道路沿线的土壤重金属含量能够满足国家标准限值的要求。     

Utilization of municipal solid waste (MSW) ash in cement and mortar

Solid waste management is gaining significant importance with the ever-increasing quantities of waste materials generated these days. With increased environmental awareness and its potential hazardous effects, recycling/utilization of these materials have become an attractive alternative to disposal. Some of these waste and hazardous materials could possible be used in cement-based materials. One of such waste is municipal solid waste. Ash is obtained after incineration of MSW.This paper presents comprehensive details of the physical, chemical, and mineralogical composition, elemental analysis of ash obtained from MSW. It also covers the effect of MSW ash on the hydration characteristics, setting times, compressive strength, sulfate resistance and mass loss of cement and mortar. It also deals with the leachate analysis of MSW ash.     

Characteristics of slag, fly ash and deposited particles during melting of dewatered sewage sludge in a pilot plant

This study examines slag, fly ash, and deposited particles during melting of dewatered sewage sludge in a pilot plant. In addition, the chemical composition of particles in flue gas was simulated using a thermodynamics program, namely FACTSage 5.2. The results showed that the main components of slag were Al, Fe, Ca, P and Si; the minor components were Na, K, Mg, Cu, and Zn. The main chemical compound of slag was Ca4(Mg,Fe)5(PO4)6. For fly ash particles, heavy metals with the highest concentrations were in the order of Zn and As, Pb, Cu, and Cd, respectively. For non-heavy metals, Al, Fe and P were also found in significant amounts. The majority of deposited particles were composed of elements of Zn, P, S, Na, Fe, Al, Si, and Ca and such chemical compounds as Zn3(PO4)2, AlPO4, FePO4 and Fe(OH)3 while the minority consisted of elements of As, Cu, and Pb. Moreover, the compositions of deposited particles in each chamber differed due to different flue gas temperatures inside. In the secondary chamber at 760 degrees C, the amounts of Fe and Al were higher than Zn, whereas, in the other chambers (600-400 degrees C), the amount of Zn was higher. In other words, at the lower temperature the deposition of Zn was higher than the deposition of Fe and Al. In the water cooling section, volatile elements (i.e. Zn, As, Cu, Pb) were found in the highest concentrations due to a big difference in temperature between the wall surface and flue gas. From the simulation results, most of the elements in the gas phase were found to be chloride compounds, whereas those in the solid phase were in the form of oxide, sulfate, and phosphate compounds.     

Management of Fly Ash Through Vermicomposting: A Rational Approach

Fly ash is a by‐product of coal combustion in thermal power plants. Its generation poses several environmental problems, the most important ones being its capacity for causing pollution and the need for large storage areas to keep it out of the environment. Fly ash management remains a major concern in the 21st century; however, despite these challenges, the material has great potential for beneficial use in agriculture due to its efficacy in modifying and improving soil health and improving crop performance. Vermicomposting is an excellent technique for reducing the toxic heavy metals in fly ash through the introduction of earthworms. The activities of several earthworm species minimize the solubility of heavy metals and increase the bioavailability of major nutrient elements such as phosphorous (P) and nitrogen (N). This article provides a comprehensive review of the scope and benefits of vermiremediating fly ash, demonstrating the abilities of different species of earthworms to accumulate heavy metals and increase the availability of plant nutrients. On the basis of a literature survey, the authors have concluded that adopting vermicomposting technology promises increased, effective fly ash utilization for agricultural benefits.