全新型生态工业园区的工业共生链网结构研究--新疆石河子国家生态工业(造纸)园区的设计分析

本文以新疆石河子国家生态工业(造纸)园区的设计为例．运用产业生态学理论，深入系统地分析了生态工业园区的系统构成、工业共生关系以及生态工业链网结构．为全新型生态工业园区的设计及其运行提出了切实可行的建议。     

Improving performance of eco-industrial parks

Abstract

Industrial Ecology hypothesises that networks of industries designed to be analogous to the structure and properties of food webs may approach a similarly sustainable and efficient state. Although ecology is the metaphor for designing Eco-Industrial Parks (EIPs), prior research has shown that EIPs are inferior in performance compared to natural ecosystems. One EIP design approach is to enlarge EIPs by combining two or more synergistic networks to create a larger, and hopefully more successful, synergistic mega-network. A quantitative analysis using structural ecosystem metrics is presented in this paper in order to test the potential of this approach. The findings indicate that merely enlarging EIPs by significant amounts may not be the best strategy for improving performance, but that special attention should be placed on the inclusion of key actors like agriculture that act like detritivores and promote more intense internal cycling.     

Economic and environmental value stream map (E2VSM) simulation for multi-product manufacturing systems

Value stream mapping (VSM) is a well-accepted tool within lean manufacturing concept which is often used for analysing and designing the flow of materials and information required to manufacture a product. However, the analysis is static and single product oriented, which fails to cope with either the variation of production plan or a multi-product environment. In addition, the environmental impact of a manufacturing system is highly associated with the dynamic consumption of energy and resources. Despite the recent integration of VSM with simulation or environmental studies (in the domain of energy efficiency), still neglected is the dynamic assessment of all the resources involved in a multi-product production environment. This paper presents a methodology for modelling multi-product manufacturing systems with dynamic material, energy and information flows with the aim to generate economic and environmental value stream maps (E²VSM). The proposed methodology is validated with an industrial case.     

投入产出模型在工业生态系统分析中的应用

应用投入产出模型构建出工业生态系统物质流分析的基本框架，在此基础上提出工业生态系统“关键种企业”的识别方法。以及工业生态系统企业能量消耗特征、累计污染排放特征的量化分析方法。这些分析方法将是辅助工业生态系统日常管理与维护的有力工具。     

Lubei Ecological Industry Project: A Case Study in China

Abstract

Lubei General Company of Enterprise Group, Shangdong Province, set up joint enterprises industrial ecosystem by sharing resources, symbiosis industry and compact structure. As an ecological Industry park, the industrial ecosystem has been operated successfully with rich experiment and has become one of ecological industry examples in the world. Based on the case study of Lubei ecological Industry project, components of industrial chains, matter recycle and conversion, energy cycle and multilevel utilization, systematic structure and impact factor identification are analyzed and summarized in this paper. The possible extension and development of Lubei ecological industry project in future is brought forward as well.     

基于农户兼业视角的农业废弃物资源循环利用意愿及其影响因素比较

基于农户兼业视角，利用湖北省农村地区的微观调查数据，运用Logistic回归模型比较了不同兼业类型农户农业废弃物资源循环利用意愿及其影响因素。研究结果显示：（1）大部分农户具有农业废弃物资源循环利用意愿，其中纯农户和一兼农户的利用意愿相当，且高出二兼农户；（2）农户对农业废弃物资源价值的感知是影响不同兼业类型农户利用意愿的共同因素，农户感知农业废弃物资源的价值越高，其利用意愿也越强；（3）影响不同兼业类型农户利用意愿的因素有明显差异，性别对农户尤其是二兼农户的利用意愿有显著的正向作用；年龄对纯农户和二兼农户利用意愿的影响均为负，尤其是对纯农户影响更大；土地经营规模对农户尤其是一兼农户的利用意愿有显著的正向影响；对获取经济收益的感知正向作用于一兼农户和二兼农户的利用意愿，尤其是对一兼农户有更大程度影响；对纯农户而言，对自身经济条件的感知也显著影响其利用意愿     

Lubei Ecological Industry Project:A Case Study in China

Lubei General Company of Enterprise Group, Shangdong Province, set up joint enterprises industrial ecosystem by sharing resources, symbiosis industry and compact structure. As an ecological industry park, the industrial ecosystem has been operated successfully with rich experiment and has become one of ecological industry examples in the world. Based on the case study of Lubei ecological industry project, components of industrial chains, matter recycle and conversion, energy cycle and multilevel utilization, systematic structure and impact factor identification are analyzed and summarized in this paper. The possible extension and development of Lubei ecological industry project in future is brought forward as well.     

Developing, designing, and testing artificial set of lithologies for soil-aquifer treatment (SAT) systems without soil, using geosynthetic materials

Conventional soil-aquifer treatment (SAT) systems comprise of natural lithological sections up to the depth of zone of saturation or dried aquifers, which through geopurification process recharge the aquifers using domestic or industrial wastewaters. Such SAT systems have low infiltration capacity and frequently face the clogging problems, which causes environment hazards in the local areas. Under this study, three artificial set of lithologies (Lithology I, Lithology II, and Lithology III) were generated without using soil. Each one meter set of lithology was generated within a transparent cylindrical pipe of diameter 15 cm. Each lithology was equipped with nonwoven geotextile and geogrid material at different levels and comprises of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, coarse sand, medium sand, and fine sand. Use of geotextile material within the artificial lithology shows approximately 8–10 times enhancement in the filtration capacity of the tested lithologies. Municipal wastewater (after primary treatment) was used to test the Lithologies I, II, and III. Between 100–200 l of wastewater was passed through each set of lithology everyday for seven days. Different water quality parameters such as pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, fluoride, total suspended solids, biological oxygen demand, dissolve oxygen and carbon oxygen demand, chloride, and manganese were analyzed before and after passing through the lithologies everyday. One meter set of artificial lithologies have successfully reduced the concentration of measured water quality parameters between 60 and 93 %, without clogging. Lithology III equipped with superficial fine sand layer and two set of nonwoven geotextile has successfully removed 70–93 % concentration of wastewater. This study aims to demonstrate that a SAT system equipped with geotextile and without soil is more effective then the prevailing SAT systems. Study also proposed designs of SAT systems, which can be formed at unfavorable sites using abundant dry wells in which artificial set of lithologies can be used.     

人类活动影响下的四湖地区湿地景观格局分析

湿地景观空间结构研究是湿地生态研究的核心之一，景观功能性的性质和发挥，影响着湿地的物质流、信息流和能量流的特征，进而影响湿地区域的资源开发利用与保护。运用景观的空间格局指数，在遥感和GIS技术的支持下，结合江汉平原四湖地区的湿地农业的区域特点，确定了 四湖地区湿地景观分类系统，为了更好地定量分析四湖地区湿地景观格局的特点，我们选取了三类景观格局指数来定量描述于景观空间格局，即基本空间格局指标（多样性、均匀度及优势度）、景观空间构型指标（聚集工、破碎化）及斑块特征指标（斑块分维数），比较系统地分析四湖地区湿地景观空间格局。在此基础上探讨了人类干扰对四湖地区湿地同的结构和空间演替的影响。     

Questioning Community Based Coral Reef Management Systems: Case Study of Awig-Awig in Gili Indah, Indonesia

Issues and complexities arising when the fisheries and marine tourism sectors have stakes in an institution governing the coral reefs ecosystem called awig-awig are discussed, awig-awig is a colloquialism meaning ‘a local rule’. The community-based management system is commonly recognized as a better approach to governing resources, however, the success of awig-awig in the study area is questionable. Awig-awig fails to deal with the conflict of interest among stakeholders in coastal resource appropriation, despite the community being relatively culturally homogenous. The benefits of awig-awig are biased in favor of the tourism as opposed to fisheries, leading to the fishers’ resistance of awig-awig. There are critical factors to this weakness: a crisis of legitimacy within community, socio-economic inequality among actors involved in such system, high intervention from external agencies, and the institutional conflict over conservation policy. In addition, awig-awig reduces community spirit as it is perceived as not being attached to any customary law or traditional norms. Group cohesion is challenged and there is no common understanding of the problem or alternatives strategies.     

流域立法视角下生态流量保障的制度供给--以长江流域为例

生态流量保障的重难点在于流域生态流量不足问题的妥善解决。生态流量不足基于产生的原因可分为“自然型”和“人为型”。“人为型”生态流量不足的根源在于《水法》第4条规定的三生用水关系未得到妥善处理,实质上是水资源分配和管理不合理所致。具体表现为水资源保护理念镶嵌在制度表层、生态流量缺乏核心制度保障、流域规划匮乏强效监督机制、流域水资源分配信息公开不足、末端行政考核制度偏重水质管控、生态用水制度顶层设计与地方实施间落差巨大等。流域立法作为立法体系的中间环节,对上位法具有填补协调功能,对地方立法具有引领指导作用。建议在流域立法过程中,通过制度设计解构流域生态流量保障现存的制度困境,主要包括以下几个方面:一是完成流域特有保护理念到实体制度的转型。二是基于流域生态修复、水资源生态红线管控制度的开展以及有效衔接规划环境影响评价制度的需要,建立生态流量管控指标制度体系不可或缺。三是基于流域规划对三生用水的初始分配性,将生态流量供给纳入流域规划体系中,从水资源分配初始阶段保障生态流量,同时强化流域水资源规划制度的监督机制,健全规划制定的程序性规范,明确科学考察和调查评价人员的构成规则、方式及模式。四是依法加深政府信息公开程度保障公众的知情权、参与权及监督权。五是完善行政考核制度体系强化对生态流量供给的考核。     

围填海工程的生态环境价值损失评估——以江苏省两个典型工程为例

围填海工程对近海生态系统的影响一直是生态学和生态经济学领域广泛关注的焦点。运用直接市场法和替代性市场法（如市场价值法、影子工程法、碳税法、替代成本法、成果参照法等，第Ⅰ类方法）、条件价值评估法（第Ⅱ类方法）两类方法，选取江苏省连云港市海滨新区和南通市通州区滨海新区两个典型的围填海工程为案例，从潮滩湿地生态系统服务功能视角进行了围填海工程生态环境价值损失评估。结果表明：（1）两个典型案例第Ⅰ类方法的评估结果分别为0818 2×10⁸元/a和0696 2×10⁸元/a；（2）第Ⅱ类方法的评估结果分别为1273 9×10⁸元/a和1186 0×10⁸元/a；（3）用两类方法的评估结果作为生态环境损失值区间，可以提高评估结果的准确性。研究结果可为围填海工程生态补偿标准和生态补偿政策制定提供参考     

基于混合指标值TODIM方法的东营市生态系统健康评价

城市生态系统健康评价是城市可持续发展以及城市生态文明建设的需要。在当今各种"城市病"频发的背景下,研究城市生态系统健康水平,不仅有利于协调城市发展与城市生态系统健康之间的矛盾,而且对于指导城市建设规划编制,监控城市生态环境的可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。鉴于此,论文在原有的城市生态系统健康评价指标的基础上,通过基于混合指标值的TODIM方法评价东营市2007—2013年间的城市生态系统健康状况,并分析活力、组成结构、恢复力、维持生态系统服务功能以及生态系统认知的构成指标对城市生态系统健康状况的影响。为了避免主观判断对城市生态系统健康评价的不确定性,文章采用兼顾客观信息和主观信息的组合权重赋权法确定各个指标的权重;根据东营市城市生态系统健康评价指标的特性和数据特点,建立了混合多属性决策TODIM方法的数学模型;采用扩展的TODIM方法对东营市城市生态系统健康状况进行评价,并分析了各个指标在城市生态发展过程中的作用。研究表明:(1)东营市的城市生态系统健康状况一直向好,由脆弱状态逐渐过渡到亚健康状态,但是生态状况仍然不容乐观,距离健康状态仍有较大的差距;(2)环保投入力度不足、污染物排放量增加、产业结构仍不完善、建成区人口密度过高等成为制约东营市城市生态系统健康发展的突出问题。文章提出了相应的对策建议,以促进城市生态系统的健康发展。     

OPTIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY OF THE CRUDE PALM OIL INDUSTRY IN THAILAND THROUGH ENHANCEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS

The crude palm oil industry plays an important role in the economic development of Thailand and in enhancing the economic welfare of the population. Despite obvious benefits of this industrial development, it also significantly contributes to environmental degradation, both at the input and the output sides of its activities. On the input side, crude palm oil mills use large quantities of water and energy in the production process. On the output side, manufacturing processes generate large quantities of wastewater, solid waste/by-products and air pollution. Current industrial wastes and recoverable materials are empty fruit bunches, fibers, shells and ash. It is estimated that in 2003, a total of 2.1 million ton of solid wastes/by-products and 2.5 million m³ of wastewater were generated. The concept of the industrial ecosystem points at the potential of industrial waste recycling resembling food chains, food webs and nutrient cycles of nature. Following the notion of industrial ecology crude palm oil mills can develop a number of waste recycling and reuse systems. This paper analyzes the nature of these industrial ecosystems, divided in in-plant ecosystems (clean technology options) and external waste exchange between crude palm oil industries and other economic activities in Thailand.     

长江中下游流域降水分区及其气象干旱时间变化特征

基于1961~2015年逐月降水格点数据，首先通过系统聚类法对长江中下游流域进行降水分区，然后以标准化降水指数为指标，结合小波分析方法，探讨了长江中下游流域各亚区气象干旱的时间演变规律及周期变化特征。结果表明：（1）空间上，可将长江中下游流域分为6个降水亚区，即：大巴山地农业区（Ⅰ）、湘鄂贵渝山地农业区（Ⅱ）、鄂中东平原农业区（Ⅲ）、湘赣平原丘陵农业区（Ⅳ）、鄱阳湖平原农业区（Ⅴ）和长江三角洲平原农业区（Ⅵ）。（2）不同降水亚区干湿事件交替过程存在差异，Ⅵ区与其它亚区差异较大，Ⅱ区、Ⅳ区和Ⅴ区的干湿事件具有相似的时间演变模式；除Ⅵ区外，2000年后其它降水亚区干旱发生频率增加明显。（3）不同降水亚区气象干旱的第一主周期存在差异，北部（Ⅰ区、Ⅲ区、Ⅵ区）和南部（Ⅱ区、Ⅳ区、Ⅴ区）具有明显的区域分化特征，但各气候亚区大都显示出3.5年左右的显著周期。研究结果可为长江中下游流域各亚区气象干旱驱动因素的解释、干旱监测计划的制定、水资源的管理和旱灾的防治提供参考依据。     

Limitations on the renewability of renewable energy resources

The primary supposition about renewable forms of energy is that use of such resources will not result in depletion or exhaustion. While it is true that natural energy flows such assun and wind are not directly subject to degradation by use, there may still be indirect limitations on renewability. The exploitation of natural energy flows may require that systems of nonrenewable “support” resources be used to capture, store, and convert natural energy into useful forms. Poor resource management practices that degrade the support resources may therefore, in effect, endanger renewability. Biomass is an illustrative case of a renewable energy resource with nonrenewable support components. The soil and water management practices of American agriculture, a large-scale biomass production system, are resulting in serious degradation and depletion of these vital system elements. This degradation represents a threat to the future of biomass food and energy supplies.     

Will progress in science and technology avert or accelerate global collapse? A critical analysis and policy recommendations

Industrial society will move towards collapse if its total environmental impact (I), expressed either in terms of energy and materials use or in terms of pollution, increases with time, i.e., dI/dt > 0. The traditional interpretation of the I = PAT equation reflects the optimistic belief that technological innovation, particularly improvements in eco-efficiency, will significantly reduce the technology (T) factor, and thereby result in a corresponding decline in impact (I). Unfortunately, this interpretation of the I = PAT equation ignores the effects of technological change on the other two factors: population (P) and per capita affluence (A). A more heuristic formulation of this equation is I = P(T)·A(T)·T in which the dependence of P and A on T is apparent. From historical evidence, it is clear that technological revolutions (tool-making, agricultural, and industrial) have been the primary driving forces behind successive population explosions, and that modern communication and transportation technologies have been employed to transform a large proportion of the world’s inhabitants into consumers of material- and energy-intensive products and services. In addition, factor analysis from neoclassical growth theory and the rebound effect provide evidence that science and technology have played a key role in contributing to rising living standards. While technological change has thus contributed to significant increases in both P and A, it has at the same time brought about considerable eco-efficiency improvements. Unfortunately, reductions in the T-factor have generally not been sufficiently rapid to compensate for the simultaneous increases in both P and A. As a result, total impact, in terms of energy production, mineral extraction, land-use and CO₂ emissions, has in most cases increased with time, indicating that industrial society is nevertheless moving towards collapse. The belief that continued and even accelerated scientific research and technological innovation will automatically result in sustainability and avert collapse is at best mistaken. Innovations in science and technology will be necessary but alone will be insufficient for sustainability. Consequently, what is most needed are specific policies designed to decrease total impact, such as (a) halting population growth via effective population stabilization plans and better access to birth control methods, (b) reducing total matter-energy throughput and pollution by removing perverse subsidies, imposing regulations that limit waste discharges and the depletion of non-renewable resources, and implementing ecological tax reform, and (c) moving towards a steady-state economy in which per-capita affluence is stabilized at lower levels by replacing wasteful conspicuous material consumption with social alternatives known to enhance subjective well-being. While science and technology must play an important role in the implementation of these policies, none will be enacted without a fundamental change in society’s dominant values of growth and exploitation. Thus, value change is the most important prerequisite for avoiding global collapse.

东江源区生态系统服务功能经济价值研究

生态系统服务功能是指生态系统与生态过程所形成及所维持的人类赖以生存的自然环境条件与效用。江西东江源区是国家级生态功能保护区,香港和珠江三角洲“生命之水”的发源地。应用生态学、生态经济学、福利经济学方法和前人的研究成果,结合江西东江源区自然、经济社会实际情况,初步估算出东江源区生态系统服务功能经济总价值为810亿元,约为东江源区2004年国内生产总值（GDP）的411倍,单位面积生态系统服务功能价值为23 121元/hm2,并对估算结果进行了分析。目的是藉此揭示源区的生态功能及其在维持区域和流域生态系统服务功能中的重要地位,从而为东江源区生态保护及资源可持续利用提供科学依据,同时也为江河源区生态系统服务价值的研究提供参考。     

Aerobic spore-forming bacteria from the region of salt mining

Seven strains of Gram-positive microorganisms capable of forming endospores have been isolated from soils of the region of potassium salt mining (Berezniki, Perm krai) by the method of enrichment cultures. Their typing by means of REP- and BOX-PCR has shown that four strains—I23 (= VKM V-2504), I26 (= VKM V-2505), I27, and I28—are of the same genogroup (type I), while strains SN501 (= VKM V-2508), I10b (= VKM V-2507), and I12b (= VKM V-2506) represent three different genogroups (types II, III, and IV, respectively). A phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences has shown that strains I10b and SN501 belong to the genus Paenibacillus, and the remaining strains, to the genus Bacillus. These bacteria are tolerant of high salinity and alkalinity: they can grow at pH 7.0–9.0 and NaCl content of 90–110 g/l in the culture medium. They are also capable of utilizing diesel fuel and individual aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons.     

保水渔业对千岛湖生态系统特征影响的分析

通过构建1999和2000年千岛湖生态系统的Ecopath模型，比较分析了实施保水渔业对千岛湖生态系统主要特征的影响。结果表明：1）实施保水渔业后湖泊生态系统中顶级消费者的有效营养级(ETL)出现不同程度的下降，其中鳡的ETL从1999年的3.85降至2000年的3.61，鲌类的ETL从3.56降至3.39；千岛湖渔获物1999年主要来自营养级Ⅲ（500%），而2000年主要来自营养级Ⅱ（48.74%），导致整个渔业平均营养级由1999年的274下降到2000年的261；2）2000年千岛湖生态系统的生产力以及系统规模较之1999年均有所下降，其中系统生产力由1999年的98780 t/（km2·a)下降到2000年的6.6250 t/（km²·a)，减少了3323%，系统的总消耗量、总输出和总呼吸等分别下降了29.65%、35.69%和30.60%。系统的总通量从1999年的35 285 t/（km²·a)减少到2000年的24271 t/（km²·a)；3)表征生态系统成熟度的相关指标（Pp/R值和Pp/B值的下降，FCI和Finn氏平均路径长度的增长）均表明2000年千岛湖生态系统较之1999年趋于成熟。