Cross-country income disparity and its effect on carbon emissions

This study is motivated by the interesting relationship between the income Kuznets curve and the carbon Kuznets curve.This paper focuses on the interaction effects of income distribution and income per capita on CO₂ emissions using country group panel data over the period of 1980 to 2006 by employing fixed effects（FE）,random effects（RE）and feasible generalized least squares（FGLS）estimation methods.The main findings are as follows.（1）There exists an inverted-U relationship between CO₂ emissions per capita and income per capita in all sample countries and high-income groups.（2）The cross-country income disparity has a negative effect on the average level of CO₂ emissions but a positive effect on the aggregate income elasticity of CO₂ emissions.（3）This negative effect of income disparity on the average level of CO₂emissions decreases along with the growth of per capita income.Thus,economic growth contributes to the reduction of this negative impact.     

Impact of Growing Income Inequality on Sustainable Development in China： A Provincial-level Analysis

A growing body of literature has documented the rapidly increasing income disparities that accompanied China＇s economic growth in the 1980s and 1990s, and the driving factors behind this. Growing income inequality in its turn may have important implications for the accumulation of physical capital, human capital, and natural capital and as a consequence for sustainable economic development. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the potential impact of income inequality on savings, human resources and the environment in China. It starts with an overview of the different causal mechanisms through which income inequality may affect the accumulation of physical capital, human capital, and natural capital, and discusses to what extent these causal relationships may be relevant in the case of China. Next, provincial data for the year 2002 are used to explore the relationship between income inequality and different elements of sustainable development in China. It is found that income inequality does not affect aggregate savings levels. Rising inequality, however, contributes to lower health and possibly also to higher fertility levels. It also lowers the use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture and therefore is likely to reduce water pollution. Other types of environmental degradation are not affected.     

Study on Simulating Spatial Distribution and Varying Patterns of Urumqi＇s Population

In this paper, an approach to simulate the spatial distribution of urban population is proposed using urban land use and population statistical data through the geographical information systems （GIS）. Then, the spatial population distribution of Urumqi as a case is simulated by the approach mentioned above and its varying patterns are analyzed by the raster population surface. As a result, producing raster population surface is more accurate and natural than the traditional choropleth map of population density. Concerning the spatial population distribution of Urumqi, the population density declines from south to north and the population distribution mainly presents＇ ＂T-type＂, the population distribution presents multicentre agglomeration and the population distribution of the districts shows different features. The population density varies significantly with the increase in the distance from central business district （CBD）. Finally, it is found in this paper that the development history of districts, terrain and traffic road are main factors that have an influence Urumqi＇s population distribution. This paper tries to provide more accurate population data for the plan and management of urban land, traffic and public facilities in order to enrich the researches on urban population distribution.     

Optimizing Urban Spatial Structure of Lanzhou Based on Geographic Concentration Method of Industries

Geographic concentration of industries is the regionalized distribution of some industries in certain areas, which focuses on the ratio of a certain industry to the whole industries （He and Liu, 2006）. In this paper we explore the improved M function of geographic concentration that adds the parameter of the number of firms according to the definition of geographic concentration of industries. The spatial distribution of the main manufacturing industries of Lanzhou urban area is evaluated based on it. The results of the evaluation imply that the spatial distribution of the main manufacturing industries is more concentrated than that of others in Lanzhou and it can absorb lots of labor forces. But the incidence, competition ability and density of the distribution of enterprises are different for each single sector, and enterprises with different production features are located closely. And three main problems are discovered. Finally, three countermeasures are put forward： locating the industrial enterprises in urban areas in a proper way through planning and policies; adjusting the industrial structure of the inner city; strengthening the local rearrangement of the existing industrial concentration areas.     

Gini Index for Cities: A Preliminary Study on Regional Differences of Chinese City Size Distribution

City size distribution is of interest because of a number of key stylized facts, including notably Zipf's law for cities and the importance of urban primacy. But a new and more efficient method Gini index can be used for calculating regional city size distribution. This paper begins by developing a calculation method for the Gini index, dividing the whole country into 26 areas and then calculating each area's Gini index value. Based on these calculation results, this paper gives a preliminary study on regional differences of its city size distribution and the dynamics.     

Population Distribution and Influencing Factors Based on ESDA

Based on the exploratory spatial data analysis(ESDA) technique and geographic information system(GIS) platform,with statistic data of counties in 2005,this paper confirms that there is a large population density gap between counties in 2005 because the Gini coefficient is 0.55.Population distribution does not change a lot during the past decades,and the southeast China is still much more densely populated than the northwest China.The global spatial autocorrelation of population distribution is obvious because Moran’s I scores 0.42 and local spatial autocorrelation is partly significant.Climate and elevation are still the main natural influencing factors.Meanwhile industrial structure and transportation significantly influence population distribution.Different combinations of natural factors have different effects on population distribution.For a long term,climate and terrain factor stability affect population distribution.But its influence will be weakened by progress of technology.Economic development is the main factor that changes population distribution for a short term.     

Industrialization, Environment and Health： the Impacts of Industrial SO2 Emission on Public Health in China

In this paper, we construct a model in which the impact of pollution on health is exerted through both direct and indirect channels. The indirect channel is captured by a production function in which the principal health-improving factor, income growth, can be realized only in the cost of pollution increase. This model is then tested by the aggregated chronicle disease data in over 78 Chinese counties. Our results show, after attaining the threshold of 8 μ g/m^2, continuous increase in industrial SO2 emission density will lead the ratio of population suffering chronicle diseases, among which respiratory diseases occupy a significant proportion, to rise. However, owing to technological progress in pollution control activities, the needed SO2 emission to produce one unit of GDP diminishes with time. Therefore, the negative effect from pollution augmentation on public health seems to be recompensed more and more by the positive effect of economic growth.     

Humble Opinions on the Relationship between the Percentage of Urban Residents in an Urban Region and the Economic Status in This Region in China

It is a fact that in U.S. the immigration between rural areas and city areas is free, but in China this type of immigration is restricted by HUKOU system （Hukou, namely the household registration system, was designed to control rural-urban in China）. All of those national policies in city areas are much better than those in rural areas, so those corresponding differences bring about great discrepancy of the economic status （mainly including GDP per person and income per resident） between rural and city areas in the same urban region, especially in different urban re- gions because the percentage of urban residents in those urban regions is in-equable. The present paper mainly researches the topic of relationship between the percentage of urban residents and the economic status in an urban region in China, including the relationship between the economic and the political functions of a settlement in China during the process of urbanization.     

Impacts of Social and Demographic Factors on Residents＇ Subjective Well-being in Rural China

The objective of social development is to construct a harmonious society.In China,the key to a harmonious society is the happiness of more than 900 million farmers living in the rural areas.This study aimed to measure rural residents' subjective well-being(SWB) through the day reconstruction method,as well as to analyze SWB's influencing factors through a variety of statistical methods.The results showed that the average U index was 12.79%,indicating that respondents were unhappy 12.79% of the time.Twenty-seven percent of the population had a U index greater than 0,with the average value being 47%,indicating that these people were unhappy 47% of the time.The study also found that SWB varied according to the characteristics of the respondents.Logistic regression analysis showed that social and demographic factors,including age,education,county,household size,generation number,per capita income,migration status and social networking,which significantly affected rural residents' SWB.The size of the impact varied with the different factors.     

Determinants on Rural-Urban Labor Migration in China： Empirical Analysis on the Effect of Rural Cooperate Medical Insurance based on Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Data

This paper studies factors influencing rural-urban labor migration in China,particularly the implementation of rural cooperative medical insurance(RCMI) in the year 2003.With the support of data analysis from the year 2000,2004 and 2006,clear linear correlations are found between gender,income,health condition and rural-urban labor flow,whereas the impact of education and employment status are more complicated.More importantly,results from regression show that the establishment of RCMI in countryside of China not only inhibits rural residents from seeking employment outside the village,but also pulls back rural people who have already worked in cities.When regional dimension is concerned,the pure composite effect of RCMI on rural labor flow is less significant in coastal areas with better economic performance and medical service.     

环境规制相对力度变化对FDI的影响分析

本文利用1995-2007年间41个投资来源国和地区的数据,把41个投资来源国和地区分为25个发达国家与16个发展中国家(地区)两类,重点研究中国环境规制相对力度的变化对FDI的影响,并考察了借贷成本、双边贸易关系、经济发展水平的相似性等影响因素,运用面板数据进行中国环境规制相对力度的变化对FDI的影响的实证检验,为中国选择FDI的类型提供理论依据.本文的研究结论表明;中国——相对于投资来源国——环境规制相对力度越严格,来自发展中国家(地区)的FDI将减少；而来自发达国家的FDI并不受影响.产生这一结果的原因在于,不同外商直接投资来源国企业环保技术水平的差异导致其对环境规制的敏感程度不同.在上述结论的基础上,论文对中国选择FDI的类型从外资的来源结构、产业结构、环境技术三个方面提出了相应的政策建议.     

城镇化对粮食生产环境技术效率影响研究

我国粮食生产在实现了"十一连增"之后正面临着城镇化所带来的资源约束和环境挑战,如何实现城镇化与粮食生产的协调发展,是我国当前需要高度关注的一个重大问题。本文以1994-2012年我国29个省(市、区)为研究对象,利用方向距离函数将环境因素纳入到粮食生产技术效率测算框架,对我国粮食生产环境技术效率值进行了测算,并对不同阶段各粮食生产功能区粮食生产环境技术效率的演变特征进行了分析,在此基础上将城镇化细分并设置了人口城镇化指标、土地城镇化指标、产业发展城镇化指标和生态环境压力城镇化指标,利用所构建面板数据模型探讨了城镇化对粮食生产环境技术效率的影响。研究结果表明:11994-2012年城镇化加速期,我国粮食主产区和主销区的粮食生产与环境的协调度要优于粮食平衡区,但是粮食主产区和主销区的粮食生产环境在逐步恶化,粮食平衡区则在逐步好转;2人口城镇化有利于粮食主销区和平衡区粮食生产环境技术效率提升,对粮食主产区则相反。土地城镇化、产业发展城镇化和生态环境压力城镇化不利于全国及各粮食生产功能区粮食生产环境技术效率的提升;3城镇化对粮食生产环境技术效率的影响存在功能区差异性。     

公用事业民营化及其环境行为政府管制的研究

公用事业民营化的目的是在公用事业行业引入民间资本和市场竞争模式,提高公共产品服务的产出质量和效率。以电力行业的民营化为例,电力市场对于民营企业的开放能够在很大程度上提高我国电力生产水平．解决当前电力供求关系紧张的问题。但是,大量民营企业介入电力生产,由于其技术落后而导致的资源浪费以及污染物的无序排放给我国的环境保护带来了新的困扰。我们应该在科学发展观和构建社会主义和谐社会的目标指引下,加强政府对于电力企业等公用事业民营化企业生产经营活动的法律管制,同时加强和完善相关的环境立法,达到公用事业积极发展和环境保护目标实现的双赢目标。     

基于集聚优势视角的资源诅咒现象分析

资源诅咒是指丰裕的自然资源对经济增长非但没有起到促进作用,反而限制了经济的长期增长.国际经济学界一直在寻找其中的传导机制,并形成了若干不同的观点,有的将原因归结为贸易条件的长期恶化,有的认为是因为荷兰病所致,有的则认为是由于人力资本的投资不足,还有人认为是丰裕的自然资源引发了寻租和腐败.笔者则是另辟蹊径,运用集聚优势理论,从丰裕的自然资源对生产优势、金融优势和战略优势的影响入手,全面地解释了资源诅咒的传导机制.笔者认为,随着经济的全球化和科学技术的发展,自然资源自身的作用在不断下降,而丰裕的自然资源又使人力资源优势和技术资源优势丧失,从而降低了生产优势;丰裕的自然资源又通过汇率的变化使金融优势变弱;丰裕的自然资源还影响了一个国家或地区的贸易战略、政治战略和人力资源战略,从而使战略优势降低.丰裕的自然资源对三大优势的影响,降低了该国或地区集聚优势的能力,抑制了经济增长,从而产生资源诅咒现象.笔者还对此进行了实证分析,最后提出避免资源诅咒的政策建议.     

基于旅游体验学基本范畴的旅游节庆发展研究

本文运用旅游体验学基本范畴理论揭示了旅游节庆与旅游体验学基本范畴的特征关系,在此基础上构建了旅游节庆可持续发展的基本模型,从重构惯常生活世界、营造旅游世界和旅游活动设计注重社区居民与旅游者互动三个方面提出了旅游节庆发展的新思路与方法。     

城市消费结构变动的环境效应及作用机理探析

城市生态经济系统是一个由“环境-资源-生产-消费-环境”组成的物质循环系统．在这一物质循环系统中消费通过前后相关联，从生产到资源利用和直接向环境排放废弃物两个方向影响着城市环境。据此．以河谷型大城市兰州市为例．以能源、交通、水资源和家庭消费等四项指标代表消费结构构成．利用灰色关联度模型等计量模型来定量研究1990-2002年13年尺度下消费构成变动对环境的影响．探讨城市消费结构变动的环境效应及其作用机理。     

市场机制引入对城镇新增建设用地配置效率的影响

市场机制引入是否可以提高城镇新增建设用地配置效率优化城镇新增建设用地配置体系是学界和政界关注的热点问题。本文以实施"地票"交易政策,尝试引入市场机制配置城镇新增建设用地的重庆市为典型区域,结合理论分析与实证检验,通过构建以Logit模型为基础的"地票"指标流转模型,利用重庆市2008—2012年38个区县的"地票"交易数据,定量分析"地票"指标市场化流转行为及其关键影响因素,从而探究市场机制引入对城镇新增建设用地配置效率的影响。研究结果表明,重庆市各区县城镇建设用地边际产出与区域"地票"指标的流入行为存在正向的作用关系,而与"地票"指标的流出行为存在负向的作用关系。在市场机制的作用下,市场上的"地票"指标主要由城镇建设用地边际产出较低的区域提供,而"地票"指标最终流入了城镇建设用地边际产出相对较高的区域,从而拉平了区域之间城镇建设用地边际产出,一定程度上提高了城镇新增建设用地配置效率。为此,认为伴随着"地票"交易政策的实施,重庆市逐步形成了一种计划配置为主、市场配置为辅的混合型城镇新增建设用地配置体系,这种配置体系极大地增加了指标供给的弹性并优化了指标的配置效率。因此,我国应积极尝试在现有城镇新增建设用地配置体系中引入市场机制,引导地方政府从"增量"、"计划"的用地理念逐步向"存量"和"市场"的用地理念过渡,最终形成以区域资源禀赋和实际需求为导向的城镇新增建设用地配置体系。     

环境问题探源研究

环境恶化已成为攸关人类可持续发展前途的重大问题。弄清环境问题产生的根源和机制,对于破解＂经济增长-环境恶化＂怪圈,寻求经济与环境双赢的合理路径,具有重要的理论和现实意义。然而,到目前为止包括“经济增长原因说”和“科技原因说”在内的环境问题探源研究,仍未取得公认一致的科学性结论。本文从理论和实证方面论证了关于环境问题产生根源的“科技进步非对称性理论”,能很好地解释环境问题产生的原因和环境库兹涅茨曲线倒“U”形走势,也为解决环境问题指出了一种新的思路。     

基于水资源承载量的新疆分区域人口压力分析

新疆是典型的内陆干旱半干旱地区。全面了解新疆各区域水资源对人口的承载力以及实际存在的人口压力状况。对于深刻认识干旱区人口与环境的关系。制定有针对性的分区域可持续发展战略和决策，有着重要的意义。本文通过定性和定量的研究，对新疆不同区域的水资源人口承载密度指数以及人口承载压力指数进行了计算和区域对比分析，得到了一些基本结论：①不能一概而论机械照搬联合国关于干旱区和半干旱区人口密度的临界标准。各地应该有适合当时资源环境条件和经济技术水平的人口承载密度标准，而且这些标准是动态的而非静态的。②新疆当前平均的水资源人口承载密度是11人左右，大于联合国制定的干旱区人口密度临界标准，但小于半干旱区临界值。整个北疆的人口承载标准是23—26人／km^2，南疆的人口承载密度介于7．3～8人／km^2之间。各个地州之间也有较大差异。③目前新疆总体上看已经略微超载，人口对水资源和生态环境的压力比较大。而人口压力最大的地区在南疆塔里木盆地以南三个地州，人口严重超载。④从干旱区生态环境的保护利用来说。必须对生态用水予以充分考虑。才能在承载量研究中兼顾资源与环境对人口的双重约束。     

产业生态系统稳定性研究述评

产业生态系统（IES）作为可持续发展的重要实践工具，在国内外得到快速推进并取得显着成效。但由于IES独特的生态化产业链接属性和成长环境。造成大量不稳定问题逐步浮现并且已经成为影响产业生态系统取得成功的重要障碍。以Cape Chades、Kahundborg等生态工业园发展为案例。对出现稳定性问题的IES进行回顾。然后，通过生态系统的稳定性内涵的研究，探讨IES稳定性的相关概念。该文的主要研究成果集中在通过大量国内外文献研究所得到的17个IES稳定性的可能影响因素。通过对这些日素的研究，把它们划分为结构、技术、外部三个纬度，其中结构性影响因素包括：地理位置、成员距离、核心组员、生态产业链长度、行业多样性、相互依赖、系统关联度等7个；技术性影响因素包括：技术充足、技术革新、信息交换平台、技术机密壁垒等4个；外部性影响因素包括：政府支持、市场变动、新能源新材料、公众压力、法律制度、经济支持等6个。最后展望未来相关研究的发展趋势与可能的突破点。指出可以通过在国内开展大样本IES的统计调查。通过研究这些影响因素与稳定性之间的数量相关关系，确认其中正在突出影响我国当前产业生态系统稳定发展的因素。