土地财政与城市用地规模关系地域差异研究

研究土地财政与城市用地规模关系地域差异,对于优化二者关系、制定城市进程中差别化的土地财政转型政策具有重要意义。以土地财政为城市用地扩张提供资源与资金支持切入点,论述二者之间相互影响作用的系统机理,测算31省(市)二者耦合协调度,经济发达省(市)二者耦合元素相互作用、影响程度强,耦合协调度呈献出与经济发展水平相趋同地域规律。结合"聚类分析"方法将31省(市)的二者关系划分为"高度、中度、勉强、低度"协调状态的4类地域。从经济水平、国家发展战略、土地财政规模及对地方财政贡献率、土地价格与城市建成区规模及承载城市人口密度、二三产业产值,分析土地财政与城市用地规模关系存在区域差异的原因。针对不同地域,提出优化土地财政与城市用地规模关系、推动土地财政转型的政策建议。     

中国东中西部地区土地财政差异性研究

中国土地财政问题不断加剧,官员晋升锦标赛与地方财政缺口是主要原因,东中西部地区土地财政差异性较大。选取2004-2011年31省面板数据,利用SPSS软件将土地财政划分为:前期、发展期、较旺盛期、旺盛期与后期,通过固定效应模型分析东中西部地区土地财政与城市化、第二三产业关系发现:在短期全国范围内,城市化率、第三产业产值与土地财政关系为正,并提出要改革财税、土地与官员晋升制度,控制好土地财政风险。     

土地供应绩效评估及影响因素的实证研究

本文选取土地出让面积、划拨面积、农用地转用面积、土地征收面积、土地违法面积、固定资产投资作为输入指标,以土地出让收入、地均GDP、第二产业增加值、第三产业增加值、人均住房面积、人均绿地面积作为输出指标,在DEA-Tobit两阶段分析框架下研究了2002-2011年我国30个省(市、区)的土地供应绩效,并对其影响因素进行了实证研究。研究结果表明,我国土地供应综合技术效率平均值整体上呈逐年下降趋势,纯技术效率低下是造成土地供应绩效降低的主要原因;各省份之间土地供应绩效差异显著,东部地区较高,西部地区次之,中部地区较低;除了北京、天津、上海、江苏、山东、广东、海南、青海、宁夏等9个省(市、区)处于规模报酬不变阶段,贵州、云南、甘肃和新疆处于规模报酬递增阶段,大部分省市都处于规模报酬递减阶段。地区产业结构、城镇化水平及地方土地管理部门对于土地违法的查处力度对土地供应绩效具有显著的正向影响,而经济发展水平与土地督察虚拟变量对土地供应绩效具有负向影响。最后提出了构建土地供应引领地方产业转型升级与城市用地结构优化配置的良性互动机制、进一步深化征地补偿制度改革、加大非法供地环节的打击力度、完善城镇化健康有序发展机制等政策建议。     

土地市场发展对土地集约利用的影响

该文在分析土地市场发展与土地集约利用关系的基础上,构建计量模型,运用我国31省(市、区)2001 - 2008年的面板数据,估算土地市场发育对土地集约利用的作用方向和程度.分析结果表明,总体上全国土地市场发展对土地集约利用有着显著的正向促进作用,在2001-2008年间,我国土地市场化水平每提高1个百分点,土地集约利用水平就能提升1.276 5亿元/Km2.进一步地将我国31省(市、区)划分为工业化初期、中期、成熟期和后期4个阶段,不同发展阶段的省(市、区)土地市场化对土地集约利用水平的作用程度和作用方向有着较大差别.工业化初期阶段省(市、区)的土地市场发展对土地集约利用的弹性系数最高；工业化中期、成熟期阶段的省(市、区),土地市场发展对土地集约利用的促进作用显著,应进一步强化土地资源的市场化配置；工业化后期的北京、上海、天津土地市场化对土地集约利用的弹性系数小于零,说明体现土地资源、资产属性的土地市场发展到一定程度后,应更加重视土地对经济发展的宏观调控属性.     

地方政府土地违法:财政激励还是引资激励?

地方政府的土地利用行为及动机是理解我国土地违法问题的关键。现有研究重点关注了地方政府土地违法的财政激励而忽视了引资激励,无法解释地方土地违法中涉及大量工业用地的现象。本文立足现行的分税制及官员晋升考核体制,从理论上分析了财政激励和引资激励对地方政府土地违法行为的影响及其差异,并据此提出研究假说:(1)财政激励和引资激励都是地方政府土地违法的重要驱动因素。(2)地方政府在土地财政和土地引资上的目的不同导致二者的违法收益及风险存在差异,这使得引资激励的驱动作用可能更强。然后,基于2008—2014年的省际面板数据,构建计量模型对研究假说进行了实证检验,结果表明:在全国层面,财政激励和引资激励都对地方政府的土地违法行为存在显著正向影响,且后者的作用更强。在东、中、西部的区域层面,东、中部地区的土地违法主要受引资激励影响,财政激励的作用并不显著;而西部地区的土地违法则受财政激励和引资激励的共同影响,且后者的作用更强。这一结果意味着,相对于财政激励,引资激励是驱使地方政府土地违法的更重要因素。由此,在土地违法问题的治理上,除了针对地方政府面临的财政激励进行财政体制改革,更重要的是针对引资激励开展官员绩效考核改革。     

不同类型土地财政收入与城市扩张关系分析——基于省际面板数据的协整分析

土地财政收入是城市土地扩张的重要影响因素,但是仅以土地出让金等同于土地财政考察这种影响是不全面的,土地税也是土地财政收入的重要内容。本文将土地财政分为土地出让金和土地税两部分,在当前财政和城市土地管理制度框架内分别分析了土地出让金、土地税对城市扩张的影响,提出了两个研究假说:1在现行财政和土地制度安排下,土地出让金会显著推动城市扩张;2与土地出让金相反,土地税的增长可以遏制城市扩张。进而依据30个省级行政区2000-2011年的土地出让金、土地税与城市建成区面积数据,运用面板协整计量方法对研究假说进行了检验。结果表明:1土地出让金、土地税两类土地财政收入对城市土地扩张的影响是不同的;2全国层面及东部、西部地区的数据表明,土地出让金收入的增长会显著推动城市土地扩张;3无论是在全国层面还是东、中、西部层面,目前我国征收的5种土地税均未发挥遏制城市土地扩张的作用。据此,应该通过完善现有土地税种、开征物业税,改革土地出让制度、加强土地收益管理,改革财政体系、缩小地方财政缺口等政策实现土地税对土地出让金的替代,最终实现城市土地的有效管控。另外,在东、中、西3大区域应实行差别化政策,有序实现土地税替代土地出让金。     

资源枯竭型城市土地财政的成因及其影响研究——以河南省焦作市为例

资源枯竭型城市土地财政的成因和影响与一般城市相比,既有相同之处,也有不同之处。焦作市作为一个典型的资源枯竭型城市,近年来,该市土地财政规模及其占比均呈快速扩张之势,土地出让金逐渐成为是土地财政的主体,并以城市土地使用权作抵押获得大量的借贷收入;焦作市土地财政产生的原因既有内部因素,也有外部因素。该市煤炭资源濒临枯竭造成大量煤矿关闭和大部分骨干企业经济效益下滑导致地方税收入不足是土地财政产生的内部原因,而分税制改革和所得税分享改革、地方政府独享土地出让收益和政治集权则是土地财政产生的外部原因;土地财政对该市社会经济发展的影响是正负面交织在一起。土地财政在促进焦作市经济增长(贡献系数为18.89%)和加快城市化进程的同时,推高了该市的房价,增加了银行抵押风险。     

省域农地城市流转规模及其影响因素作用的空间异质性研究

作为城镇化过程中土地资源配置的必然过程,大规模的农地城市流转会给耕地保护和土地资源的可持续利用带来巨大压力。研究农地城市流转规模及其影响因素作用程度的空间异质性对于揭示农地城市流转的复杂性,进而采取差别化的、有针对性的管制措施控制农地城市流转规模具有重要意义。鉴于此,本文在阐释中国大陆31个省(自治区、直辖市)农地城市流转规模在经度、纬度方向上的变化规律的基础上,运用全域及局域自相关模型分析了省域尺度上中国农地城市流转规模的空间异质性,继而进一步采用地理加权回归模型揭示了省域农地城市流转规模各影响因素作用程度的空间异质性,结果表明:(1)31个省(自治区、直辖市)的农地城市流转规模在水平方向上自西向东呈稳定上升趋势,纬度方向上在中国中部省份达到最高值并分别向南北两个方向省份逐渐下降,呈现倒"U"型。(2)全国范围内省域农地城市流转规模呈现出一定程度的空间关联特征,省域农地城市流转规模的局部自相关随区域而变化,体现出空间异质性。(3)全社会固定资产投资额、居民人均可支配收入、年初耕地面积、第三产业比重四个因素影响省域农地城市流转规模,且影响程度随空间位置不同而变化,除全社会固定资产投资对省域农地城市流转规模的影响程度在全国范围内空间分布较均匀外,其他三个因素的影响程度呈现较大的空间异质性。因此,应在充分考虑空间异质性的基础上,通过提高规划方案或管制措施的差异性和针对性实现对农地城市流转规模的有效管制。     

自然灾害财政成本估算：基于面板数据的PVAR实证

自然灾害的发生往往导致财政支出增加和财政收入减少,是影响国家财政收支平衡的一个不容忽略的因素,自然灾害对财政收支的影响尚缺乏深入的理论阐释和基于实证数据的检验。依据1990—2018年中国31省份省际面板数据建立面板向量自回归(PVAR)模型,量化自然灾害的财政成本,并考察了自然灾害对财政支出和收入的动态影响机制。进一步分析中,运用可解决门槛变量内生性问题的动态面板门槛模型探究了政府应急财政支出的最优规模。研究表明:(1)总体来看,平均每年自然灾害造成的财政成本为1.119%,自然灾害对财政支出具有滞后正向效应,对财政收入具有滞后负向效应。(2)自然灾害财政成本具有区域异质性。具体而言,平均每年东北地区财政成本为0.89%,东部地区财政成本为-2.63%,中部地区财政成本为1.4%,西部地区财政成本为2.75%。(3)进一步分析得出,政府自然灾害应急财政支出最优规模为0.095%。分经济区域来看,除东部地区门槛效应不显著外,东北、中部和西部地区政府应急财政支出最优规模分别为0.0903%、0.108%和0.196%,远低于自然灾害财政成本,需要探寻放大应急财政资金规模的融资工具。据此,从建立自然灾害基金制度,因地制宜搭建自然灾害财政成本风险融资工具框架,构建融入保险机制的新型灾害风险管理体系等方面提出相关政策建议,以期为政府改进公共服务、创新政府管理、推进我国应急管理体系和能力现代化提供支撑。     

土地流转与农民收入变化研究

土地流转作为我国农村土地制度改革的重点受到了广泛的关注,但土地流转能否显著增加农民收入,达到改善农村内部收入差距的目的,现有研究并未得到一致结论。本文在文献回顾和总结的基础上,依据中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据,运用倾向值匹配(PSM)方法和基于回归的夏普里值分解(Shapley Value)方法,从收入水平和收入差距两个维度实证分析土地流转对农民收入的影响。研究结果表明:(1)参与土地流转能够显著提高农户家庭收入水平。土地流转使转入户家庭人均总收入和农业收入显著提高18.18%和72.46%,并且大规模转入的农户人均总收入的增加程度显著高于小规模转入农户,说明土地流转存在规模效应。土地流转对转出户的收入水平没有显著影响,可能的原因一方面由于土地流转市场发育不完善,没有显化租金;另一方面劳动力转移先于土地流转,使土地流转对农户家庭劳动力的释放作用不显著。(2)土地流转对农村内部收入差距的贡献度为4.19%,排名第五,表明土地流转不是造成农村内部收入差距拉大的主要原因。人力资本和村庄特征对农村内部收入差距影响较大。根据研究结论提出三点政策建议:第一,通过完善农地流转市场,稳定土地租金水平,使转出户获得合理的租金收入;第二,促进农地适度规模经营,提高转入户农业经营收入,缩小农户与非农经营户之间的收入差距;第三,提高农户就业竞争力,促进劳动力转移,增加转出户非农务工收入。     

Cs in a raised bog in central Sweden

The vertical distribution of ¹³⁷Cs activity in peat soil profiles and ¹³⁷Cs activity concentration in plants of various species was studied in samples collected at two sites on a raised bog in central Sweden. One site (open bog) was in an area with no trees and only a few sparsely growing plant species, while the other (low pine) was less than 100 m from the open bog site and had slowly growing Scots pine, a field layer dominated by some ericaceous plants and ground well-covered by plants. The plant samples were collected in 2004–2007 and were compared with samples collected in 1989 from the same open bog and low pine sites. Ground deposition of ¹³⁷Cs in 2005 was similar at both sites, 23?000 Bq m⁻². In the open bog peat profile it seems to be an upward transport of caesium since a clear peak of ¹³⁷Cs activity was found in the uppermost 1–4 cm of Sphagnum layers, whereas at the low pine site ¹³⁷Cs was mainly found in deeper (10–12 cm) layers. The migration rate was 0.57 cm yr⁻¹ at the open bog site and the migration centre of ¹³⁷Cs was at a depth of 10.7, while the rate at the low pine site was 0.78 cm yr⁻¹ and the migration centre was at 14.9 cm. Heather (Calluna vulgaris) was the plant species with the highest ¹³⁷Cs activity concentrations at both sites, 43.5 k Bq⁻¹ DM in 1989 decreasing to 20.4 in 2004–2007 on open bog and 22.3 k Bq kg⁻¹ DM in 1989 decreasing to 11.2 k Bq⁻¹ DM by the period 2004–2007 on the low pine site. ¹³⁷Cs transfer factors in plants varied between 0.88 and 1.35 on the open bog and between 0.48 and 0.69 m² kg⁻¹ DM at the low pine site.     

流域土地利用变化的水质响应研究进展

探讨流域土地利用变化的水质响应,有利于从源头上控制水污染。不同学者在多种边界条件下研究了流域土地利用变化的水质响应,发现流域土地利用变化是造成河流水质发生变化的重要原因。根据是否可以将土地利用活动概化为点状,流域土地利用变化的水质响应研究可分为点状土地利用的水质响应和非点状土地利用的水质响应。准确边界土地利用的水质响应一般是研究流域土地利用空间特征和土地利用结构与水质变化的关系。对于用全流域尺度还是用缓冲区的尺度分析土地利用的水质响应更准确仍存在争论。水域边缘几何形状影响了土地利用与水质的关系。     

Formaldehyde in conventional homes in Taiwan

A survey was conducted in the humid environment of Taipei City during April and May of 1991, to investigate the indoor formaldehyde exposure and its health effects on 117 conventional households. The levels of formaldehyde were measured by the pararosaniline method. The details regarding construction, ventilation, combustion of fuel, burning of Chinese incense, and the complaints concerning the respiratory system were obtained by a questionnaire. The results show that the age of the pressed wood used in furniture and indoor decoration, the ventilation rate, the combustion of fuel, and the burning of Chinese incense significantly affect the levels of formaldehyde. The respiratory complaints found in this study were concluded here to be only partially accounted for by exposure to formaldehyde.     

Present status of Rn in groundwater in Extremadura

Radon-222 was measured in groundwater sources of Extremadura (Spain), analyzing 350 samples from private and public springs, wells, and spas by liquid scintillation counting (LSC) and gamma spectrometry. The ²²²Rn activity concentrations ranged from 0.24 to 1168 Bq L⁻¹. The statistical analysis showed a log-normal distribution with a mean of (111 ± 7) Bq L⁻¹ and a median of (36 ± 3) Bq L⁻¹. A hydrogeological study revealed correlations between the activity concentration and the aquifer material's characteristics. A map of ²²²Rn in groundwater was elaborated and compared with the natural gamma radiation map for this region. About 35% of the samples showed ²²²Rn activity concentrations above the Euratom recommended limit of 100 Bq L⁻¹. Three uranium series radionuclides (²³⁸U, ²³⁴U, and ²²⁶Ra) were also assayed by alpha-particle spectrometry, estimating the annual effective dose due to the presence of these natural radionuclides in drinking water.     

Reuse of mining wastewater in agricultural activities in Jordan

A pilot study was completed in the Al-Abyad area near phosphate mining activity in Jordan. Six plots of 50 m² each were planted with two types of plant species (Zea mays spp. and Medicago lupulina spp.) and irrigated using three types of water (fresh groundwater, mine wastewater, and hydride water consisting of 50% fresh and 50% mine wastewater) to investigate the suitability of utilizing mine wastewater for food production in the area. Water, soil and plant sampling was completed for each plot over different time intervals and analyzed for heavy metal (Cr⁺⁶, Ni⁺², Zn⁺² and Pb⁺²) in addition to major ionic composition of the water used for irrigation. Crop yield was estimated at the end of the experiment. Plots irrigated with mine wastewater showed slightly higher heavy metals concentrations and soil salinity during the experiment period was higher for plots irrigated with mine wastewater compared to plots irrigated with fresh water, and it was uniform through the upper 45 cm of the soil profile due to the high amount of irrigation water used during the experiment. Crop yield was inversely proportional to salinity as an increase of salinity by 2-folds resulted in reducing yield by almost 50%. However, no risk of heavy metals contamination was found in plants and soil. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

Evaluation of Urban Sustainability in Specific Sectors in Latvia

In Latvia, the concept of sustainability is only slowly gaining recognition. An analysis of Development Plans prepared by the four largest cities of Latvia indicates that sustainability is presented as one of the guiding principles. However, a comparison of Development Plan policies against the urban sustainability issues reveals a great deal of ambiguity and contradiction.At the municipal level, planners and politicians lack indicators to gauge whether the long-term goals of Development Plans and the principles of sustainable development are being achieved. As a consequence, the broad public is deprived of the opportunity to assess for itself the process of development in relation to Development Plan policies, thus limiting accountability in development decision-making. Relevant statistical data collected on a regular basis are required to create sustainability indicators reflecting sustainability issues, to supplement and replace existing statistical compilations pertaining almost exclusively to economic growth and consumption. Development and utilisation of sustainability indicators can be an effective instrument for promoting the values of sustainable development amongst politicians, planners and the broad public and for enhancing accountability in decision-making.     

Natural radionuclides in bottled water in Austria

Concentration levels of 226Ra, 222Rn and 210Pb were analyzed in domestic bottled waters commercially available in Austria. Concentrations up to 0.23 Bq/l, with a geometric mean of 0.041 Bq/l were found for 226Ra. Concentrations for 222Rn ranged from <0.12-18 Bq/l, the geometric mean being 0.54 Bq/l. Lead-210 was analyzed in selected samples, the concentrations ranging from <2 to 34 mBq/l, with a geometric mean of 4.7 mBq/l. Ingestion doses resulting from consumption of these waters were calculated for the geometric mean and the maximum concentrations of the three radionuclides. The effective dose equivalents for different age groups of the population due to the intake of 226Ra range from 0.001 to 0.22 mSv/y and of 210Pb from 0.0003 to 0.05 mSv/y. Ingestion doses from 222Rn are low compared to those from 226Ra and 210Pb, ranging from 0.0001 to 0.011 mSv/y for adults and children, respectively. The doses are compared to the total ingestion dose from dietary intake of natural radionuclides on an annual basis.     

Precipitation-driven decrease in wildfires in British Columbia

Trends of summer precipitation and summer temperature and their influence on trends in summer drought and area burned in British Columbia (BC) were investigated for the period 1920–2000. The complexity imposed by topography was taken into account by incorporating high spatial resolution climate and fire data. Considerable regional variation in trends and in climate–fire relationships was observed. A weak but significant increase in summer temperature was detected in northeastern and coastal BC, whereas summer precipitation increased significantly in all regions—by up to 45.9 %. A significant decrease in province-wide area burned and at the level of sub-units was strongly related to increasing precipitation, more so than to changing temperature or drought severity. A stronger dependence of area burned on precipitation, a variable difficult to predict, implies that projected changes in future area burned in this region may yield higher uncertainties than in regions where temperature is predominantly the limiting factor for fire activity. We argue that analyses of fire–climate relationships must be undertaken at a sufficiently high resolution such that spatial variability in limiting factors on area burned like precipitation, temperature, and drought is captured within units.     

Radon concentrations in a spa in Serbia

The paper presents the results of indoor radon concentration survey in 201 homes and offices in Niska Banja (the Spa of Nis), a well-known health resort and a spa in the South-East of Serbia. Radon indoor concentrations were determined by active charcoal method, according to standard EPA procedure. The indoor radon concentrations were in the range of up to 200 Bq/m(3) (47%), from 200-600 Bq/m(3) (26%) and over 600 Bq/m(3) (27%). Three areas of extremely high average radon concentrations were found (1,340-4,340 Bq/m(3)), with a maximum above 13,000 Bq/m(3). The content of natural radionuclides ((226)Ra, (214)Pb, (214)Bi, (235)U, (228)Ac, (212)Pb, (212)Bi, (208)Tl, (40)K) and (137)Cs, as well as the content of total uranium, thorium and potassium in mud used in peloidotherapy in the Health Institute "Niska Banja" was determined, too. The activities of the radionuclides were determined on an HPGe detector, by standard gamma spectroscopy. The results indicated considerably high amounts of total uranium and thorium (0.021 g/kg mud and 0.003 g/kg mud, respectively), due to the karsts origin of the soil.