Population Distribution and Influencing Factors Based on ESDA

Based on the exploratory spatial data analysis(ESDA) technique and geographic information system(GIS) platform,with statistic data of counties in 2005,this paper confirms that there is a large population density gap between counties in 2005 because the Gini coefficient is 0.55.Population distribution does not change a lot during the past decades,and the southeast China is still much more densely populated than the northwest China.The global spatial autocorrelation of population distribution is obvious because Moran’s I scores 0.42 and local spatial autocorrelation is partly significant.Climate and elevation are still the main natural influencing factors.Meanwhile industrial structure and transportation significantly influence population distribution.Different combinations of natural factors have different effects on population distribution.For a long term,climate and terrain factor stability affect population distribution.But its influence will be weakened by progress of technology.Economic development is the main factor that changes population distribution for a short term.     

Non-agricultural Population, Employment and Land： An Econometric Study in an Integrated Framework

Abstract： his paper explored the relationships among nonagricultural population, employment and land in an integrated framework, taking account of rural-urban land conversion into Carlino-Mills＇s model on the regional growth. Two-stage-leastsquares and ordinary-least-squares were employed. Recent data for district （grade） cities in China （from 1999 to 2005） were used. Our results showed that： first, urban population influenced non-agricultural employment, and vice versa, but the evidence that non-agricultural employment influenced urban population was stronger than the evidence that urban population influenced non-agricultural employment; second, urban population and non-agricultural employment both influenced ruralurban land conversion, but the evidence that urban population influenced rural urban land conversion was more stronger than the evidence that non-agricultural employment did. We also found that： first, the employment from the secondary industry influenced urban population in a positive way, and vice versa, but the employment from the tertiary industry influenced urban population in a negative way, and vice versa; second, the employment from the secondary industry influenced rural-urban land conversion in a positive way, but the employment from the tertiary industry influenced rural-urban land conversion in a negative way. We can conclude that the key of urbanization is to speed up the process of non-agricultural employment, especially the employment from the tertiary industry, which might promote non-agricultural population, employment and land harmoniously.     

Theoretical and Empirical Study on Urban Population Cawing Capacity： Case of Haidian District in Beijing

The measurement of urban population carrying capacity is the basis for cities＇ sustainable development. However, the traditional study on population carrying capacity which was based on food supply is not applicable to the single urban area. This paper built a model for the analysis of urban carrying capacity, and took Haidian District in Beijing as an example to calculate the urban carrying capacity of Haidian District in the future, which was the basis for the improvement of the population carrying capacity. This study would also provide a reference to the measurement of the urban population carrying capacity for other cities and districts in China.     

Vulnerability Assessment of Snow Disaster Based on Traffic System： A Case Study of Chenzhou City in Hunan Province, China

The article establishes the patterns of urban snow disaster system and disaster chain based on the theory of regional disaster system. The patterns indicate that urban snow disaster is exacerbated mainly through the traffic system. In addition, the paper sets up the vulnerability assessment index system and synthetically vulnerability assessment model of urban snow disaster which are mainly based on traffic system, and applies them in Chenzhou City. The results of assessment indicate that obvious geographical differences exist in the vulnerability of snow disaster bearing bodies： vulnerability of Chenzhou section of the Beijing-Zhuhai expressway is the highest in Chenzhou City, and the southeastern counties are more vulnerable than the northwest region. Furthermore, according to the snow disaster vulnerability dynamic process analysis, the vulnerability of Chenzhou City obviously increased in 2008 winter compared with that in 2007. Finally, the paper presents some suggestions for the locations of the emergency commands and the reserves of relief materials based on the evaluation results, and points out that disaster monitoring and relevant technical level should be strengthened for the minimization of traffic system＇s vulnerability.     

Analysis and Modeling on the Spatial Structure of Urban Land Use: A Case of Jinan, China

Based on the data of urban land use obtained by remote sensing interpretation from aero images in 1986 and 2004, the spatial structure of Jinan is studied in this paper with the method of Geographic Information System (GIS). According to the proportion of land for residence, industry and commerce, the urban district can be distinguished into three rings. Compared with the traditional theory of the ring structure in Western coun- tries, they have many distinctive characteristics. The main func- tions of the inner ring include residence, business and banking, but the proportion of residential land (more than 50%) is considerably higher than that of the cities in Western countries. The land proportion for residence and industry in the intermediate ring is equal on the whole. The main land of the outside ring is for industrial use. From 1986 to 2004, great changes have taken place on the land proportion of different types of use. In the inner ring, the land for residential and industrial use has shrunk much while the land for commercial use has increased. In the intermediate ring, the changes of the three types of land use were not very much and the temporal variation was relatively stable. On the contrary, the structure in the outside ring varies acutely. Though most of it is also for industrial use, the proportion of residential land has in- creased much. The three rings can also be divided into several sectors respectively, according to the function of land use clusters. New trends and mechanisms of the changes of land use impacting the urban structure were proposed in the end of the paper.     

Mutual Conversion of Land Use between Urban and Rural Area in the Process of Urbanization: A Case Study of Shandong Province

Urbanization is one of the driving forces for the land use change in type and structure, and its prominent effect is to convert rural land to urban land. This paper takes Shan-dong Province as an example to analyze the current situation of the mutual conversion between the urban and rural areas from the aspects of the structure of land use, the decreasing tendency of the cultivated land, the changes of land use in urban and rural residential areas. It points out that cultivated land is converted to residential area land, industrial and/or mining area land. The relationship between the urban area land and the cultivated land is more direct; meanwhile, the changes of rural residential area lag behind obviously. The decrease of the cultivated land and the decline of soil quality will be the two difficult problems in the process of urbanization.     

The Integration and Sustainable Development of Chengdu-Chongqing Urban Agglomeration

Urban Agglomeration is an inevitable outcome of urbanization and industrialization, and a main form of urban development. Based on the analysis of urbanization and urban system situation, this paper will discuss the integration of urban agglomeration development, using the urban area of Cheng （Chengdu）-Yu （Chongqing） Urban agglomeration （CYUA） as a case study. By means of industries, population and spatial integrations, the function, strength and competition of CYUA will be improved and this urban agglomeration will transit from a budding state to a growing and mature one in future. The sustainable development of CYUA will depend on countermeasures, such as accelerating industrialization and urbanization, building a traffic network and express roads, strengthening the ability of self-sufficiency, enlarging the ecological construction and environmental protection, and establishing the synergetic institution of cross districts.     

Temporal-spatial Characteristics of the Urbanization of Rural Land in Xinjiang

Relying on remote sensor technology, GIS and Land-sat TM digital images, the authors use spatial and statistical analysis to examine the temporal-spatial characteristics of the change caused by urban Construction in Xinjiang＇s rural areas from the end of the 1980s to the end of the 1990s. The primary findings show the following： 1） The urban construction in rural areas has increased drastically. The expansion speed of urban land use has accelerated over the past decade. The sub-land use changes caused by the urbanization of rural are characterized by salient regional differentiation among the three main regions and among the 85 counties of Xinjiang. 2） The shift of land use is mostly characterized by cultivated land and grassland being used for urban and industrial projects. Moreover, this change of land use is characteristic of regional differences. 3） Factors of rural-urban construction land use changes in Xinjiang, are undoubtedly affected by natural environment, social, economic conditions, and to a larger degree by population growth, GDP development and industrial development.     

Optimizing Urban Spatial Structure of Lanzhou Based on Geographic Concentration Method of Industries

Geographic concentration of industries is the regionalized distribution of some industries in certain areas, which focuses on the ratio of a certain industry to the whole industries （He and Liu, 2006）. In this paper we explore the improved M function of geographic concentration that adds the parameter of the number of firms according to the definition of geographic concentration of industries. The spatial distribution of the main manufacturing industries of Lanzhou urban area is evaluated based on it. The results of the evaluation imply that the spatial distribution of the main manufacturing industries is more concentrated than that of others in Lanzhou and it can absorb lots of labor forces. But the incidence, competition ability and density of the distribution of enterprises are different for each single sector, and enterprises with different production features are located closely. And three main problems are discovered. Finally, three countermeasures are put forward： locating the industrial enterprises in urban areas in a proper way through planning and policies; adjusting the industrial structure of the inner city; strengthening the local rearrangement of the existing industrial concentration areas.     

Urban Land-banking Planning： A New Instrument to Regulate Urban Land Supply-demand of Nanjing City

It is the major purpose of the paper to present the urban land-banking planning and its functions of promoting the urban land-banking system and land use administration. The urban land-banking system has the potential attribute of acting as an irreplaceable role in urban land administration, but its unexpected function-deviation has impacted its implementation effect in China. A few city governments are attempting to deal with the problem by the urban land-banking planning which is expected to contribute to the extension of urban function, optimization of urban patterns, promotion of urban core competitiveness and overall construction of the urban value chain. In this paper, we primarily discuss the necessity, functions, purposes and main contents of the urban land-banking planning. Subsequently, the implementing situation of the urban land-banking system in Nanjing is analyzed, including its integrated mode, spatio-temporal quantitative distribution and main characteristics. Finally, the background and targets including total, compositions, space, and regulation points are gradually introduced to present the Nanjing land-banking planning version 2.     

Study on Simulating Spatial Distribution and Varying Patterns of Urumqi's Population

Abstract

In this paper, an approach to simulate the spatial distribution of urban population is proposed using urban land use and population statistical data through the geographical information systems (GIS). Then, the spatial population distribution of Urumqi as a case is simulated by the approach mentioned above and its varying patterns are analyzed by the raster population surface. As a result, producing raster population surface is more accurate and natural than the traditional choropleth map of population density. Concerning the spatial population distribution of Urumqi, the population density declines from south to north and the population distribution mainly presents “T-type”, the population distribution presents multi-centre agglomeration and the population distribution of the districts shows different features. The population density varies significantly with the increase in the distance from central business district (CBD). Finally, it is found in this paper that the development history of districts, terrain and traffic road are main factors that have an influence Urumqi's population distribution. This paper tries to provide more accurate population data for the plan and management of urban land, traffic and public facilities in order to enrich the researches on urban population distribution.     

城市地表形态对热环境的影响——以上海市为例

基于遥感与GIS技术,利用Landsat7-ETM+影像反演地表温度,用社会经济统计数据、土地利用现状数据和道路交通网络数据计算城市景观形态参数以表征地表特征,从行政区(县)、5km间距同心环带和局部区块3个水平上划分空间单元建立数据样本,分析城市地表形态对热环境空间分布格局的影响。结果表明:(1)景观混合度和景观分裂度对地表温度有恒定的负向影响,区块连通性与地表温度负相关;(2)景观分裂度对热环境的影响取决于地类属性:分裂度大的增温地类,地表增温效应弱;分裂度大的降温地类,地表降温效应强;(3)人口密度和经济密度可对地表温度产生恒定正向影响;(4)人口密度、建设用地比例和房屋建筑比例是分布在区(县)尺度、同心圆环尺度和典型区块尺度上影响地表热环境最显著的地表形态要素。     

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运用空间自相关的全域指标和局域指标，分析1990年和2000年上海市域及中心城区两个年份的人口密度的Moran's I和Getis's G值。结果表明：从市域的尺度上看，10年间，人口集聚增强，即城市高密度集聚、农村低密度集聚，中心城区及其内部出现的人口密度相对分散的趋势只是表现在城市内部，而市域内城市与农村之间的差异仍在不断扩大，表现为一种从农村向城市的向心型城市化过程，而且城市化还处于不断上升的阶段。从中心城区的尺度看，10年间，中心城区人口密度不断降低，城区核心人口绝对量持续减少，城区外缘绝对量持续增加，上海市城区具有明显的郊区化特点，空间上表现出一种离心型城市化的特点。研究结果的可借鉴性表明空间自相关的统计分析能更好地揭示出人口的分布模式、人口集聚及其变化的热点和内在机制，对于人口的合理布局方案、城市化政策制定等政府宏观决策具有意义。     

南京市秦淮区昼夜人口空间分布估算与分析

人口时空分布研究对于城市规划管理、土地利用布局优化以及生态资源环境评价具有重要的现实意义。以南京市秦淮区为研究区，选择Google Earth平台提供的2014年空间分辨率为0.27 m的高分辨率遥感影像，结合统计资料和实地调查，根据人们日常活动的时空位移规律，获取“人口-昼夜-土地利用”匹配关系，借助地理信息系统建模和空间分析技术，实现100 m格网单元尺度下的昼夜人口空间分布定量模拟，并从街道和建筑斑块尺度对人口空间化结果进行验证，进而分析昼夜人口空间分布格局。结果表明：(1）利用高分辨率遥感影像目视解译和街景地图等多源数据，可有效克服城市复杂下垫面的土地利用类型和建筑物图斑数据较难获取的困难，提高城市人口估算的空间分辨率；(2）利用土地利用类型和建筑物空间属性信息，能够合理地估算建筑物尺度上的昼夜人口空间分布；（3)由于中心城区建筑物功能布局以及城乡发展差异等诸多因素影响，城市中心城区昼夜人口的空间结构存在显著差异，白天人口分布范围较为广泛且部分区域具有显著的集聚特征，而夜晚人口的高值分布则相对分散，高值集聚区向城区周边推移。 关键词： 昼夜人口；时空分布；遥感；地理信息分析；南京市；秦淮区     

基于适宜性评价的中心城区建设用地布局——以杭州市为例

中心城区建设用地布局优化有助于发挥建设用地的最大效益,关系整个区域土地资源的合理利用和社会经济的可持续发展。采用主成分分析方法从栅格尺度评价杭州市中心城区建设用地适宜性,同时针对中心城区的特点侧重于经济适宜性,并结合GIS技术,实现基于建设用地适宜性评价的中心城区建设用地布局方案。结果表明:侧重经济适宜性的建设用地适宜性评价结果作为杭州市中心城区建设用地布局的决策依据是科学合理的,有助于确定未来城市发展的优势区位,并且布局方案相对紧凑,能有效引导城市紧凑化发展,抑制城市沿主干道蔓延式开发。另外,基于适宜性评价的中心城区建设用地布局是一种自上而下的布局方式,较难体现邻域动态影响、局部规则的交互作用以及不同主体城市开发决策行为所导致的空间格局,可能导致布局结果与城市实际发展情况的偏离,对此仍有待进一步深入研究。     

吉林省中部地区后备城镇建设用地潜力及空间分布研究

后备城镇建设用地潜力及空间分布研究是科学制定区域空间发展战略和优化城镇发展格局的基础。以吉林省中部地区为例,主要利用GIS空间分析方法,综合考虑地形、土地利用类型、基本农田分布、土地利用规划、人口及城镇发展等因素,对区域后备城镇建设用地极限潜力和有效潜力的数量及空间分布进行分析。研究表明:(1)吉林省中部地区后备城镇建设用地极限潜力规模为14 913.32 km~2,丰富程度由北向南呈降低趋势,主要受行政区规模、气候条件和地理环境特征的影响;(2)极限潜力利用优势度指数为0.467 8,偏北区域利用优势度整体高于偏南区域,空间分布格局与地形和城镇密集程度密切相关;(3)有效潜力规模为2 214.91 km~2,丰富程度为中间区域高,西北和西南区域低,东部边缘区域为中等水平,空间分布格局与城镇化水平和城镇密集程度联系紧密;(4)人均有效潜力规模为106.65 m~2/人,丰富程度整体为中间区域高,西部边缘区域低,北部、东部及南部3个地区的边缘区域为中等水平,空间分布格局除受城镇化水平和城镇密集程度的影响外,与人口分布特征也有一定关系。     

城市规划中人口空间分布模拟方法研究

城市人口空间分布是影响社会经济活力、基础设施建设、公共服务配置以及城市交通、住宅、生态环境问题等方面的重要因素之一,是科学开展城市规划的基础与前提.传统的等值区域图法只能描述一个地区总体城市分布状况,难以准确反映城市内部人口的实际分布.本文通过综述国内外23篇研究成果,将城市人口分布空间模拟方法总结为城市人口密度模型、内插法空间分布模型、地理因子相关性模型(包括光谱估算法、土地利用密度法、居住单元估算法、夜间灯光强度估算法、硬化地表估算法)3大类7种,分析了它们各自的特点及改进措施.人口空间分布模拟在我国城市规划体系中有较大应用价值,重点讨论了在城镇体系规划、城市总体规划以及详细规划等不同规划层面人口空间分布适用模拟技术.最后指出为提高我国城市规划的科学性和预测精度,综合运用多种方法对城市人口空间分布进行估算模拟将成为该领域研究趋势,以期为城市规划管理提供技术参考.     

基于网格划分的宜兴市区滨水区可达性评价

城市滨水区可达性不仅仅是空间距离的阻隔，还包括人们对滨水空间的需求及滨水区自身对公众的吸引力。依据潜能模型的概念，选取人口密度、滨水区综合质量和以土地利用表达的交通作为评价因子，借助ArcGIS93软件，建立了基于网格划分的滨水区可达性计算模型。该模型通过对研究区域进行等距网格划分以及定量计算网格内的人口密度、最小阻力成本和滨水区综合质量来进行滨水区可达性的定量评价。运用该模型评价了宜兴市中心城区居民至各滨水区的可达性水平，发现各滨水区平均可达性水平存在明显差异，最高的是团氿，最低的是蠡河；对每个滨水区而言，可达性从空间上均呈现出以滨水区为中心由内向外递减的趋势。评价结果可为城市滨水区合理建设格局的制定和居民享用滨水区的公平性提供决策参考     

Measurement and Spatial Distribution of Urban Land Use Compactness in Chaoyang District of Beijing, China

China is in the process of rapid urbanization, and wise land use is critical to the long-term sustainability of Chinese cities.Promotion of a compact city is typically believed to be helpful for sustainable land use management. However, given the fact that Chinese cities are characterized by high population densities, the applicability of a more compact solution to expand cities in China remains questionable; there is little evidence to support the many claims in its favor. In seeking to provide empirical data to explore the application of compact city theory in China, one of the key problems researchers face is the task of measuring the urban com-pactness, in order to objectively investigate the current characteristics of urban compactness. To meet this need, indices were developed for measuring the urban land use compactness, by which the spatial distribution characteristics of urban land use compactness were identified and applied to the Chaoyang District of Beijing. The conclusions can be made as follows: (1) comprehensive land use compactness in Chaoyang District has increased during the period of 2001-2007, especially the population density; (2) the spatial distribution of land use compactness has the characteristics of a ring structure, which shows a decreasing trend with its distance to the city center; (3) there is a strong positive correlation between urban land use compactness and location. The better the location is, the higher the land use compactness is.     

近30年江苏省建设用地扩张的时空特征、模式与驱动因素研究

采用Landsat TM/ETM遥感解译数据，综合运用定性与定量方法，分析江苏省1985～2015年建设用地扩张的时空演变特征、类型与模式，通过多元回归和地理探测器方法探索江苏省和各地级市建设用地扩张的时空驱动因子及驱动机制。结果表明：(1）江苏省建设用地扩张幅度空间上呈现苏南>苏中>苏北的特征，建设用地扩张速率时间上呈现先上升后下降的趋势，2005～2010年是快速扩张期。（2)江苏省建设用地扩张呈空间自相关和明显的集聚分布。扩张密度分布呈现以江苏沿江地区为高值中心，沿海及苏北地区为低值连片区的空间分异现象。高-高值区主要分布在城市中心区。（3)江苏省已形成沿长江的城市发展轴带和空间集约的都市连绵区，呈现外延型的空间扩张模式。江苏省建设用地扩张的协调性和稳定性，均出现苏南>苏北的地理空间格局，可分为 4种类型：协调稳定型、不协调稳定型、协调波动型、不协调波动型。(4）建设用地扩张主导时间驱动因子是产业结构转型、人口增长、居民生活水平提高和投资增长，第二、三产业比重是扩张的核心时间驱动因素，工业化是驱动建设用地扩张的重要动力。GDP和人口密度是建设用地扩张的主导空间驱动因子。