中国海岸湿地环境特点与开发利用

海岸湿地是由低地、滩涂与生物群落组合的海岸环境。中国海岸湿地环境受季风波浪、潮汐与大河影响的河海交互作用为特征，地跨39个纬度带，其面积约占中国湿地总面积的1/5。按成因与表相可分为：河口芦苇、草滩湿地，平原海岸草滩盐沼湿地及在华南隐蔽港湾顶部红树林沼泽湿地3种类型。均具有潮上带、潮间带与潮下带分带特性。海岸湿地是珍贵的新生空间资源，但由于滥伐垦殖、外来生物种属入侵危害、陆源水沙减少及海平面上升招致海岸侵蚀、盐潮入侵与内涝频繁等灾害影响，海岸湿地环境质量下降，面临着解决海岸湿地生态保护与沿海人民生计这一新生矛盾问题。需沿流域进行陆海结合的系统研究与对比总结，找出湿地保护与开发的临界度，全面规划实施。     

厦门海岸带湿地变化的研究

通过“压力-状态-响应”分析模型，对厦门海岸带湿地变化的主要原因（压力）、成分退化和结构改变（状态）以及对厦门海岸带生态系统的主要影响（响应力）之间的作用机制进行了探讨。提出厦门海岸带湿地面临的主要压力来自海岸带围垦造地、近海滩涂养殖和九龙江河口输入；状态变化突出表现在浅海海域面积的减少。红树林的面积减少。近岸泥沙淤积。沉积物类型改变和沉积物污染；主要影响是造成厦门海域水质下降、近海底橙生物类型改变、航道泥沙淤积、水产养殖产量下降和珍稀海洋物种分布和数量改变。     

长江中下游流域人类活动强度及其对湿地景观格局影响研究

目前关于大尺度下人类活动强度对湿地景观格局影响的研究较少,为揭示长江中下游流域湿地景观格局与人类活动强度的关系,以1995～2015年的土地利用数据为基础,综合运用人类活动强度模型和景观指数等方法,分析研究区人类活动强度演变特征、湿地景观格局特征及人类活动强度对湿地景观格局的影响。结果表明:(1)人类活动高强度带面积增加,低强度带面积减少;1995～2015年,各强度带的人类活动强度平均值均呈增长趋势,强度带等级越高,平均值增幅越大。(2)20年间,湿地面积不断增加,占比分别为5.14%、5.27%和5.30%;湖泊和沼泽地分别减少了70.73 km~2和216.53 km~2,而水库坑塘面积增加了1 155.32 km~2,对湿地增加的贡献率达94.75%,研究期主要是人工湿地在扩张,而自然湿地在萎缩;湿地景观的破碎度减弱,景观多样性减少。(3)伴随人类活动强度的增强湿地相对变化呈"收缩"效应,且在人类活动强度越高的区域,"收缩"效应越明显;随着人类活动强度降低,湿地景观破碎度减弱,聚集度下降,景观多样性增强,景观形状趋于复杂。研究结果可为长江中下游湿地保护和人类活动管控提供决策支持。     

长江中游大型通江湖泊湿地景观格局演变特征

鄱阳湖和洞庭湖湿地是长江中游仅有的两个天然通江湖泊湿地,具有不可替代自然和人文价值。近年来,尤其是三峡工程运行以后两湖湿地景观格局发生改变,对区域生态系统平衡和社会经济发展产生重要影响。以Landsat 7为数据源,通过决策树分类及高斯回归的方法定量评估了三峡工程运行前后两湖湿地景观格局的演变特征及其差异性,旨在正确认识大型水利工程的生态效应,为湿地保护与重建提供科学依据。结果表明:2000~2014年,洞庭湖枯水期水位变化不明显。从历史演变特征来看,虽然有少部分植被挤占泥滩和水体,但总体上3种湿地景观类型面积变化不大。相比之下,三峡工程运行后鄱阳湖枯水期水位显著下降,水体面积萎缩近14%,植被面积增加约8%。与2000年相比,2014年鄱阳湖植被分布高程下降了1 m多。不同程度的干旱胁迫是形成两湖湿地景观格局差异性演变特征的主要原因。     

滇池人工湿地的植物群落学特征研究

用植物群落生态学方法,研究了滇池小河口的天然湿地以及表流和潜流两种人工湿地的植被群落学特征。研究区内调查发现有12种植物群落,包含有植物17种。结果表明：表流人工湿地的群落多样性大于潜流人工湿地,甚至也大于天然湿地;在两种人工湿地中,植物群落中的层次数比较接近;从植被群落结构来看,在物种多样性和shannon wiener指数方面表现为潜流人工湿地大于表流人工湿地,天然湿地居中。从天然湿地到表流湿地,再到潜流湿地,随着湿地环境水文条件的变化,植物群落组成与分布状况也在变化,表现出从湿地植物向陆生植物演替的趋势。研究表明两种人工湿地中的芦苇（Phragmites australis）群落长势不同。在人工湿地中适宜构建芦苇群落,在表面流人工湿地植物选择中可以考虑水芹菜（Oenanthe stolonifera）和慈菇（Sagittaria sagittifolia）。人工湿地的水文条件与湿地植物之间的相互关系是人工湿地进一步研究的重要方面。     

China's coastal wetlands: Conservation history,implementation efforts,existing issues and strategies for future improvement

China has approximately 5.80 × 10⁶ ha coastal wetlands by 2014, accounting for 10.82% of the total area of natural wetlands. Healthy coastal wetland ecosystems play an important role in guaranteeing the territory ecological security and the sustainable development of coastal zone in China. In this paper, the natural geography and the past and present status of China's coastal wetlands were introduced and the five stages (1950s–1970s, 1980s–1991, 1992–2002, 2003–2010 and 2011–present) of China's coastal wetlands conservation from the foundation of the People's Republic in 1949 to present were distinguished and reviewed. Over the past decades, China has made great efforts in coastal wetland conservation, as signified by the implementation of coastal wetland restoration projects, the construction of coastal wetland nature reserves, the practice of routine ecological monitoring and two national wetland surveys, the promulgation of local wetland conservation statutes and specific regulations, the coordination mechanism to enhance management capacity, the wide development of coastal wetland research and public participation, and the extensive communication to strengthen international cooperation. Nonetheless, six major issues recently emerged in China's coastal wetland conservation are evidently existed, including the increasing threats of pollution and human activities, the increasing adverse effects of threaten factors on ecosystem function, the increasing threats of coastal erosion and sea-level rising, the insufficient funding for coastal wetlands conservation, the imperfect legal and management system for coastal wetlands, and the insufficient education, research and international cooperation. Although the threats and pressures on coastal wetlands conservation are still apparent, the future of China's coastal wetlands looks promising since the Chinese government understands that the sustainable development in coastal zone requires new attitudes, sound policies and concerted efforts at all levels. The major strategies for future improvement of China's coastal wetland conservation include: exploring effective measures in response to major threaten factors; improving the conservation and compensation system for coastal wetlands; strengthening coastal wetland legislation and management; increasing funds for coastal wetland conservation and research; and strengthening coastal wetland education and international cooperation.     

基于景观格局的盐城海岸带土地利用时空变化分析

在GIS和RS技术支持下,以行政区划为评价单元,通过土地利用转移矩阵、景观格局指数对盐城海岸带土地利用变化的主要方式、景观格局特征及时空分异规律进行定量分析。结果表明:2000~2010年,盐城海岸带土地利用类型以耕地、建设用地和水域为主,其中耕地是盐城海岸带的优势类型,虽然近年来呈逐渐下降的趋势,但仍是区域景观基质类型,均占总面积的78%以上;海岸带景观水平趋于破碎化,区域景观格局更加复杂化、分散化和多样化;研究区北部景观水平特征指数较中部、南部为高。自然地理条件、经济发展水平及不同土地利用方式所带来的利益差异是导致盐城海岸带景观格局变化的关键驱动因素。     

Analyzing coastal wetland change in the Yancheng National Nature Reserve,China

Coastal zones provide habitat cores and corridors that maintain the diversity of entire landscapes, and they can form the cornerstone elements of regional conservation strategies. Natural environmental driving factors and excessive anthropogenic activities play important roles in coastal wetland change. Many studies have used remote sensing images to map and assess coastal wetland change on local or regional scales. This paper aims to provide insight into coastal wetland change in the Yancheng National Nature Reserve (YNNR) using remote sensing technology and landscape metrics analysis. The results reveal that grass flat and reed areas have significantly decreased, whereas agriculture fields, aquaculture ponds and built-up areas have continuously increased from 1988 to 2006. The spatial pattern of the coastal landscape has become fragmented and heterogeneous under great pressure from rapid economic development and population growth. The wetland changes have important impacts on natural habitat of the red-crowned cranes. The results of this study provide basic information that is required for developing measures toward a sustainable management and conservation of the YNNR.     

上海崇明东滩人工湿地冬春季水鸟的生境因子分析

为了解围垦后不同土地利用方式对水鸟的影响,于2011年11月~2012年5月对上海市崇明东滩湿地公园、北八滧鱼塘、98大堤内抛荒鱼塘、以及捕鱼港互花米草控制示范区的芦苇塘4类人工湿地开展水鸟调查,在冬季共统计到水鸟20 050只,隶属于5目9科34种,春季共统计到水鸟5 080只,隶属于6目7科47种。方差分析表明,冬、春季4类人工湿地水鸟种类、密度、多样性均有显著差异。运用相关分析对水鸟种类、密度、物种多样性、均匀性指数等群落特征及调查样方内明水面面积、平均水位、人为干扰、裸露浅滩面积、植被面积等环境因子进行水鸟生境因子选择分析,结果表明,冬季水鸟种类、多样性与明水面面积呈极显著正相关,水鸟种类与植被面积呈极显著负相关;春季种类、密度、多样性都与裸露浅滩面积呈极显著正相关。崇明东滩人工湿地在水鸟保育中起到了重要的作用,根据不同水鸟对生境因子的要求,冬季应保持较大的明水面面积和一定的水深,为雁鸭类建立合适的栖息地。春季应保持一定的裸露浅滩面积,为鸻鹬类提供良好的避难所。因此,水位调控成为崇明东滩人工湿地自然保育的重要手段     

上海浦东东滩鸟类栖息地生态修复区的水鸟群落变化

河口和海岸带自然湿地的大量退化与丧失导致了迁徙路线上水鸟栖息地的大量减少,从而加剧了迁徙水鸟种群数量的下降,一般认为,栖息地修复能够缓解上述过程。于2010年、2012年对位于上海浦东东滩的鸟类栖息地生态修复区和自然退化区（对照样地）进行调查,比较两个区域的水鸟群落结构差异与年际变化,研究生态修复区的水鸟群落变化并评价其在水鸟保育方面的作用。结果表明：生态修复区的水鸟种类、数量和物种多样性均极显著高于自然退化区,而均匀度与自然退化区无显著差异;生态修复区2012年水鸟种类显著低于2010年,而水鸟数量、物种多样性和均匀度均无显著差异;自然退化区2012年水鸟种类、数量和物种多样性均极显著低于2010年,而均匀度无显著差异。生态修复区通过营造浅滩、浅水区、深水区等多样化生境,为迁徙水鸟提供了重要的补充栖息地,对水鸟保育工作起到了积极作用     

Monitoring a Recent Delta Formation in a Tropical Coastal Wetland Using Remote Sensing and GIS. Case Study: Guapo River Delta, Laguna de Tacarigua, Venezuela

The integrated use of remotely sensed data and GIS to monitor a rapid recent delta formation was undertaken in the Tacarigua Lagoon, a mangrove coastal protected wetland in the north-central coast of Venezuela. Recently, the resource value of coastal wetlands such as coastal lagoons and deltas, has brought about a need to protect and conserve these ecosystems. To that end, valuable resources such as these should be continuously monitored so that temporal changes in their environment can be analysed. The importance of determining the cause, extent, and spatial distribution of these changes can then be used in different aspects of environmental studies, land suitability analyses and for wise resource management. Aerospace data interpretation and a field survey were utilised to study the formation of the Guapo River delta within the Tacarigua Lagoon and to map the expansion that this depositional environment has undergone. A historical set of aerial photographs and a radar image, together with a GIS, were used to assess the growth of the delta from the beginning of its formation up to the present time.     

高潜水位煤矿区土地利用景观格局分析与模拟预测研究——以沛北煤矿区为例

我国东部高潜水位煤矿区因煤粮复合、煤水复合、煤村复合成为我国土地复垦难度最大的典型地区之一；研究高潜水位煤矿区土地利用景观格局的时空演变规律，可为制订有效的土地复垦策略提供重要的科学依据。本研究选择位于江苏省徐州市的沛北煤矿区为例，选用1995年TM、2005年ETM+和2015年OLI遥感影像作为数据源，运用土地利用转移轨迹、景观格局指数等分析其景观格局变化特征，并采用CA-Markov模型预测了2025年研究区的土地利用景观格局。结果表明：(1) 研究区景观变化轨迹趋势明显，耕地主要流向建设用地、塌陷积水区、水域和湿地；园林地转变为建设用地和耕地；塌陷积水面积的增加主要来源于建设用地和耕地，贡献比例分别为47.68%、19.20%；(2) CA-Markov模型情景模拟结果表明：2015～2025年，耕地、水域和湿地面积减小；建设用地和塌陷积水面积明显增加；(3) 景观格局指数分析结果表明：在类型水平上，耕地、水域和湿地是主导优势地类，但耕地、塌陷积水、水域和湿地破碎化程度较高；景观水平上，景观格局总体边缘形状趋向简单。综上表明，研究区土地利用景观变化源于区域城镇化进程加快、因采矿活动导致的地表沉陷积水情况加重；建议提前编制预计塌陷区的防治及已塌陷区的规划治理方案。 关键词： 景观格局演变；煤矿区；高潜水位；土地景观格局；CA-Markov模型     

Coastal wetland loss and environmental change due to rapid urban expansion in Lianyungang,Jiangsu, China

To address the growing need for developable land, many coastal cities are draining and filling wetlands, transforming them into urban built-up areas, and thereby substantially altering the structure and function of coastal ecosystems. We demonstrate an integrative approach for investigating the dynamics and impacts of coastal development in China’s Jiangsu Province, where urban expansion has resulted in extensive wetland losses and sea reclamation (the process of creating new land from ocean or coastal waters). Remotely sensed data reveal that landscape change in the study area has been accompanied by an increase in total impervious surface area and an increase in mean surface “heat island effect.” These indicators of change can be detected with remote sensing data and used to support a strategic environmental assessment (SEA) for urban coastal planning. Changes detected in Lianyungang during 2000–2006 suggest that reclaimed areas are environmentally sensitive and should be a focus of concern in future development planning, which has historically targeted coastal salt pond wetlands for conversion to land for the development. Given the current and projected rate of coastal development in China and elsewhere in the developing world, our findings and assessment approach have implications for coastal management decisions in the developing coastal zones of China and other regions of the world that are experiencing rapid urban growth.     

基于能值分析的滨海湿地生态系统服务价值定量化研究进展

在滨海湿地生态系统服务价值评价中,能值方法克服了传统经济学方法的一些不足,对评价沿海地区发展的可持续性具有重要意义,并成为近十年来环境经济学和生态经济学研究的热点问题。综合国内外滨海湿地生态系统服务价值能值评价的研究进展,就滨海湿地生态系统的供给、调节、文化和支持服务价值的能值估算方法进行了分析。在此基础上,指出了目前该方法应用于滨海湿地生态系统服务价值评价主要存在能值转换率的选用不一致、生态系统服务价值的能值估算方法需要完善、能值分析所应用的滨海湿地类型较少、缺少对人类活动引起的生态系统服务能值变化的评价及检验评价结论正确性的标准等不足,并提出了进一步的研究方向。     

论我国滨海湿地综合性法律调整机制的构建

滨海湿地是我国湿地的重要组成部分，具有多种生态功能。随着风险社会的到来，各种开发利用行为造成滨海湿地严重的环境资源问题，滨海湿地的保护管理和法制建设成为当务之急。法律调整机制是应对滨海湿地问题的各类调整机制中最重要的部分，但我国现行法律调整机制无法有效解决滨海湿地利用中的“公地悲剧”和利益平衡问题，应该根据社会发展的需要，采取行政调整、市场调整和社会调整相结合的综合性法律调整机制。环境治理理论的兴起和我国第三部门的发展为滨海湿地综合性法律调整机制的构建提供了理论依据和社会基础，应该通过发展滨海湿地区域的环保产业、建立生态补偿制度、完善公众参与环境影响评价的途径、构建滨海湿地的社区共管模式，综合运用行政指导、经济激励、公众参与等各种法律手段完善我国滨海湿地的保护管理     

复合垂直流构建湿地净化污水机制研究 Ⅰ微生物类群和基质酶

构建湿地是 2 0世纪 70年代才蓬勃兴起的一种处理污水的方式 ,由于其造价和运行费用低 ,净化效果稳定 ,越来越引起各国的兴趣和高度重视。现已广泛应用于城市生活污水、工业污水和农业污水的控制 ,有着十分广阔的应用前景。虽然关于构建湿地净化污水的研究已有不少报道 ,但关于湿地基质中的微生物类群和基质酶在污水净化中的作用仍不清楚。通过对生长在复合垂直流构建湿地和天然环境条件下菰和石菖蒲根区微生物类群数量及其根区基质酶活性的测定发现 :同种植物在复合垂直流构建湿地根区微生物的数量比天然条件下的要高 ,特别是硝化细菌和反硝化细菌的数量 ,最高可达 3个数量级以上 ;同时复合垂直流构建湿地中不同植物根区的酶活性有较大差别 ,这为研究复合垂直流构建湿地净化污水的机理和以酶活性强弱作为净化效果的评价指标提供了科学资料 ,为进一步研究提供了一条新思路     

山东寿光沿海湿地生态系统健康诊断

以寿光沿海湿地为例，运用二级模糊综合评判模型对湿地生态系统的健康进行了综合评价。首先从湿地生态特征、整体功能特征及外部社会环境三方面选取23项评价指标，构建了寿光沿海湿地生态系统健康的综合评价体系，整个指标体系分为单项指标、亚类指标和综合指标三个层次：然后进一步把评价指标划分为很健康、健康、亚健康、疾病4个等级，运用定量、半定量与定性相结合、定性描述等多种手法界定了等级划分标准，确定了各指标的等级隶一度，构造了隶属评判矩阵；通过专家咨询法．确定了各指标的权重，构造了权重向量；最后，运用加权平均型二级模糊综合评判模型对寿光沿海湿地生态系统健康逐级进行评价。评价结果显示，该温地系统在最大隶属程度上处于亚健康状态。     

洞庭湖湿地景观格局变化以及三峡工程蓄水对其影响

通过对近20 a遥感影像的解译分析,结果表明：洞庭湖湿地景观格局变化较为迅速,在几种湿地景观类型中,芦苇分布面积稳定增长,由475 km²增至751 km²,年均增加13.1 km²,湖草的分布面积比较稳定,而水面与泥滩的分布面积则大幅减少。湿地格局演变总体上呈现芦苇挤占湖草的分布空间、湖草挤占水面泥滩的态势。分析认为泥沙淤积和湖泊水情变化改变了洲滩的淹水历时,引起植被分布的变化,是影响洞庭湖湿地景观格局的主要因素。2000年后,随着泥沙淤积减缓,湖泊水情变化对湿地景观格局影响更为重要,其中三峡水库的运行使洞庭湖中、低位洲滩提前出露,淹水历时缩短,导致湖草的分布界线明显向下延伸     

湿地景观格局演变研究评述

湿地景观格局演变研究是湿地生态学领域研究的热点问题。由于湿地具有独特的生态结构与功能并蕴涵丰富的生物多样性价值，其生态变化备受关注。同时，湿地资源作为一种重要的自然资源为人类的生存与发展提供了物质保证，深入了解湿地演变时空特征及其驱动机制是了解湿地生态演变规律和制定湿地保护对策的基础。通过分析近年来国内外湿地景观格局演变领域的主要研究理论、方法和成果，对包括景观格局指数、景观动态变化模型等湿地景观格局演变特征的研究方法和成果进行了探讨，分析了目前湿地景观格局演变驱动力研究的制约因素，对驱动因子的选取及定量表征驱动力的模型研究等各个方面的优缺点进行了评价，并在此基础上，进一步指出了本领域相关研究的研究趋势和发展方向。     

Sea-level rise vulnerability in the countries of the Coral Triangle

Sea-level rise is a major threat facing the Coral Triangle countries in the twenty-first century. Assessments of vulnerability and adaptation that consider the interactions among natural and social systems are critical to identifying habitats and communities vulnerable to sea-level rise and for supporting the development of adaptation strategies. This paper presents such an assessment using the DIVA model and identifies vulnerable coastal regions and habitats in Coral Triangle countries at national and sub-national levels (administrative provinces). The following four main sea-level rise impacts are assessed in ecological, social and economic terms over the twenty-first century: (1) coastal wetland change, (2) increased coastal flooding, (3) increased coastal erosion, and (4) saltwater intrusion into estuaries and deltas. The results suggest that sea-level rise will significantly affect coastal regions and habitats in the Coral Triangle countries, but the impacts will differ across the region in terms of people flooded annually, coastal wetland change and loss, and damage and adaptation costs. Indonesia is projected to be most affected by coastal flooding, with nearly 5.9 million people expected to experience flooding annually in 2100 assuming no adaptation. However, if adaptation is considered, this number is significantly reduced. By the end of the century, coastal wetland loss is most significant for Indonesia in terms of total area lost, but the Solomon Islands are projected to experience the greatest relative loss of coastal wetlands. Damage costs associated with sea-level rise are highest in the Philippines (US $6.5 billion/year) and lowest in the Solomon Islands (US $70,000/year). Adaptation is estimated to reduce damage costs significantly, in particular for the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia (between 68 and 99%). These results suggest that the impacts of sea-level rise are likely to be widespread in the region and adaptation measures must be broadly applied.