生态旅游:西南喀斯特山区摆脱"贫困陷阱"之路

西南喀斯特山区“贫困陷阱”的根本对策在于扭转人口生存领先掠夺土地的状况,生态旅游提供了这们的途径。西南喀斯特地区特有的自然风光和民俗风情等旅游资源优势,通过生态旅游开发,顺理成章地可转换成产品优势,“穷山恶水”就成为“青山绿水”,“穷乡僻壤”就成为“自然生态”和“特色民俗”。这不仅满足现代社会的需求,也使当地的资源潜力得到发挥。而且把资源利用的方式从掠夺、耗竭型转换为可持续型。另一方面,要真正和持续地实现这些资源的价值。必须保护原生态、原文化,这就引入了保护的经济机制．保护与开发的两难悖论可由此突破。本文还以贵州省绥阳县为例,阐述了西南喀斯特山区旅游资源特色和开发生态旅游的目标．为摆脱“贫困陷阱”提供一个示范。     

论徽州软体文化旅游资源的元价值与生存困境

首先界定了软体文化旅游资源的概念：即以“非物化”的形式承载并惠及子孙。具有潜在的巨大经济含量,以适当的方式可以开发成旅游产品的文化存在。接着．探讨了软体文化旅游资源在徽州文化旅游开发中的元价值地位。指出软体文化资源是徽州文化旅游产品的灵魂．因而也是其生命周期之长短的决定性因素。在此认识的基础上．文章基于徽州文化旅游资源开发的现状．论述了徽州当前原生性软体文化资源存续的四大困境：生存环境逼仄、文化认同危机、研究与发掘滞后、制度制定不足等问题;最后．提出软体文化资源开发的有关对策：梯度开发、建章立制、去商业化、培养社区情感等。     

四川省彭县葛仙山旅游资源的成因分析与开发方式

葛仙山为龙门山脉中段前山一座紧邻川西平原的中山，距成都约６５ｋｍ，山峰海拔１０２０～１６００ｍ，地形险要。有丰富的科学考察型旅游资源和消遣度假型旅游资源。科学考察型旅游资源包括飞来峰构造和飞来峰地貌、第四纪地壳运动、水系变化和喀斯特地貌。彭灌飞来峰群和阿尔卑斯飞来峰群同负盛名，而葛仙山飞来峰为彭灌飞来峰群中逆推距离最远者，碾掩构造的原地系统地层最新，唯有在葛仙山才能了解彭灌飞来峰群形成于新构造运动中的事实。第四纪地壳运动现象明显。水系变化为次生河袭夺了原始顺向河，喀斯特地貌类型众多，形态典型，可准确研究喀斯特发育的起始时间。消遣度假型旅游资源包括林海雪山、药用植物园、奇峰异洞、泉水、佛光和日出、宗教圣地。在开发上应发挥临近成都和资源丰富的优势，发展多种形式、多种内容的观光，吸引１～２日游的游客。种植奇花异草，广泛造林，洞穴内铺路并安装彩灯，修建富有艺术性的配套建筑。     

云南民族文化旅游产业效益的SSA分析

基于偏离份额分析法(Shift-Share Analysis,简称SSA分析法),研究了2003-2012年十年间云南民族文化旅游产业效益与国内旅游产业效益的关系、云南民族文化旅游产业效益与同期云南省国民生产总值的关系。研究结果表明,云南民族文化旅游产业2003-2012年间总体效益呈逐年增长趋势,总的区域竞争力优势增强,对国内旅游产业效益的贡献也呈现出增长的势头,其效益在同期云南省国民生产总值中占比也呈逐年增长趋势。通过分析,结论认为,对于民族文化旅游资源富集、资源品位较好的云南来说,加强民族文化建设,大力发展民族文化旅游,将民族文化旅游作为当地的支柱产业来发展,从政策、资金等方面给予大力支持,使民族文化旅游业成为区域经济新的增长点,是一条既能传承民族文化又能带动当地经济发展的成功之路。     

湖北贫困地区旅游开发优势及现实意义——以鄂西北地区为例

以鄂西北地区的襄樊市、十堰市和神农架林区为例,分析了该区的区位条件和社会、经济发展态势,旅游资源特征,旅游环境现状及其开发优势,阐述了贫困地区旅游开发规划对扶贫工作的促进作用和扶贫旅游的现实意义。本区的多数县市处于山地环境,地形崎岖,交通受到限制,经济发展相对滞后,扶盆任务依然艰巨,本区旅游资源丰富多彩,有些资源的品位也很高,可以总括为“531优势”。即人文旅游资源的五大文化特点-楚国发祥地（楚文化）,三国之源（三国文化）,流放文化,道教文化,郧阳猿人（古人类文化）,形成明显的锁定效应;自然旅游资源的三大品牌－纳入“世界自然保护区网”的神农架,在国内外有一定声誉的郧县恐龙蛋化石基地,正在规划的武当山国家级地质公园,一处国家级风景名胜区－自然与人文景观相得益彰的“隆中风景名胜区”,其资源环境优势在于,自然生态优美,环境污染轻,空气质量好,气候适宜,土特产品丰富,对这些旅游资源进行科学合理的开发利用,并按照“PPT”战略实施扶贫计划,将有力促进本地区经济发展。     

贵州喀斯特库区可持续旅游发展中存在的主要问题与对策

喀斯特库区是贵州省重要的旅游开发地 ,本文分析了其可持续旅游发展过程中所面临的主要问题 ,指出生态环境的脆弱性、人地矛盾的突出性、水利环境的限制性和管理权属的复杂性 ,尤其是急功近利的掠夺式浅层次重复开发是限制库区旅游开发的重要因素。对此 ,文章并提出了相应对策     

对宜昌建成国际旅游文化城的思考

宜昌旅游资源丰富，历史文化渊源流长。“巴楚文化”被誉为华夏文化、东方文化、用至世界文化的重要一支。随着三峡工程动工兴建，宜昌在国内外声誉日益提高。为此提出了紧抓住三峡建设和长江沿岸开发开放的机遇，突出宜昌特色，把开发旅游文化资源与建设现代化大城市有机结合起来，逐步把宜昌建成国际旅游文化城的思路。     

渔文化旅游资源开发潜力评价研究——以浙江省象山县为例

在综合考虑资源条件和市场条件的基础上，建立了渔文化旅游资源开发潜力评价指标体系，该指标体系包括了资源价值、资源承载力、资源影响力、市场开发条件、市场需求条件等5个方面14个评价因子。运用层次熵分析法，即由层次分析法（AHP）确定各指标权重，再用熵技术进行修正。并建立了综合评价的线性加权函数模型。以浙江省象山县松兰山海滨度假区、中国渔村、石浦渔港古城和象山民俗文化村4个景区为例进行了实证研究。结果表明：四处景区渔文化旅游资源开发潜力值分别为5.842 4、7.006 5、8.223 2、7.135 6，开发潜力由大到小的顺序依次为：石浦渔港古城、象山民俗文化村、中国渔村、松兰山海滨度假区；所构建的渔文化旅游资源开发潜力评价指标体系具有一定的科学性和可操作性，可为其它类型文化旅游资源开发潜力评价提供借鉴     

濮阳旅游资源评价与可持续开发思路

濮阳旅游资源以醇厚的历史文化资源为主 ,具有潜在性和开发难度大的特点。资源现状开发初具规模 ,但缺乏系统性和独特性 ,可持续的开发思路是历史文化资源的保护性开发 ,文化生态旅游式开发 ,多层次立体开发和区域联合式开发     

中国西南喀斯特地区人口、资源、环境与可持续发展

中国西南喀斯特地区人口－资源－环境的矛盾非常突出,贫困与生态恶化的双重压力严重制约区域可持续发展。西部大开发战略为西南喀斯特地区的持续发展和反贫困提供了前所未有的机遇。喀斯特地区可持续发展的首要任务是更新观念,以生态环境重建为切入点,加强基础设施建设,实施科教兴国战略,控制人口数量、提高人口素质;调整产业结构,加大扶贫开发力度,把宏观调控与市场机制相结合,实现跨越式发展。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), as evidenced by data from a duplicate diet study, indoor air, house dust, and biomonitoring in Germany

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are used as flame retardants in a wide variety of products. As part of the Integrated Exposure Assessment Survey (INES), this study aimed to characterize the exposure of an adult German population using duplicate diet samples, which were collected daily over seven consecutive days, and indoor air and house dust measurements. Our study population consisted of 27 female and 23 male healthy subjects, aged 14–60 years, all of whom resided in 34 homes in southern Bavaria. In these 34 residences the air was sampled using glass fiber filters and polyurethane foams and the dust was collected from used vacuum cleaner bags.The median (95th percentile) daily dietary intake of six Tetra- to HeptaBDE congeners was 1.2 ng/kg b.w. (3.3 ng/kg b.w.) or 67.8 ng/day (208 ng/day) (calculated from the 7-day median values of each study subject). Concentrations in indoor air and dust (cumulative Tri- to DecaBDE congener readings) ranged from 8.2 to 477 pg/m³ (median: 37.8 pg/m³) and 36.6 to 1580 ng/g (median: 386 ng/g), respectively. For some congeners, we identified a significant correlation between air and dust levels.The median (95th percentile) blood concentration of total Tetra- to HexaBDE congener readings was 5.6 (13.2) ng/g lipid. No significant sex differences were observed, but higher blood concentrations were found in younger participants. Using a simplified toxicokinetic model to predict the body burden from exposure doses led to results that were of the same order of magnitude as the measured blood concentrations.Based on these measurements and given our exposure assumptions, we estimated for the total tetra- to heptabrominated congener count an average (high) comprehensive total daily intake of 1.2 ng/kg b.w. (2.5 ng/kg b.w.). Overall, our results suggest that dietary exposure is the dominant intake pathway at least in our study population, responsible for 97% (average intake) and 95% (high intake) of the total intake of an adult population.