以植被生物完整性评价梁子湖湖滨湿地生态系统健康

湖滨湿地植被是湖滨带生态系统的主要特征,以湖滨湿地植被为对象可评价湖滨带生态系统健康状况。通过对梁子湖湖滨湿地植被的详细调查,共鉴定出植物182种,隶属于52科128属,其中湿生植物147种,水生植物35种。水生植物中有20种挺水植物,6种浮叶植物和9种沉水植物。采用植被生物完整性(VIBI)方法评价梁子湖湖滨湿地生态系统健康,对21个备选指标进行筛选分析,建立了以挺水植物物种数、多年生植物物种数、外来物种百分比、香农多样性指数、植物区系质量指数FQAI、耐受性物种百分比、敏感性物种百分比为核心指标的评价体系,三分法对指标进行赋值,将梁子湖湖滨湿地划分为健康、良好、一般和较差4个等级。评价结果表明,梁子湖湖滨湿地22个调查位点中,处于健康状态的有3个位点,良好6个,共占总位点数的41%,一般和较差分别为7个和6个,共占59%。总体上看,东梁子湖和牛山湖湖滨湿地位点健康状况较好,而西梁子湖湖滨湿地差异性较大,山坡湖南部湖湾和前江大湖北部位点健康状况良好,张桥湖湖滨湿地健康状况一般,评价较差的6个位点集中在宁港湖周围和前江大湖南部沿岸。底质和人类活动如水位调控、围网养殖、放牧等是影响梁子湖湖滨湿地植被生物完整性的主要原因。     

武汉东湖生态旅游风景区植物资源现状及其类型

研究目的在于分析武汉东湖生态旅游风景区植物资源类型和构成特点，探讨人工引种对植物资源成分的影响。通过实地考察、标本鉴定和查阅资料，统计该景区现有维管植物142科453属819种。其中，蕨类17科、27属、33种，裸子植物7科、16属、32种，被子植物118科、410属、754种。按性质和用途，划分为观赏植物、古大树木、珍稀濒危及国家重点保护植物、药用植物、材用植物、油脂植物、芳香植物、饲用植物、纤维植物9大类。对各种类型的资源植物进行了统计分析，列举了一些具有代表意义植物种类。记录了外来入侵植物的种类和分布，分析了人工引种对景区植物的生活型及各类型植物资源比例的影响，以及该景区植物资源在武汉地区所占地位。结果表明，该景区植物资源丰富，面积仅占武汉市的0.96％，植物种类却达到全市48.75％。木本植物比例相对较低，草本及藤本高于武汉全市的平均水平。在自然分布植物中药用植物所占比重最大，而在人工引种植物中，观赏植物所占比重最大。针对园林观赏植物的引种，古树名木和珍稀植物的保护，以及入侵植物风险控制，提出了具体的建议。〖     

赣江河岸带种子植物区系特征

通过对赣江河岸带种子植物的调查和区系地理成分的分析，结果显示，赣江河岸带种子植物物种组成丰富，区系组成复杂，共有种子植物119科405属708种，其中裸子植物2科2属2种，被子植物117科403属706种。被子植物中，双子叶植物99科312属548种，单子叶植物18科91属158种。其生活型组成以草本植物为主，占河岸带种子植物总种数的62.01%，而木本植物中落叶成分占到71.67%，体现了河岸带特殊的生境特点。赣江河岸带种子植物区系组成中，世界广布科、属具有优势，分别占总科、属的39.50%、15.31%，使河岸带植被具有隐域性的特点，属的分布区类型复杂,Temp值为1.02，体现了其植物区系地带性过渡特征。运用聚类分析、公式拟合和主成分分析几种方法研究赣江河岸带与几个区系的关系，结果表明，赣江河岸带处于典型湿地与典型山地之间，区系组成具有水陆交汇性特点。〖     

南岳自然保护区藤本植物多样性

为了弄清南岳自然保护区内藤本植物资源现状，对该区内藤本植物进行了多样性调查研究。结果表明：野生藤本植物共计59科129属282种（含变种），其中蕨类植物有3科5属6种，双子叶植物有50科112属250种，单子叶植物有6科12属26种，裸子植物缺乏。该区地理成分复杂多样，科级地理成分有8个分布型，属级地理成分有12个分布型，种级地理成分有11个分布型，均以热带成分为主，温带成分占有较大比例，说明该区热带成分向温带渗透和过度的性质。藤本植物的生活型，以木质藤本占优势，为6064%，草质藤本占39.36%，一年生藤本占1441%。藤本植物的攀援类型分为4型9亚型，以缠绕类为主，占37〖JP2〗94%；其次为吸固类，占2305%，又可分为不定根类、吸盘类和寄生类3亚型；卷曲类占2093%，又可分为须卷类、柄卷类和枝卷类3亚型；刺蔓类最少占1809%，又可分为枝蔓类和钩刺类2亚型。该区藤本植物资源丰富，在垂直绿化与经济开发上具有十分广阔的前景     

神农架大九湖湿地公园脊椎动物多样性概况

为了更好的了解和保护大九湖湿地环境和资源,在2016 ～ 2018年间对湿地动物多样性进行了12次野外调查,共记录到脊椎动物26目78科232种,其中鱼类2目2科12种,两栖类2目5科12种,爬行类1目6科14种,鸟类16目52科167种,兽类5目13科27种;其中东洋种有114种,古北种有69种,广布种有37种;以金雕(Aquila chrysaetos)、白尾海雕(Haliaeetus albicilla)和黑熊(Ursus thibetanus)等为代表的国家级、省级保护动物79种.基于Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀性指数分析,多样性表现为鸟类＞兽类＞爬行类＞两栖类＞鱼类;均匀性表现为爬行类＞鸟类＞兽类＞两栖类＞鱼类.结果 表明大九湖湿地脊椎动物具有种类较多、多样性较高、国家级保护动物较多但种群密度低、优势种不明显、湿地鸟类较多、东洋界种占优势等特点,是湿地及林灌丛生态系统的重要生物类群.     

基于遥感的上海崇明东滩湿地典型植被净初级生产力估算

湿地是具有丰富的生物多样性和较高生产力的生态系统，在全球碳循环中占有重要地位。湿地植被净初级生产力（NPP）是衡量湿地生态系统健康状况的重要指标。以上海崇明东滩湿地3种典型植被--芦苇、海三棱藨草、互花米草为研究对象，结合实地调查、实验室测定和遥感技术进行湿地植被净初级生产力估算研究。首先，设置湿地3种典型植被样方，测量植被鲜重、高度、密度、盖度和叶面积指数（LAI）等反映植被生物学特性的特征参数，按不同植被类型分别建立基于LAI的样方NPP回归模型；其次，利用一景相近时相的SPOT5影像，经过几何纠正和辐射定标后，采用面向对象分类方法对影像分类，同时，计算出能较好地反映植被特征和消除土壤背景影响的修正土壤调节植被指数（MSAVI），建立了基于MSAVI的3种典型植被LAI遥感估测模型；最后，分别根据样方3种典型植被的NPP估测模型以及LAI遥感估测模型，进行尺度化转换，估算出崇明东滩湿地典型植被净初级生产力。模型简单可行，精度较高，可为快速定量评估湿地植被碳贡献及碳储量提供依据     

鄱阳湖典型湿地沉水植物的分布格局及其水环境影响因子

沉水植物是湖泊湿地生态系统中关键组分,调查研究沉水植物分布格局及其水环境影响因子,对于沉水植被的恢复与重建具有重要的指导意义。2013年5月初期分别对鄱阳湖典型湿地区域中有沉水植物的25个样地进行群落结构调查,采用系统取样方法对沉水植物进行调查采样并监测水环境因子,在野外调查的基础上运用GIS软件制作鄱阳湖典型区域沉水植物的生物量分布图,并采用主成分分析(PCA)和典范对应分析(CCA)方法分析其主要影响因子。结果表明:鄱阳湖湿地沉水植物以苦草(Vallisneria natans)为广布种,其中蚌湖及白沙湖以黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)为优势种,白沙洲及乐安河龙口段以苦草为优势种,伴生种主要有金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)、马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)、菹草(P.crispus)、小茨藻(Najas minor)、大茨藻(N.marina)、刺苦草(V.spinulosa)和水车前(Ottelia alismoides)等。采用双向指示种分析法将研究区沉水植物分为6个群落;5月初大部分沉水植物尚处于生长季初期,生物量相对较低,仅菹草的生物量较大;沉水植物与浮叶植物共存现象明显。主成分分析(PCA)结果显示,第一主成分中水深、总磷和溶解氧等因子的系数值较大,第二主成分中pH值、化学需氧量和水体透明度等因子的系数值较大,是影响沉水植物分布的关键因子;典范对应分析(CCA)结果显示,水深、总磷和总氮对苦草和黑藻的影响显著,水体透明度是马来眼子菜的主要影响因子。     

筑坝蓄水过程对高原湿地拉市海湖滨植被的影响

选择滇西北高原湿地拉市海湿地湖滨作为研究区域，采用传统的野外植被调查和定位观测相结合的方法对该区域植被特征、分布格局及受筑坝蓄水过程的影响进行分析和研究。结果表明：研究区共有维管束植物97种，隶属于34科76属，可划分为2个植被类型，3个植被亚型，10个群落类型；拉市海筑坝蓄水过程对研究区植物群落分布格局和组成结构产生明显的影响，草甸植被、沼泽植被和湖泊水生植被占研究区面积比重分别从2009年的4454%、1869%和3676%变为2011年的3259%、1368%和5359%，草甸植被和沼泽植被的面积不断缩小，湖泊水生植被面积持续扩大，狗牙根〖WTBX〗（Cynodon dactylon）逐渐取代蒿属（Artemisia）〖WTBZ〗植物在草甸植被中的优势地位，而李氏禾群落（Com.Leersia hexandra）成为了研究区湖滨带水生植物的主要成分；研究区植被在筑坝蓄水过程的胁迫下呈草甸植被（杂草群落、狗牙根群落Com.Cynodon dactylon），沼泽植被（葱状灯心草群落Com.Juncus allioides、菖蒲群落Com.Acorus calamus、刚毛荸荠群落Com.Eleocharis vallcculosa、水蓼群落Com.Polygonum hydropiper），湖泊水生植被（李氏禾群落Com.Leersia hexandra、两栖蓼群落Com.Polygonum amphibium、满江红群落Com.Azolla imbricata、鸭子草 穗状狐尾藻群落Com.Potamogeton distinctus Myriophyllum spicatum）的演替格局；拉市海植物群落受筑坝蓄水过程影响发生的逆向演替，从理论上延长了湿地的服务年限，但蓄水过程对鱼类的生存和繁殖、越冬水禽的生境及整个湿地生态系统结构和功能的影响是长期的，还有待深入的研究     

长江中游低山丘陵区乡村聚落植物群落调查与分析

2021年3～11月对长江中游低山丘陵区(宜都市)乡村聚落植物进行深入调查，共鉴定出植物171种69科147属，采用植物区系和频度指数分析该地区植物群落组成特征；针对乡村聚落不同生境类型分别进行调查，分析归纳出12种配置模式。结果表明：科级区系分布以热带分布为主，其中泛热带分布共35科，占总科数20.7%;属的分布区类型以泛热带和北温带分布为主，分别为29属和28属，占该地区总属数的19.7%和19%;科、属的区系组成具有热带向温带过渡的性质；优势科为菊科、蔷薇科、禾本科；出现频度较高的乡土树种依次为复羽叶栾树、构树、枫香树等。在此基础上，针对该地区生态环境建设中乡村聚落植物树种选择与群落构建，从物种保护、生境维护、生态修复等方面提出合理化建议，为长江中游低山丘陵区乡村生态环境整治工作提供借鉴。     

陕南化龙山珍稀濒危植物的保护和利用

化龙山是大巴山系在川陕境内的最高山峰,海拔２９１７．２ｍ,植物资源丰富,有野生维管植物１９７７种,隶属１８６科８１５属。化龙山是陕西省珍稀濒危植物资源最丰富的地区,共有国家保护的珍稀濒危植物２２科３０属３３种,其中属一级保护１种,二级保护１１种,三级保护２１种,属濒危２种,稀有１４各,渐危１７种,珍稀濒危植物古老成分较多,并以第三纪孑遗成分为主单少型属和中国特有属分别是１６属和１０属。这些珍稀濒危     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

A general approach to transform a lake model for one radionuclide (radiocesium) to another (radiostrontium) and critical model tests using data for four Ural lakes contaminated by the fallout from the Kyshtym accident in 1957

This paper presents results of a model test carried out within the framework of the COMETES project (EU). The aim of the work was to change the structure of the MOIRA lake model for radiocesium so that it can be applied more generally for, in principle, all types of radionuclides and heavy metals. This general lake model is used within the MOIRA decision support system (DSS; MOIRA and COMETES are acronyms for EU-projects). The model is based on a set of differential equations and a specific modelling structure. It incorporates all important fluxes to, from and within lakes in a general manner. Yet the model is driven by a minimum of variables accessible from standard maps and monitoring programs. The model can be separated into two parts, a general part with equations applicable for all types of water pollutants and a substance-specific part. This model has previously been validated for 137Cs from many lakes covering a wide domain and yielded excellent predictive power. The alterations discussed in this work are meant to be general and radiostrontium is used as a typical element. Radiostrontium is known to be more mobile than radiocesium and all abiotic parts of the model handling fixation and mobility have been altered. The new model for 90Sr has been critically tested using data from four lakes heavily contaminated with 90Sr from the Kyshtym accident in the Southern Urals, Russia, using empirical data from a period from 1958 to 1995 for 90Sr in fish (here goldfish), water and sediments.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Dynamics of Restoration Processes in the Idle Solonetz Ecosystems in the Southern Transural Region

The initial period of idleness in the solonetz ecosystems of the southern Transural Region is characterized by a significant variability of their soil–plant communities, which is determined by natural periodicity and general direction of the process of ecosystem restoration. Selective consumption of salinizing ions by the plants growing on idle land activates the development of desalinization processes.