鄱阳湖流域1960～2018年极端气温变化及其与大气环流的关系

为进一步揭示鄱阳湖流域极端气温事件变化及其影响因素,基于鄱阳湖流域24个气象站点连续59年观测资料,选取8个极端气温指数,分析鄱阳湖流域极端气温动态变化,并探讨了大气环流与极端气温变化的联系.结果表明:(1)鄱阳湖流域极端气温暖指数(暖昼天数、暖夜天数和夏日天数)及极值指数(日最低气温最小值和日最高气温最大值)均呈增加趋势;冷指数(冷昼天数、冷夜天数和霜冻天数)均呈逐渐减少趋势.(2)从空间分布来看,极端气温空间变化趋势与年际变化一致,极端气温暖指数和极值指数呈增加趋势,冷指数均呈减少趋势,但在不同地区变化趋势存在差异.流域各站点霜冻天数和冷昼天数均呈显著下降趋势,但在赣北地区下降趋势最显著.大部分站点(23/24)暖夜天数、夏日天数和日最低气温最小值均呈显著增加趋势;(3)鄱阳湖流域极端气温指数的变化与大气环流的变化存在相关性,其中西太平洋副高强度指数、夏季东亚季风指数、亚洲区极涡强度指数和北极涛动指数对极端气温事件影响显著.研究结果可为极端气候风险评估、灾害预警提供参考.     

1962～2012年西南地区极端温度事件时空变化特征

基于西南地区88站1962~2012年日气温数据,采用百分位阈值法定义极端温度事件,结合线性倾向率、Mann-Kendall秩次相关法、反距离加权插值法对其时空变化进行了分析。结果表明:极端温度指数存在明显的空间分布差异,暖日指数、暖夜指数、冷夜指数和年内日最低气温整体上均由东南向西北逐渐降低;霜冻天指数则由东南向西北部逐渐升高,西北部梯度变化明显;冷日指数和年内日最高气温呈马鞍状分布,较高值均在西南和东北部;因多数地区高温天数极少,故没有明显的梯度变化。霜冻天指数、冷夜指数和冷日指数减少趋势明显,分别为2.7、4.6和3.5d/10a;暖日指数和暖夜指数、年内日最低气温和最高气温均呈增加趋势,分别为3.6、4.9、0.4和0.1℃/10a;高温天指数变化不显著。整体上来看,西南地区极端高温事件和极端低温事件分别呈上升和下降趋势,但有部分区域呈相反变化趋势,体现出西南地区气候变化的独特性。     

三江源地区1961~2005年气温极端事件变化

利用三江源地区11个气象台站1961~2005年逐日最高气温和最低气温资料，分析了三江源地区极端高温和极端低温的变化趋势。研究表明：近45年来，白天和夜间温度极端偏高的日数明显增多，分别以26 d/10 a和44 d/10 a速度在增加;白天和夜间温度极端偏低的日数显著减缓，分别以41 d/10 a和85 d/10 a的速度显著减少;年极端低温和极端高温分别以042℃/10 a和029℃/10 a的速度增加;白天和夜间温度极端偏高的日数增加主要发生在冬季和夏季，而白天和夜间温度极端偏低的日数减少主要发生在春季和秋季，夜间温度极端偏低的日数减少趋势最为明显;长江源地区极端气温变化对区域增温的响应更为敏感。     

近60a长三角地区极端高温事件变化特征及其对城市化的响应

基于长三角地区1951~2014年56个国家级气象站点逐日气温记录资料,通过计算极端高温事件相关指标(极端最高温TXx,极端最低温TNn,高温日数Htd和低温日数Ltd),利用GIS空间分析技术和Mann-Kendall时间趋势分析方法分析了长三角地区近60 a极端高温事件的空间分异特征和时间变化趋势,并探讨了城市化发展对区域极端高温事件时空变异的影响。结果表明:(1)长三角地区极端高温事件指标均表现为一定的上升趋势,极端低温指标(TNn和Ltd)线性变化趋势比极端高温指标(TXx和Htd)更为显著,变化趋势最显著的地区集中在经济和城市化水平较高的城市及周边地区(如上海、杭州等)。(2)极端高温指标(TXx和Htd)多年平均总体表现为南高北低,西高东低的趋势,而极端低温指标中TNn多年平均为由中部向南北两侧降低,Ltd多年平均呈现自中部向南北南侧增多的趋势。(3)从1990~2000到2000~2010年,城市化对极端高温事件的影响增强,快速城市化对北部城市极端高温事件的影响高于南部城市。     

近50年砀山最高、最低气温变化特征研究

选取砀山气象站1961-2010年气温观测资料,采用线性趋势估计、距平分析等方法对砀山近50a最高、最低气温的变化趋势进行分析。结果表明:砀山近50a最高、最低气温总体呈上升趋势,增温速率分别为0.128℃/10a,0.21℃/10a,最低气温增温趋势显著,气候变暖现象主要以最低气温增温为主。春、秋、冬季的最高、最低气温都有一定程度的上升,冬、春季变得相对温暖,夏季的最高气温有所降低。1971-2000年30a为主要的增温时期,21世纪后,最高气温与最低低温均有一定程度的下降趋势。     

长江流域近50年来的气温变化特征

分析了1951~2000年长江流域（上、中、下游）的平均气温、平均日最低气温、平均日最高气温随时间的变化趋势特征。结果表明：长江流域近50年来年平均气温、年平均日最低气温、年平均日最高气温在20世纪50年代明显偏高，60~80年代波动下降，80年代中后期以后有所上升，90年代较80年代增温0.3℃~0.6℃之间；同时不同季节、不同区域气温呈现不同的态势，冬季平均气温、平均日最低气温在60年代以后呈上升趋势，而平均日最高气温呈下降趋势，夏季平均气温、平均日最低气温、平均日最高气温均以降温为主。     

近30年来黄河入海口地区气温与高低温日数变化特征

黄河入海口地处渤海与莱州湾的交汇处,具有中国最完整、最广阔、最丰富的湿地生态系统。为了研究黄河入海口地区的气温变化特征,进而为该地区农业生产、环境保护提供气象方面的参考,选取1984—2015年东营市年平均气温、最高气温、最低气温资料,采用线性倾向估计、九点二次平滑、M-K检验法等统计方法,研究分析了近三十年来黄河入海口地区平均气温及高温日数、低温日数变化趋势特征。结果表明:该地区气温升温趋势明显,增速为0.22℃/10a,最低气温的升高在平均气温升高过程中起主要作用;黄河入海口地区气候自1990年代中期开始变暖,变暖的主要阶段为2000年代,春季升温最明显,是造成年气候升温的重要因素;高温日数呈现增加趋势,与平均气温和平均最高气温均呈正相关,相关性最好的为7月;低温日数呈现减少趋势,与平均气温和平均最低气温均呈负相关,相关性最好的为12月。     

65年来济南冬季气温变化特征

利用济南市1951年12月-2016年2月逐日气温观测资料,分析讨论了济南65年冬季(12月和次年1、2月)平均气温、极端最低气温、冷积温(T-10℃)以及低温日数的变化趋势和特征,探讨了济南冬季气温的年代变化和冷冬、暖冬的分布。结果表明:65年来济南冬季平均气温是90年代以前是明显上升的,90年代最高,进入21世纪略有下降,极端低温和冷积温这种震荡更为显著。济南20世纪50年代和60年代为冬季低温期,冷冬皆分布在70年代以前,80年代以后没有冷冬,多为暖冬,80年代以来济南冬季明显升温,90年代偏暖异常。     

非平稳性条件下淮河流域极端气温时空演变特征及遥相关、环流特征分析

在全球升温的背景下,为掌握淮河流域极端气温的时空变化特征及其变化规律,以提高淮河流域对极端气温灾害的应对能力。以淮河流域1961～2016年149个气象站点、太平洋气候因子和NCEP/NCAR再分析数据为基础,利用优化的非平稳性(Transformed-Stationary)极值分析方法、空间Ward-like层次聚类分析方法、M-K趋势分析和经验正交函数分析方法(Empirical orthogonal function)对淮河流域极端气温进行分析。结果发现:(1)年最高气温在1960和2000s为增加趋势,2000s后增加趋势不显著;从1970～1980s,年最高气温呈减小趋势;年最低气温在1960s呈下降趋势,1970s以后年最低气温呈增加趋势;(2)年最高气温重现期对应的温度多数站点表现出非平稳态并显著上升,增幅达1.5℃。年最低气温均呈现上升趋势,在1978年前后出现上升的拐点,在2000年前后暖化现象有所减缓。年最高气温距离海洋越近,上升趋势越显著;年最低气温则相反。(3)不同重现期年最高气温显著增加趋势,主要分布在淮河的东北部和东南部地区,中西部地区呈显著减小趋势,年最低气温的空间分布恰好与其相反。(4)北太平洋海温异常显著的影响着淮河流域的7、8月极端气温的变化,淮河流域的极端气温的非平稳变化有着与西太平洋和北太平洋显著正相关关系,与东太平洋呈显著负相关关系。淮河流域12～1月气温异常与渤海海温异常同步、与厄尔尼诺或拉尼娜同步变化;7～8月温度异常与12～1月的温度异常结果相反。环流特征分析表明,淮河流域冬季暖化现象受到东北地区暖化的影响;7～8月温度的变化主要由青藏高原低压和蒙古低压在逐年减弱而改变环流特征造成,东南区域极端高温增加,西部区域降水增多、极端高温的降低。     

1951-2014临沂气温与高低温日数变化特征分析

根据1951-2014年临沂年平均气温、最高气温、最低气温资料,采用线性倾向估计、九点二次平滑和M-K检验法等气候统计方法,分析了64a来临沂气温及高低温日数变化趋势特征。结果表明临沂64a来平均气温呈现升高趋势,每10a升高0.22℃,平均最高气温每10a升高0.09℃,平均最低气温每10a升高0.25℃,最低气温的升高在平均气温升高过程中起主要作用。临沂气候从1990年代中期开始变暖,变暖的主要阶段为2000年代,冬春季节的升温是年气候升温的重要因素。高温日数和低温日数呈现减少趋势,高温日数每10a减少0.48d,低温日数每10a减少2.81d。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

The Phenomenon of Pseudoviviparity in Alpine and Arctomontane Grasses (DeschampsiaBeauv., FestucaL., and PoaL.)

It is known that pseudoviviparous plant taxa are most numerous in the Arctic and high mountain regions, where they sometimes account for a noticeable part of the local flora and play an important phytocenotic role. The complex of pseudoviviparous taxa is an interesting model for investigating the processes of hybridogenic speciation, as various mechanisms stabilizing the hybrid genetic systems proved to be effective in them. In particular, this concerns vast and taxonomically complex groups such as the genera Deschampsia, Festuca, and Poa.In this paper, published data on the taxonomy, chromosome numbers, and distribution of pseudoviviparous grasses in the Arctic regions and subarctic mountain systems are reviewed.