2000～2007年湖北省耕地变化的遥感调查与分析

以中国科学院资源环境数据库为基础，利用2005和2007年获取的遥感数据，结合地面调查，对湖北省2000～2007年的耕地动态变化进行了监测，并进行了制图分析。研究结果表明：2000年以来湖北省耕地面积在不断下降，7a间净减少125 387 hm2；水域扩张是耕地流失的最主要原因，占到耕地流失面积的54.6%，其中又有88%是转变成坑塘；耕地资源变化存在明显区域差异：江汉平原水域的扩张导致超过湖北全省的一半耕地流失发生在江汉平原，建设用地占用耕地主要发生在湖北中东部和平原地区，湖北中西部耕地减少则是生态退耕造成；2005年以来，建设用地扩张明显，是2005年以来耕地流失的主要原因。因此，今后湖北应继续实行严格的耕地保护政策，着力解决粮渔争地问题和加强对建设用地的控制，以实现湖北省耕地资源的可持续利用。〖     

经济补偿对耕地非农转换的抑制成效检验——以成都市耕地保护基金的准自然实验为例证

以成都市耕地保护基金的准自然实验为例证,根据2005～2018年LUCC遥感监测数据及社会经济数据,运用PSM-DID方法估算补偿政策对耕地非农转换的抑制效果.研究结果表明:经济补偿政策的实施能显著抑制耕地非农转换,这一结论在稳健性检验后依然成立.并且,随着政策的持续实施,耕地非农抑制成效逐渐显化.特别在抑制耕地向城镇用地转换方面起到重要作用,同时避免更多耕地转换为农村居民点,但对交通道路、机场等其他建设用地增长的抑制成效不明显.建议总结补偿试点经验,加快推进耕地保护补偿机制建设,同时,提高耕地保护在地方政府政绩考核中的地位,调动耕地保护内在激励.     

武汉市城乡建设用地时空演变及驱动机制研究——基于城乡统筹视角

基于城乡统筹视角，运用GIS空间技术、土地利用动态模型和多元回归分析，研究武汉市1996~2009年城乡建设用地数量结构变化、空间格局演变及驱动机制，是土地利用变化（LUCC）研究的重要内容之一，对区域城乡建设统筹规划及城乡社会经济统筹发展具有现实指导意义。结果显示：(1)研究期内武汉市城乡建设用地整体规模扩大，城镇建设用地比重上升，农村居民点用地比重下降；城市与建制镇扩张较快，主要源自对农用地的占用及独立工矿用地、农村居民点整理。(2)外城区城-乡建设用地数量、结构变化及类型转换特征对武汉市城乡建设用地变化起主导作用。(3)人口变化、经济增长、居民生活水平提高及政策等因素对武汉市内、外城区城-乡建设用地格局的驱动作用具有明显的区域差异和城乡差异     

长江经济带耕地保护生态价值的时空特征与差别化补偿机制北大核心CSCDCSSCI

精准测算并分析耕地保护生态价值、空间外溢及其时空演变,对完善耕地保护激励机制、协调经济发展与生态保护、促进国土空间格局优化和区域均衡发展具有重要指导意义。文章基于耕地生态保护全价值视角和粮食安全视角测算长江经济带耕地保护生态价值量、空间外溢量及其时空变化量,针对性设计差别化的耕地保护生态补偿标准。在此基础上,构建政府与市场合作、纵向与横向结合、财权与事权匹配的差别化耕地保护生态补偿机制。结果表明:2000—2019年长江经济带耕地保护生态价值量及外溢量分别增长了7028.13亿元和4862.58亿元,其中外溢量占价值量的比重上升到67.42%。经济带耕地保护生态价值分布不均衡,空间重心有向上游地区转移趋势。经测算,长江经济带20年来耕地保护生态补偿额度增长了17.61倍,补偿标准由362.02元/hm2增长为4629.59元/hm2,各省份耕地保护生态补偿标准为1789.04~118474.84元/hm2,差异悬殊。经济带耕地保护生态价值量、外溢量、补偿量表现出明显的增长趋势、空间差异和尺度依赖特征。研究结论:耕地保护生态补偿标准设计必须综合考虑耕地保护生态价值外溢、区域差异、尺度依赖、事权匹配等内外部因素,提高补偿精度和针对性。可从生态功能认知、补偿区域划分、补偿标准设计、补偿方式组合、补偿资金管理、补偿政策保障等方面系统构建政府与市场合作、纵向与横向结合、财权与事权匹配的差别化耕地保护生态补偿机制,创新耕地保护激励机制与政策。     

长三角城市群建设用地扩张地区差异的驱动因素解释——基于回归方程的Shapley值分解方法

工业化、城镇化所带来的建设用地过度扩张已成为土地资源领域研究的热点问题。利用基于半对数回归方程的Shapley值分解方法考察了2006~2015年长三角城市群26个城市建设用地扩张的驱动因素及其对地区差异的贡献率。研究表明:(1)耕地保留量、产业结构调整、建设用地利用效率、生态压力等因素对建设用地扩张具有负向驱动作用,经济发展速度、人口城镇化速度、政府财政赤字、政府政策执行力等因素对建设用地扩张具有正向驱动作用,但耕地保有量、生态压力两个因素对建设用地扩张影响不显著;(2)政府财政赤字、建设用地利用效率、政府政策执行力等3个因素对建设用地扩张地区差异的贡献率最大。为此,应从资源约束、生态压力、促进产业结构调整、实施土地供给侧结构性改革、提高土地效率等多方面入手以破解建设用地过度扩张的困局。     

江苏省城乡空间融合的形态演化研究

选取1980~2010年5期土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)作为数据源,获取江苏省近30a的城乡建设用地变化数据,在空间分析和景观分析等方法支持下,分析城乡空间形态的演变特征,揭示城乡空间融合的过程和动力机制,并归纳不同类型的城乡空间融合模式。结果表明:(1)城镇空间扩展方面,数量变化呈先平缓后急剧增长特征,空间形态变化首先以外部扩展为主,然后进入斑块边缘间的填充扩展的循环过程,苏锡常地区城镇空间的扩展最为密集;(2)农村地域变化方面,总量呈小幅增长态势,江苏北部沿淮河地区农村建设用地分布较为密集,沿江地区逐渐形成农村建设用地的次级密集区;(3)城乡空间融合过程方面,城乡空间开始由离散扩展逐步向粘合扩展过渡,城乡连通程度逐步提高,苏南地区城乡粘合扩展最为明显;(4)城乡空间融合的动力机制和地域模式,社会经济发展水平的快速提高、乡镇企业的高速发展、交通基础设施的不断完善、开发区和新城区的快速建设是江苏城乡融合发展的主要驱动力。依据空间形态变化特征和主要动力因素,江苏省具有3种城乡空间融合发展类型:枢纽链接模式、集聚吞并模式、融合扩展模式。     

基于InVEST模型的鄱阳湖区生境质量时空演化及其变迁特征分析

鄱阳湖是国际重要湿地、全球重要的生态区,鄱阳湖区生态环境质量对于鄱阳湖生态功能、生物多样性保护具有极其重要的意义.基于鄱阳湖区1995、2005、2015年遥感影像数据,采用InVEST模型,分析了湖区生境质量时空演变情况;利用像元二分法,对生境退化度的概率密度函数与累积分布函数计算分析,明确了湖区生境退化的阈值;结合标准差椭圆分析法,探讨了不同生态类型生境质量优势变迁情况.结果 表明:(1)鄱阳湖区1995～2015年建设用地大幅增长,耕地、林地面积小幅下降,草地面积严重减少,水域、其他用地面积小幅增加.(2)鄱阳湖区耕地、林地、草地、水域生境的强干扰阈值,分别为各自生境适宜度的70％、85％、81％、78％.水域、林地、草地受到的干扰逐渐增强,耕地受到的干扰逐渐减弱.(3)鄱阳湖区1995～2015年生境质量略微下降,中心地带的水域以及北部地区的林地干扰较弱,区域生境质量较高;中心地带外沿环层生境质量一般;西南部耕地干扰较强,区域生境质量较低.高质量生境向低质量生境演化现象严峻.(4)耕地变迁态势反映出耕地保护政策的严格化;林草地变迁态势受到地形梯度因素的影响;水域变迁态势受围湖造田和城镇扩张共同影响,单一从土地利用层面解释湿地水域生境质量演变存在局限性.研究结果对于鄱阳湖区生态环境保护及生态系统调控具有一定的理论意义与实践价值.     

基于三生空间功能的上海市农村居民点特征演变及优化研究

农村居民点的布局与利用变化和区域社会经济状况密切相关.以经济发达地区上海市为例,从"生产-生活-生态"空间的功能角度出发,运用GIS空间分析、熵权法、景观生态学等方法对农村居民点的特征演变进行研究.结果表明:(1)根据三生空间功能评价结果,可以将上海市划分为非农生产生活区、三生协调区、生产主导区和农业生产生态区等4个具有独特禀赋特征的功能区域;(2)空间功能是农村居民点演变的基础,在其他社会经济因素的作用下,形成2005～2018年不同区域差异化的演变趋势;(3)截至2018年底,3个区域农村居民点规模:农业生态区＞生产主导区＞三生协调区;形状规整程度:生产主导区＞三生协调区＞农业生态区;分布集聚程度:农业生态区＞三生协调区＞生产主导区.根据上述结果,结合《上海市城市总体规划(2017～2035年)》提出了各功能区农村居民点布局优化策略.研究结果有助于直观地揭示土地利用布局与区域社会、经济、生态等状况的动态关系,促进构建可持续发展的新型城乡体系.     

生态足迹在城市规划环境评价中的应用——以苏州市域城镇体系规划为例

以苏州市域城镇体系规划为例,探讨运用生态足迹进行融合型规划环境影响评价的方法,为规划环评较早地介入规划编制过程进行了有益的探索：在规划编制初期,确定规划的生态底限,农业用地、非农建设用地和水域的面积不低于3 728、1 016和2 019 km2;在规划编制过程中,根据现状评价的结果提出耕地是苏州城市发展的限制因子,水资源是优势因子,并估算了规划实施前后苏州市的生态足迹和生态承载力的变化情况。结果表明：规划实施后,苏州市的人均生态赤字有加大的趋势,耕地的赤字是最主要的贡献者,草地和能源用地的生态盈亏无变化,林地的生态赤字将减少,建设用地和水域的生态盈余将增加。依据该结果提出了减缓生态赤字的措施以及调整规划的意见：优化城镇发展空间,提高中心城市的容积率,置换出一定面积的生态用地,降低耕地的生态赤字;发展大运量的轨道交通和水路运输,减少交通能耗和机动车尾气的排放,降低能源用地的生态赤字。     

引入城市扩张干扰效应的生态服务价值化方法改进

城市扩张在规模上对自然环境空间造成挤压,在结构上加剧生境破碎化程度,且对其邻域的生态用地有负面影响,测算城市扩张引起的生态服务价值变化应考虑其干扰效应。以南昌市为研究区,首先测算生态服务价值变化,在此基础上,考虑不同建设用地类型的不同干扰效应,测算引入城市扩张干扰效应改进的生态服务价值,深入对比分析南昌市1995～2005年和2005～2015年间改进前后生态服务价值变化的差异。研究结果表明:(1)南昌市各城市扩张斑块的干扰强度总体较高。2005～2015年间的城市扩张干扰效应明显比1995～2005年间的城市扩张干扰效应高,城市扩张的生态成本在增加;(2)城市扩张斑块干扰效应的空间分布差异明显,周围的耕地、林地和水域面积比例较大的城市扩张斑块的干扰效应较高;(3)基于改进方法评估的城市扩张引起的生态服务价值变化大于改进前方法评估的生态服务价值变化,不同的邻域组成,不同来源类型的城市扩张斑块的生态服务价值变化差异明显。研究结果有助于科学合理度量城市扩张引起的生态系统服务价值变化,并为城市扩张生态成本的测算提供科学的支撑。     

Recycling – the importance of understanding the complexity of the issue

Natural resources and raw materials such as metals and minerals are often taken for granted in today’s society. Without them, the offerings of an enormous variety of modern conveniences, including computers and mobile phones, would not be possible. The production of these everyday items depends on a secure, sustainable, and reliable supply of critical raw materials. In addition, product development also requires new hybrid materials when targeting lightweight structures, etc. However, the mandatory recyclability of new products or materials is not obligatory or even prevailing practice in present manufacturing business. Therefore, the main research question in this article is: “how to solve the challenge of recycling in industrial system?” In this article, a comprehensive approach to recycling based on the findings of research projects is presented. Simplified, this involves moving the challenge from the end of the product’s life cycle to the beginning, to the design or even to material development phases. Life cycle and system thinking and material know-how in the design phase are found to be essential elements of a new approach to recycling. This approach stems from the material development and market economy perspectives. Furthermore, the vulnerability of the industrial system to create uncertainty to recycling is also demonstrated.     

Overview of the Belgian programme for the surveillance of the territory and the implications of the international recommendations or directives on the monitoring programme

The Royal Decree of 20th July has entrusted the Federal Agency for Nuclear Control (FANC) with the task of controlling the territorial radioactivity and the doses received by the population. Within this agenda, a monitoring programme has been developed over many years, in order to follow the main potential exposure pathways of the population. In practice, several potential vectors of contamination are controlled: air (and rain), surface water (including sediments and biota), soils around nuclear installations, food chain, drinking water etc. To carry out such work, the FANC has collaborated with public or private reputable organisations: The Centre of Nuclear Energy Studies of Mol, The National Institute of Radionuclides of Fleurus, and The Louis Pasteur Public Health Institute of Brussels. A synthesis of this monitoring programme will be presented and the most important deductions will be pointed out. For many years, the tendency has been for tighter control of artificial and natural radioactivity in the environment. This has been achieved by increasingly stringent regulations, regarding environmental monitoring efforts, from international organisations (EC, OSPAR, IAEA). In this context, the FANC in Belgium, is involved in a process that will lead to the adaptation of the Belgian monitoring programme. Different aspects of these adaptations and of their consequences will be presented for illustrative purposes.     

退耕还林工程费用有效性的影响因素分析

费用有效性评价是工程评价的重要方面。从政策制定和执行角度对退耕还林的费用有效性及其影响因素进行分析。具有重要的意义。利用实地调研数据和相关统计数据．从退耕地选择和造林入手对退耕还林工程实施的费用有效性殛其影响因素进行考察．并尝试对这些因素的作用机制进行了分析。研究指出由于缺乏长期的和有效的退耕还林规划以及相关政策措施的缺失．使得退耕还林费用有效性的损失在微观层面和宏观层面广泛存在。而各利益主体的利益不相害性是影响工程有效实施的基本矛盾。有必要在遇耕还林中确立明确的规划、清晰的退耕地选择标准。建立和完善管理信息系统和及时有效的反馈和控制机制。构建协调多方利益的长期稳定的生态补偿机制。从而改进退耕还林工程的费用有效性。     

Patterns of the formation of bird population in the lake-river system of the Asian Subarctic mountains based on the example of the Putorana Plateau

This paper analyzes the patterns of the formation of the aquatic and semiaquatic bird species population under the conditions of the altitudinal zonality of the Putorana Plateau. The population density and abundance of a number of background species was ascertained to decrease from the subalpine belt towards the forest and alpine belt. The bird population density in all the considered aquatic and semiaquatic habitats was revealed to change in a rather narrow range of values: the maximal population density indicator in aquatic and semiaquatic habitats is only 1.9 times higher than the minimal indicator. In the mountainous Subarctic region with a radial macrosymmetry, the spatial dynamics of abundance has a concentrically centrifugal nature in many aquatic and semiaquatic bird species.     

Estimations of the Transparency of the Forest Canopy: Analysis of the Ecological Content

The transparency of the forest canopy of lichen-green moss pine forests was estimated for different numbers of sectors of the celestial hemisphere. The ecological contents of these estimations are discussed. The dominance frequencies of species of the herbaceous-dwarf shrub and moss-lichen layers were analyzed. Based on the results of this analysis, it was concluded that the transparency estimated for the zenith sector alone better reflects the influence of leaf debris and the rainfall interception by the crowns. If the transparency was estimated taking into account all sectors of the celestial hemisphere, the effect of community disturbance increased and the redistribution of rainfall was masked.     

Assessment of the ecological risk of technogenic soil pollution on the basis of the statistical distribution of the occurrence of micromycete species

A methodology of substantiating the ecological risk of technogenic soil pollution has been described according to the results of bioindication using microfungal communities. At the first state, the values of the factors under which the frequency of each species is maximal were estimated using ordination methods. The statistical distribution of the species sensitivity was simulated according to these data. The methodology was illustrated using the results of analysis of the toxicity of soil samples from uranium mine dumps (the village of Kadzhi-Sai, Kyrgyzstan). The preliminary estimates of the critical values of six soil pollution indices that provide the defined allowable probability of the ecological risk have been given.     

On the Multifunctional Role of the Biota in the Self-Purification of Aquatic Ecosystems

Principles of the theory of the ecological mechanism of water self-purification based on multiple functions of the biota in freshwater and marine ecosystems are formulated. In developing this theory, the results of the author's experiments with filtering hydrobionts have been used. These results indicate that the water self-purification mechanism is vulnerable to the impact of some pollutants and, in particular, surfactants. Conclusions drawn on the basis of the theory have practical significance for biodiversity conservation and for the sustainable use of the biological resources of aquatic ecosystems.     

凤凰城旅游景区转让后的效应评价

在我国经济市场化改革的大背景下，转让景区经营权、实行企业化运作成为一些风景名胜区经营管理改革过程中的一种制度创新模式。地处西部大开发战略图中的湘西凤凰县由于在旅游开发中受到了资金缺口和管理瓶颈的双重制约，于2001年底将其辖域内的八大景区（点）的50年经营权转让给了湖南黄龙洞投资股份有限公司。景区经营权转让是一个十分复杂而敏感的话题。本文避开关于景区经营权转让的各种是非争论，基于对旅游地社区各利益主体以及旅游者的实地调查和访谈记录分析，对凤凰景区企业化运作三年来的绩效与影响作了较为客观的评估，并就如何完善景区企业化运作模式、规避经营管理风险和负面影响等提出了相关理论思考和政策建议。     

Uncertainty analysis of the external gamma-dose rate due to the variability of the vertical distribution of 137Cs in the soil

The external gamma-dose rate at 1 m height above a flat area due to the presence of fallout radiocesium in the soil is frequently calculated from the observed depth profile of the 137Cs activity as well as the soil mass per unit area. At a given site, these depth profiles may, however, vary considerably, thus introducing an uncertainty to the external gamma-dose calculated in this way. To assess this source of uncertainty for a typical grassland site, the activity of Chernobyl-derived 137Cs and the wet bulk density in the three upper soil layers at 100 plots in a 100 m x 100 m pasture were determined. Analysis of these data shows that the frequency distribution of the dose rates calculated from the corresponding depth profiles of all plots is similar to a log-normal distribution (mean 25 nGy h-1, median 22 nGy h-1, standard deviation 11 nGy h-1; range 1.6-56 nGy h-1). The various sources which contribute to the uncertainty of the dose rate are quantified. The semi-variogram indicates that any spatial dependence of the dose rates occurs on this pasture only over distances that are smaller than the shortest sampling interval (here about 10 m). It is estimated which errors have to be expected for the median dose rate when the depth profiles of 137Cs and of the wet bulk density are determined only for a small number of plots. It is preferable to calculate the mean dose rate as a mean from the n individual dose rates rather than from an averaged 137Cs depth profile of the n plots.