全面放开二孩政策背景下人口增长对资源环境的影响和需求分析

2015年底,我国全面放开了二孩政策,势必对我国的人口总量和增长态势产生深刻影响,进而影响我国的资源需求和环境压力。在采用队列元素法预测全面放开二孩后我国总人口及各省(市、自治区)人口的基础上,运用城乡人口比增长法预测未来城镇化水平,本文依据这两种预测结果系统探讨人口政策变动对我国资源消费、环境污染的定量预测和具体影响。假定未来的人均资源环境消耗量保持现状不变,按照预测的未来人口总量和增量,得出人口增长对我国资源环境的需求变动。通过计算新增的资源环境需求量,对比需求总量与我国的资源环境供给能力,进一步分析人口增长对资源环境各方面的压力大小。研究发现:全面放开二孩政策后,我国的粮食、生活用能源、生活用水、城乡建设用地的需求量和生活污染物排放量均逐年递增,但变化速率有所差异。为满足未来人口增长所产生的需求,粮食和能源的自给率明显降低,未来将需要更多地依赖进口。全国的供水能力和保障水平急需提高,其中北京、河南、江苏、青海、四川的现状供水能力与未来生活用水需求差距较大。各省建设用地需求差异明显,吉林、湖北、山东、四川、江苏、湖南、新疆、广东、黑龙江、贵州等省市的城市建设用地新增需求量将快速释放,但已有的建设用地储备无法满足预测需求。生活污染物的治理压力加大,环境保护与治理能力应该继续加强。     

Prioritization of Sustainable Groundwater Management Needs: The Case of the Israel's Stressed Coastal Aquifer

On-going population growth and resulting domestic demand for water require rapid and effective decision-making as regards groundwater management and control of the various sources of salinization and pollution in Coastal aquifers. Sustainability of water resources for utilization by future generations must therefore be a high priority, not only for the purpose of fulfilling needs for water usage but also for bringing people into harmony with their ambient natural environment.The objective of this paper is to propose an empirical approach for prioritization of the needs involved for sustainable aquifer management. The approach involves a schematic format to:(1) develop a global understanding of an aquifer's hydrological and environmental properties in order to delineate appropriate eco-hydrological scenarios and recommend corresponding operational management activities; and(2) emphasize the importance of educating and increasing the awareness of the population involved as to the need for and viability of socially acceptable measures for sustainable management of groundwater and other resources.The psychologist Abraham Maslow utilized a pyramid to illustrate that until people's most basic needs were fulfilled, higher levels of needs would remain irrelevant. This paper postulates a comparable pyramid prioritizing hydrological needs required for progressing towards sustainable groundwater resources. Two sub-regions of Israel's Coastal aquifer in the Sharon region have been presented as representative areas, each characterized by different stress of exploitation. In assessing these sub-regions situation, specific measures have been recommended for achieving and/or maintaining sustainable groundwater resources in light of the ambient environment, and the level of the population on the pyramidal hierarchy of groundwater needs.     

人口增长、收入水平与城市环境

伴随着我国城镇化进程的不断加快,城市环境污染问题备受关注。本文以城镇居民生活垃圾污染行为为起点,通过比较居民与政府目标函数,首先从理论上做出判断,城镇人口数量增加以及居民生活质量提高均会导致城市生活垃圾数量增长,从而对城市环境产生影响。随后,进一步采取Panel data的分析方法,以我国2004-2008年省级面板数据为样本,从城市生活垃圾污染的角度对我国城镇人口增长、居民收入水平与城市环境间的关系进行计量检验。结果显示:我国城市生活垃圾产生数量分别与城镇人口增长、居民收入水平间存在着长期正向协整关系,即在我国城镇化水平和居民生活质量不断提升的背景下,城市生活垃圾数量的增长以及对城市环境的污染存在着内在必然性;另外,我国城市生活垃圾数量的自发增长对平均增长的偏离逐年下降,可见,存在政策、制度、行为等外生因素抑制我国城市生活垃圾数量的增长。最后,文章从生活垃圾控制和处理的角度,就改善我国城市环境和促进城市环境可持续发展提出了简要的政策建议。     

基于复杂系统建模的水管理政策研究进展

基于Agent的建模方法（ABSS）通过自下而上的方式，考察系统中主体的不同状态和行为特征、主体与环境的作用、主体之间的作用，来表征系统的宏观特征，是进行复杂社会环境系统分析和政策研究的重要手段，在水资源、水环境管理系统中得到了有效的应用。本文在大量文献调研的基础上，讨论了ABSS建模方法的基本原理、主要特征、系统构成、分类方法和开发工具等特征，总结了其供水系统发展、水资源分配和流域水资源管理、农业土地和水资源利用、居民用水行为、农业污染控制及人类活动的水环境影响等方面的应用，分析了其在研究内容、研究方法、研究结果等方面的发展趋势，讨论了利用该方法研究我国水资源管理和水污染控制政策的必要性和重要性。     

新农保扩大内需的实证分析

新农保制度是新推出保障农村老年居民基本生活为目标的社会政策,为评估新农保对扩大内需的作用,运用湖北省50个县域经济数据,遵循有效性和简约性的变量筛选原则,选取GDP为控制变量,构建倍差法模型,采用固定效应估计,发现新农保有扩大内需的显著效应。根据扩大内需的内在机制,这一实证结果表明:农民对新农保制度有较好的预期与较大的信心,即新农保制度增强了农民的安全感;农民具有一定的缴费能力,即新农保没有挤出消费;中国农村存在较为普遍的谨慎防备的消费心理,即安全感的增强提振了农民的消费;新农保缩小了收入差距,即新农保扩大了边际消费。新农保扩大内需的效应说明经济政策与社会政策、公平与效率在中国当前可以统一,为保持经济健康可持续发展,中国应逐步摆脱过分强调经济建设和经济政策的发展战略,逐渐转到更加重视社会建设和社会政策的发展轨道上来。但新农保扩大内需的效果没有在整体经济中充分凸显出来,因此需要进一步地扩大新农保覆盖面。     

我国人口资源与食物问题

人口增多,耕地减少,部分地区供水不足,是我国人口与资源矛盾的基本格局。由于人口的压力,对资源实行超强度的利用,使较大范围的地区生态环境恶化,严重威胁农业生产,并成为许多地区多灾、低产、贫困的根本原因,较低的食物人均占有水平,将继续成为中国国民经济发展和人民生活水平提高的严重限制因素。增加食物,必须挖掘资源的潜力,开源与节流相结合,以内涵挖潜为主。首先是要立足现有的耕地,致力于提高单产;同时,合理开发水域、山地、草地等资源,广辟食物来源,提高非耕地资源的生产力,提高林牧渔业的发展水平。耕地应以深度开发为主,走资源节约型(节地、节水、节时、节能)的集约化道路。     

“长江经济带”战略背景下武汉城市水环境承载力综合评价

为揭示长江经济带战略背景下武汉城市水环境承载力的演化特征，理解长江经济带建设过程中武汉城市水环境的承载基础，从水资源环境、水污染控制和社会经济承载3个子系统来构建城市水环境承载力指标体系，采用结构熵权法和均方差决策法进行主客观联合赋权，对长江经济带战略下的武汉城市水环境承载背景进行研究。研究结果表明：（1）2004~2013年武汉城市水资源、环境与社会经济的发展协调性较好，城市水环境承载力综合值呈上升态势，具有较好的水环境承载基础；（2）水资源环境和水污染控制两个子系统在武汉城市水环境承载力中贡献较大；（3）长江经济带建设背景下水污染控制是提升武汉水环境承载力的关键，未来控制城市生活污水、加强城市环保基础设施的建设和管理是武汉城市水环境管理的重中之重     

农村水环境保护与经济可持续发展

我国的生态环境问题 ,如水土流失、草场退化、沙漠化、盐渍化等问题 ,归根到底还是农村水环境问题。本文分析了农村水环境保护、高效利用水资源的紧迫性 ,以及影响农村生态系统可持续性的因素和保护、改善农村水环境的主要措施 ;认为加强农村水环境保护及其持续发展能力的建设是我国整个社会特别是农村经济可持续发展的基本保障     

Population dynamics,rural livelihoods and environmental degradation: some experiences from Tanzania

Population growth and environmental degradation are closely linked. Increasing population has in many rural areas of Tanzania contributed to changes in land use/cover patterns, land fragmentation and livelihood insecurity. Increasing demand for food, energy and other environmental services has contributed to expansion of agriculture, including marginal areas, and deforestation often leading to environmental degradation. Increased reliance on natural resources for rural livelihoods, subsistence nature of the agricultural sector and limited economic opportunities in rural areas are among the factors leading to rural–rural and rural–urban migrations searching for better livelihood opportunities. The high urban demand for food and biomass energy from rural areas has also contributed to rural deforestation and overall environmental degradation. This paper addresses the linkages between population and environmental degradation in Tanzania. It argues that effective implementation of development and resources management policies can lead to environmental sustainability even with growing populations. It provides evidence from successful land management interventions such as HADO, HASHI and SECAP, which support the argument that with effective implementation of resource management initiatives even larger populations can be supported by the available resources. Such successful interventions ought to be emulated elsewhere with similar environmental problems.     

A Simple Discussion on the Supply and Demand of Water Resources in the Western Region of China

We are accustomed to solve the problem of the water scarcity in the western region by the thought of increasing the effective supply of water to meet the needs of Go-west Campaign. After introducing the dynamic equilibrium principle on supply and demand in economy, we find that we should solve the problem of the water scarcity in the western region through reducing total demand to achieve the dynamic equilibrium of supply and demand. Finally water resources in the western region can be enlarged by an accumulated way.     

Quantifying and managing food-sourced nutrient metabolism in Chinese cities

Food supply and consumption are critical for sustaining urban system functions, and are key determinants of the quantity and pathways of nutrient flow in cities. Nutrient elements from urban food consumption are becoming major pollutant sources in urban environments. Therefore, understanding flow magnitude and pathways, the role of a growing population, and changing dietary structure and technology in future nutrient metabolism are essential to understand cities as ecosystems and urban environmental management. Taking the city of Xiamen, a rapid urbanizing area of Southeast China as a case study, we simulated urban metabolism of three major food-sourced nutrient elements (carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus or CNP) over 1991–2010 and environmental emissions. Impacts of future population growth, dietary habit change, and waste treatment improvement on various environments were forecast by scenario analysis. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to test how different waste treatment technologies affect environmental emissions from food-sourced nutrients. Our results show that the food-sourced CNP had various metabolic fluxes through urban systems, with carbon mostly emitted into the air and nitrogen and phosphorus mostly discharged into landfills and water. Population growth and dietary structure change will accelerate increases of nutrient emissions to the environment, whereas enhancing current waste treatment technology can just alter emissions to different environments. Based on the results, we discuss how food-sourced nutrient metabolism can be better managed, to enhance connectivity between cities and their hinterlands and maintain environmental emissions within the carrying capacity of the cities.     

中国城市矿产政策演化研究

城市矿产是工业化和城市化过程的产物,它是蕴藏于城市中有较高经济价值并可回收利用的二次资源,具有载能性、循环性、战略性。随着工业化、城镇化和消费持续升级,"垃圾围城"已然成为中国许多大中城市亟需解决的环境问题,严重阻碍中国的可持续发展。城市矿产变废为宝,能有效化解资源与环境双重约束。为此,中国政府先后出台一系列城市矿产产业政策以推动其快速发展。本文收集1987—2015年国家层面颁布的相关政策文件,在运用内容分析法对政策文本梳理、编码并统计计量的基础上,首先从颁布部门、数量、力度等方面对政策体系进行总体分析,然后构建并运用政策工具-政策作用环节两维度分析框架,探讨中国城市矿产政策体系的演化过程及发展特征。研究发现:(1)从政策发展历程分析,中国城市矿产政策体系经历了依附环境保护政策的孕育期、体系初建的形成期和效力深化的发展期。(2)从政策颁布维度分析,中国城市矿产政策颁布速度逐渐加快,力度逐渐增强,参与机构数量不断增多。(3)从政策工具维度分析,中国城市矿产政策体系以环境型政策为主,逐渐呈现出强化供给型政策的演化趋势。(4)从政策作用环节分析,中国城市矿产政策体系由重点关注回收、深加工环节向关注全产业链环节演变。最后,针对中国城市矿产政策体系演变特征与存在的不足,本文从以下三个方面提出了促进中国城市矿产产业发展的政策建议:一是加强部际联系,完善顶层设计;二是加强消费引导,完善需求型政策;三是立足产品全生命周期,健全产业政策体系。     

黄浦江上游地区水环境污染负荷特征

通过调查黄浦江上游地区的水环境污染来源、污染负荷及其特征，为管理部门控制污染、提高上游地区水环境质量提供科学依据。调查中了解到污染源种类主要有4类：工业、事业、生活和畜禽污染源；水源保护区内年用水量为22196万t．污水量为17755万t／a，其中工业污染源352个，排放量占46．3％，事业污染源4108个。排放量占22．3％，生活污水排放量占30．6％．畜禽污水排放量占0．8％；黄浦江上游水源保护区污染源排放去向主要分4种：直排河道（占40．4％），进入市政泵站后排出（占3．9％）。经污水处理厂处理后排出（占20．5％），通过合流污水收集系统排出（占35．3％）。根据黄浦江上游地区水环境污染负荷特征，建议黄浦江上游区域进一步调整和完善不同区域的功能定位，优化产业结构和布局，构建利于水源保护的区域发展模式和格局；通过采取污染控制和生态环境建设并重的一系列措施，有效抑制生态环境恶化趋势，促进黄浦江上游上游水环境质量的改善。确保上海市的饮用水安全。     

The association between rural–urban migration flows and urban air quality in China

In light of the rapid urbanization of the world’s population over the past decades, there is a growing concern about the environmental impacts of urban population growth. Rural–urban migration is a particularly important component of the urbanization process in developing countries and is often considered to be detrimental to urban environmental conditions. However, few studies have explicitly examined the presumed negative impacts of in-migration on the natural environment of cities. The continuously increasing volume of rural–urban labor migration in China since the early 1980s has formed the largest population flow in world history. This study links the existing literature on population–environment and urbanization–environment interactions by empirically assessing the relationship between rural–urban migration and urban air conditions in China. A two-period (2004 and 2010) longitudinal dataset for the 113 key environmental protection cities of China was constructed based on multiple data sources. We applied the STIRPAT equation using conventional and spatial panel regression models to examine whether rural–urban migration flows were associated with air pollution in cities. Results show a strong negative association of in-migration with urban air quality even after controlling for the effects of other population, affluence, and technology factors. Findings from this research can contribute to a better understanding of the environmental consequences of rural–urban migration in China, with broader implications for sustainable development research and policies.     

商洛市水资源供需分析及合理利用对策

随着人口增长和社会经济的发展，商洛市可利用的水资源已不能满足需水要求，供需矛盾更加尖锐。为了缓解商洛市水资源的供需紧张局面，在分析商洛市水资源开发利用程度的基础上，探讨了影响商洛市水资源开发的制约因素，主要包括供水工程供水能力不足、水污染严重及水资源利用效率低等原因，致使地区水资源不能有效地利用；以2005年为现状年，以2010和2020年为规划年，采用定额法对商洛市供需水量进行了预测，并对商洛市水资源进行了供需平衡分析，得出供水能力的不足是制约商洛市水资源供需平衡的关键；针对各制约因素，提出加快新修水源工程和供水工程建设、发展高效节水农业、建设节水城市及加大污水资源化等实现水资源供需平衡的有效对策，为商洛市的经济社会发展创造契机。     

农户经营行为对农村生态环境影响研究

农户生产经营行为关系到生产资源的合理利用与配置,影响到农村生态系统保护及其可持续发展。本研究以武汉城市圈及长株潭城市群内的650个农户为有效样本,分析了农户经营行为对农村生态环境及其五种表现形式的影响。结果表明:①劳动力投入行为中收入来源、家庭人均收入对农业面源污染有显著负面影响,家庭常住人口、家庭人均年收入对生活垃圾污染分别有显著正、负面影响;②农户文化程度越高,越能认识到农村生态环境污染问题;③经营规模越大,农业面源污染越严重,而对其它四类表现形式影响不显著;④农业投资力度越大,为提高产量而会造成越严重的农业面源污染及水质污染;⑤农户经营组织行为中,有机肥施用行为会造成农业面源污染,这些未施用的有机肥又会加剧生活垃圾污染,而且有机肥使用越多,农业面源污染及水质污染也就变弱。另外,参加技术培训会降低农业面源污染和水质污染。可见,农户经营行为更多地是在影响农村生态环境中的农业面源污染、水质污染及生活垃圾污染,对空气噪音污染及工业转嫁污染的影响并不明显。     

资源短缺背景下长江三角洲城市发展研究

资源短缺是中国城市发展中的根本性制约因素,城市发展的速度及方式应与生态环境相协调,实现对短缺资源的集约使用,文章分析了城市短缺资源的若干属性及其相应的制约化要求,并以长江三解洲为具体分析案例,探讨了资源短缺条件下城市发展的各方面抉择,对中国城市、区域发展,城乡协调具有普遍性意义。城市发展的短缺资源具有不可替代性、广需性、地区性、派生性、组合作用的复杂性等特征。在资源短缺的现实背景中,长江三解洲的城市发展速度、发展方向都应考虑与短缺资源的永续使用相匹配;城市化应在考虑地方经济、社会与资源环境的组合特征中,寻求切合实际的道路;在城市与区域空间发展形态上必须针对环境超负荷的现实,选择城镇群体空间开敞而个体空间相对紧凑的发展模式,实现城乡区域的协调发展。     

A Simple Discussion on the Supply and Demand of Water Resources in the Western Region of China

Abstract

We are accustomed to solve the problem of the water scarcity in the western region by the thought of increasing the effective supply of water to meet the needs of Go-west Campaign. After introducing the dynamic equilibrium principle on supply and demand in economy, we find that we should solve the problem of the water scarcity in the western region through reducing total demand to achieve the dynamic equilibrium of supply and demand. Finally water resources in the western region can be enlarged by an accumulated way.     

Multicriteria decision-making for efficient water and land resources allocation in irrigated agriculture

The irrational use of water in agriculture is often responsible for several problems concerning the depletion and/or the pollution of water resources. In these cases specific policy measures should be taken to protect water resources from harmful agricultural activities, mitigating at the same time their potential impact on farmers’ welfare. To this end, a multicriteria decision-making model is formulated that aims at allocating efficiently water and land resources in a rural area of Greece, by optimizing a set of important socio-economic and environmental objectives. According to the model’s output, past and current decisions on irrigated agriculture turned out to be oriented towards meeting exclusively the socio-economic objectives. Yet, there are several other possible allocations schemes that could be applied in order to improve the performance of environmental indicators and to contribute to a more sustainable use of natural resources. Moreover, the decision-making model can be further employed to assess a number of additional policy measures in irrigated agriculture. In this framework, the outcome of imposing various water pricing policies was evaluated. The efficiency of these policies was found tightly connected to the elasticity of water demand. Namely, higher elasticity seems to enhance the flexibility in resource allocation and the movement towards environmental objectives. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

城市化:浙江省推进经济与环境"双赢"的战略选择

改革开放以来,浙江省实际上走的是一条反集聚效应的农村工业化道路,它违背了世界各国城市化要求非农业人口向城市转移的一般规律,这种脱离了城市化的工业化进程,所引发的环境污染主要是通过“市场失效”和“政府失灵”来实现的,并对浙江省经济社会的可持续发展产生了一系列的不利影响。因此,要尽快从以农村工业化为主转到以城市化为主推动经济增长上来,努力探索出一条在推进城市化进程中解决环境污染问题、最终实现经济发展与环境保护“双赢”的新路子。