基于政府补贴的企业主动碳减排最优策略研究

由于企业碳减排策略在被动和主动阶段不同,且一些企业已启动主动减排阶段的产品再生策略,本文针对主动碳减排阶段,构建政府补贴下企业主动碳减排阶段成本收益模型和行业成本收益模型,以矩阵正定性判定最优策略是否存在,并分别用数学微分法和拉格朗日乘数法得出企业最优策略和帕累托最优策略。同时探讨如何通过政府补贴激励企业进行帕累托改进,最终实现帕累托最优,并以水泥行业为例验证模型有效性,对关键参数进行灵敏度分析。研究结果表明,企业主动碳减排存在最优策略,企业对碳减排策略的投入随着其相应减排效果系数、减排收益系数与政府超额补贴系数的增加而加大;行业实现帕累托最优需要政府补贴机制引导,且超额补贴系数为行业内定值,随行业内各企业减排效果系数与创新收益系数的增加而减少。算例分析结果验证了模型的有效性,证实了创新收益和政府补贴是企业主动碳减排的关键因素,且企业创新投入随相应创新收益而变化的幅度逐渐增大,企业碳排放强度随政府超额补贴系数增大呈直线下降,减排成本随超额补贴系数增大而减少的幅度逐渐增大。研究结果为企业主动碳减排最优策略选择以及政府财政政策制定提供决策依据。企业选择主动碳减排最优策略时,其产品创新投入和工艺技术创新投入应随减排效果系数的增加而加大,随收益影响系数的增大而递增。管理创新投入应随收益影响系数的增大而逐渐加大,且随政府超额补贴系数的变化更灵敏;政府制定相应补贴政策时,其超额补贴系数为行业内定值,应随行业内各企业创新收益影响系数和碳减排效果系数的增加而相应减少,随管理创新成本系数的增大而有所增加。此外,在政府引导企业碳减排帕累托改进过程中,应保障企业碳减排效率在同一水平,即创新力较强的企业,减排量相应较大,从而实现碳减排的帕累托最优。     

中国水权配置效率分析

基于整个社会的视角,对水权交易效率进行公理化分析,为水权交易的深入研究奠定基础.首先,提出分析的假设条件,定义水权配置效率,该效率满足完备性、传递性公理.其次,定义水权边际价值、总价值,提出水权边际价值递减规律.再次,给出水权配置的帕累托最优定义,提出帕累托最优时水权配置状态的定理,并论证水权的帕累托配置是稳定的水权配置状态.根据极限理论,给出水权配置序列收敛于帕累托最优配置的定义,论证了在现实水权信息不对称的情况下,只有通过水权交易重新配置水权才能逼近水权配置的最优状态--帕累托配置,而依靠行政配置无法实现.最后,采用本文理论分析我国水权交易现状,指出由于我国目前水权交易成本过高,水权配置向帕累托逼近的速度慢,水权配置无法达到帕累托最优.随着我国水权交易制度的日趋完善,水权配置将达到帕累托最优,从而实现水资源的充分利用.     

流域绿水管理博弈建模及应用分析

绿水资源表示水循环通过降水渗透入土壤非饱和层并由植物蒸腾或土壤蒸发返回大气层的水汽，是农业作物生产的重要基础，但是通常被传统流域水资源管理所忽视。基于流域水量平衡和蓝水绿水综合思维，将绿水资源纳入流域水资源管理体系。在绿水信贷理念和博弈建模分析框架下，结合SWAT分布式水文模型、多目标优化及情景比较分析，利用绿水管理措施合理优化配置流域蓝水绿水资源，采用绿水生态补偿协调处理上下游利益冲突的博弈问题，探索性地提出了流域绿水管理博弈框架。该框架通过博弈建模可以识别分析流域绿水管理问题的博弈空间、博弈结构和纳什均衡等博弈特征；通过合作博弈约束条件改进的多目标优化，可以计算流域绿水管理情景的绿水补偿标准和帕累托最优收益。将建立的绿水管理博弈框架应用于涟水流域实例研究，NSE、R2、PBIAS、p-factor与r-factor等模拟效果评价和不确定性分析结果表明，涟水流域SWAT分布式水文模型的蓝水绿水模拟均达到可信程度。上下游收益变化、绿水补偿标准与帕累托最优解集等博弈分析结果显示，涟水流域整体社会经济与生态环境收益明显改善，其帕累托最优收益平均增长2.72亿元/a，年均绿水补偿标准折合1.94、1 253.7元/hm²。实例分析表明提出的绿水管理博弈框架在涟水流域具有较好的适用性和可行性。因此，该方法可以为流域蓝水绿水管理试点研究及其绿水补偿标准核定提供相关理论依据和技术参考，具有一定程度的的应用价值和现实意义。     

"政府-企业"节能减排互动机制研究

我国正处于工业化进程的中后期,能源资源的短缺、环境污染破坏等问题对经济发展的制约日渐显著.企业作为节能减排工作的主要参与者,经常陷入节能减排投入成本高、担负责任大,却经济效益少的现实境地.与之相反,政府则可以在不承担风险的情况下,享受到企业节能减排所带来的各项收益和资源保存收益,这将影响企业节能减排的积极性.本文构建了一种政府-企业节能减排互动机制激励模型,可求得政府与企业在节能减排战略中最优的责任分摊比例,并依据模型测度出企业节能减排的成本投入和各项经济、环境效益指标,从而为政府合理分摊企业节能减排压力提供科学的依据,并使得企业更有动力实施节能减排战略,最终实现整个社会的帕累托最优.     

基于碳汇效益视角的最优退耕还林补贴标准研究

考虑到当前世界气候变化大背景下各国政府对碳汇的重视,本文基于碳汇效益内部化和农户与政府行为的相关假设,设计了一个决定最优退耕还林补贴标准的框架,以实现社会效益的最大化。本研究首先建立了碳汇效益函数,并将其纳入土地期望收益模型,计算出社会效用最大化条件下的林木最优轮伐期;同时,将造林补贴纳入农户退耕还林决策模型之中,探索激励林农在最优轮伐期内不砍伐条件下,使政府财政支出净现值最小的退耕还林补贴标准;最后用黄土高原常见的退耕树种刺槐为例进行实证模拟,实证结果表明:黄土高原区的最佳退耕还林补贴年限为16年,补贴标准的原则是每年给予退耕补贴3 985.93元/hm2,这说明了现有的退耕还林年限还是合理的,但其实际补贴额度则低于研究中的最优补贴额度,说明现有的退耕还林政策对于农户的激励作用有限。因此,建议政府可以适当提高黄土高原区的补贴标准,这样从考虑碳汇效益的角度出发,可以同时实现农户、政府与社会的三方共赢。     

丹江口水库入库洪水变化特征及对未来气候情景的响应分析

选取汉江中上游流域作为研究区域,根据丹江口水库1969～2008年日入库流量资料和IPCC第4次评估报告多模式数据结果,分别采用广义极值分布（GEV）模型和广义帕累托分布（GPD）模型拟合流域1 d最大洪量和3 d最大洪量系列,遴选出描述流域1 d最大洪量和3 d最大洪量分布规律的最优概率模型,推算了其重现期对应的设计值,并分析了该流域极端洪水事件对未来气候变化情景下的响应情况。结果显示：汉江中上游流域1 d最大洪量和3 d最大洪量系列符合广义极值分布和广义帕累托分布,相同重现期下广义极值分布预估的极值比广义帕累托分布预估值略有偏大;未来气候变化各情景下,用广义帕累托分布所拟合的汉江中上游流域1 d最大洪量和3 d最大洪量结果要优于广义极值分布,不同重现期的洪量比历史资料估算的重现水平偏小,说明了气候变化对洪量极值的变化有着直接影响     

基于“政府-企业”间委托代理关系的节能激励机制

运用委托代理理论基本原理,分析了节能管理中政府与企业的利益关系;侧重分析了作为委托者的政府与作为代理人的企业在节能问题上的理性水平差异,以及由此决定的双方在行为选择上的不同.研究表明:“委托-代理”模型是一个富有效率的机制,在委托代理机制下,政府和企业在节能上的利益具有一致性.在一定条件下,地方政府通过改变激励策略,不仅可以使企业的节能努力水平产生变化,还会使信息不对称的格局发生改变,实现节能调控的帕累托最优;企业获得财务意义上的好处,地方政府不仅因节能调控成效显著而得到中央的奖励,还会因其良好的政府形象而得到公众的支持.     

新型农业经营主体参与低碳农业发展的激励机制设计

新型农业经营主体在一定程度上使得我国农业呈现集约化发展,为低碳农业发展提供组织保障,但是其自身没有发展低碳农业的动力。本文基于多任务委托-代理模型,从低碳农业发展过程中政府和新型农业经营主体之间的委托—代理关系为视角,设计政府激励和约束新型农业经营主体参与低碳农业发展的激励机制,促使其兼顾经济效益、环境效益和社会效益。结果表明由于缺乏评价标准,政府对新型农业经营主体在固碳减排效益方面比经济效益方面的不确定性更加明显,而不确定性程度与新型农业经营主体努力结果的可观测性呈负相关关系,固碳减排效益的不确定因素无限大的时候,其激励强度趋于0;在政府的补贴过程中,成本系数越高、绝对风险率越高和不确定因素越多,则政府的激励契约对新型农业经营主体的激励强度就越低,需要强化对新型农业经营主体在固碳减排效益和社会服务效益方面的激励强度;政府对经济效益的最优激励因子与其绝对风险规避呈正向相关,因此政府在对处于高风险规避期的新型农业经营主体组织给予较高的激励,而对于风险规避率较低的处于成熟期的新型农业经营主体组织给予较低的激励。最后对结论进行整理,并作出实际的解释和提出针对性的对策建议。     

论政府能力与可持续发展

相对于传统发展模式。可持续发展在发展目标与内容上更具有公共性和长期性的取向。从而使政府能力将面临着更大的挑战.“卡尔多-希克斯改进”原则为政府推动可持续发展和走向“帕累托改瞢”提供了思路，并决定了政府能力的核心是制度供给能力。为了充分发挥政府能力。制度安排应遵循市场优先、地方政府优先、公众参与、遵循法治四个原则。     

基于土地优化配置模型的耕地生态补偿框架

耕地资源外部性和公共产品的属性决定了耕地利用的私人最优决策与社会最优决策存在不一致,难以达到土地资源配置的帕累托最优。通过土地优化配置模型分析,可知目前经济发展中缺乏考虑难以量化的生态非使用价值,解决外部性问题和保护生态环境的有效手段是建立政府干预的耕地生态补偿机制,把生态非使用价值的部分价值补偿给农民。耕地生态补偿的核心是如何把生态非使用价值进行合理量化和确定合理补偿标准,而合理补偿标准确定能更好解决生态服务的最优的供给问题,真正使生态补偿起到对正外部供给的激励和对负外部性释放的约束作用。本文从土地资源优化配置角度探讨耕地生态补偿必要性和尝试建立耕地生态补偿的核算基本理论框架,认为耕地提供净生态效益是核算补偿的基础,但同时需要考虑地块特征、空间特征、个体特征对生态补偿影响,不断修正补偿量,根据实际需要,确定切实可行、现实有效的标准,确保补偿标准更能揭示个人的偏好和效用,为耕地资源的保护和生态补偿机制的建立提供科学保障。     

Natural outdoor environments and mental and physical health: Relationships and mechanisms

BackgroundEvidence is growing for the beneficial impacts of natural outdoor environments on health. However, most of the evidence has focused on green spaces and little evidence is available on health benefits of blue spaces and about possible mediators and modifiers of such impacts. We investigated the association between natural outdoor environments (separately for green and blue spaces) and health (general and mental) and its possible mediators and modifiers.MethodsCross-sectional data from adults interviewed in Catalonia (Spain) between 2010 and 2012 as part of the Catalonia Health Survey were used. The collected data included sociodemographic characteristics, self-perceived general health, mental health, physical activity and social support. Indicators of surrounding greenness and access to natural outdoor environments within 300 m of the residence and degree of urbanization were derived for residential addresses. Associations were estimated using logistic regression and negative binominal models.ResultsGreen spaces were associated with better self-perceived general health and better mental health, independent of degree of urbanization. The associations were more consistent for surrounding greenness than for access to green spaces. The results were consistent for different buffers, and when stratifying for socioeconomic status. Slightly stronger associations were found for women and residents of non-densely populated areas. No association was found between green spaces and social contacts and physical activity. The results for blue spaces were not conclusive.ConclusionGreen spaces are associated with better general and mental health across strata of urbanization, socioeconomic status, and genders. Mechanisms other than physical activity or social support may explain these associations.     

循环经济与节能减排解析

目前我国经济增长模式是粗放的、不循环的经济增长模式，经济发展过程中存在着高增长、高能耗、高环境问题，作者通过一系列的数据对比和分析，指出当前发展循环经济，促进节能减排是我国经济发展过程中面临的第一要务。胡锦涛同志在党的十七大报告中提出一定要“落实节能减排工作责任制”，更表明了我国当前发展循环经济，促进节能减排的决心。本文首先提出循环经济与节能减排的相关概念及含义；再以重点行业中的电力、钢铁行业如何搞好能源资源节约和“三废”综合利用为例对我国发展循环经济、促进节能减排进行了实证分析；最后提出要通过加快资源价格机制的改革、促进技术创新、完善政策法规体系、转变领导片面追求GDP增长的认识等措施来达到发展循环经济、促进节能减排的目标。     

中国地表权、地下权概念、应用模式及相关问题分析

文章通过对地表权、地下权相关法律概念的梳理,指出地表权、地下权概念界定的复杂性,借鉴《商业词典》对地表权和地下权的定义,探讨了在中国矿产资源一元所有制及土地二元所有制并存的情形下,地表权与地下权的应用模式、相关产权界定及存在的问题。文章分三种情形对二者的应用模式进行了探讨,指出:地表权与地下权相分离的模式是符合中国国情的一种合理选择,但是在具体实践中却存在农村集体作为土地拥有者的地位没有得到应有的尊重、矿业权主体行政审批问题严重、矿产资源的国家所有权权益没有得到应有的体现、矿产资源开发中的环境产权界定不清晰等问题;在探讨中指出两个启迪性的思路:一是使农村集体参与矿产资源开发收益分成模式;二是在现有的征地制度下,理顺价格机制,建立有效的土地流转市场,在土地使用权转让中,给予土地所有者以价格补偿。文章进一步对矿产资源开发中的土地所有权界定、税费问题、土地价格补偿及环境产权分配给予相应的分析并给出建议。     

加拿大环境与可持续发展科技创新及对我国的启示

加拿大重视环境保护与可持续发展中的科技创新,在全联邦范围内营造了"政府引导、企业主体、国民支持"的良好创新氛围,形成了"以科技创新支撑环境产业发展,以环境产业促进环境保护与可持续发展"的鲜明环保特色,走出了一条科技创新、产业发展、环境保护和可持续发展三者协同发展、相互制衡、良性循环的发展路子,值得我国借鉴.在我国的环境与可持续发展科技创新中,存在着创新能力不足、产学研合作薄弱、产业化乏力等问题.本文通过中加比较,探讨了我国实施环境与可持续发展科技创新的对策思路,即政府应完善环保法规政策、健全环保标准和管理体系;应增加科研投入,建立政府调控下的市场化投资体系和环境科技的产业化发展;应选择重点领域实现优先发展,突破瓶颈产业;应重视合作创新,加强部门合作,科研机构合作以及国际合作.     

Chlorinated biphenyls and pesticides in migrating and resident seabirds from East and West Antarctica

The unhatched eggs of the following seabirds were analyzed to quantify PCBs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-, β-, γ-, δ-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), o,p' and p,p' isomers of DDT, DDD and DDE: resident Adèlie (Pygoscelis adèliae, ADPE) and Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri, EMPE) penguins, migrating snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea, SNPT) and South Polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki, SPSK) from the Ross Sea (East Antarctica); and migrating Brown skua (Catharacta antartica, BRSK) and resident ADPE from the Brainsfield Strait (West Antarctica). The general aims were to evaluate the contaminant accumulation in eggs of migrating and resident species in the two study areas, and to compare levels in penguins and skuas nesting in East and West Antarctica. PCB congener and HCH and DDT isomer profiles were also assessed. Comparisons were evaluated using seven PCB congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118+149, 138, 153, and 180), p,p'-DDE, ΣDDTs, and ΣHCHs. Higher contaminant concentrations were detected in migrating seabirds (South polar skua and brown skua)>sub-Antarctic species (snow petrel)>Antarctic species (penguins) from both the sampling sites, suggesting contamination events at lower latitudes for those birds migrating northward. HCHs showed the lowest concentrations in all species (from 0.03±0.03 ng/g wet wt in SPSK to 1.81±1.23 ng/g wet wt in ADPE from West Antarctica), and PCBs were the most abundant contaminants (from 4.34±2.15 ng/g wet wt. in EMPE to 53.41±19.61 ng/g wet wt. in brown skua). Among pesticides, it is relevant the detection of p,p'-DDT in Adèlie penguin from West Antarctica and in both species of skua; the detection of this pesticide can confirm its actual use in certain malaria-endemic countries from where it is transferred through the long range transport to the polar regions. Contaminants did not show any significant temporal trend during a ten year time span, from 1994/95 to 2004/05, in organisms collected in East Antarctica and they did not indicate any latitudinal gradient along the Ross Sea coasts.     

Chlorinated biphenyls and pesticides in migrating and resident seabirds from East and West Antarctica

The unhatched eggs of the following seabirds were analyzed to quantify PCBs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-, β-, γ-, δ-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), o,p′ and p,p′ isomers of DDT, DDD and DDE: resident Adèlie (Pygoscelis adèliae, ADPE) and Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri, EMPE) penguins, migrating snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea, SNPT) and South Polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki, SPSK) from the Ross Sea (East Antarctica); and migrating Brown skua (Catharacta antartica, BRSK) and resident ADPE from the Brainsfield Strait (West Antarctica). The general aims were to evaluate the contaminant accumulation in eggs of migrating and resident species in the two study areas, and to compare levels in penguins and skuas nesting in East and West Antarctica. PCB congener and HCH and DDT isomer profiles were also assessed. Comparisons were evaluated using seven PCB congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118 + 149, 138, 153, and 180), p,p′-DDE, ΣDDTs, and ΣHCHs. Higher contaminant concentrations were detected in migrating seabirds (South polar skua and brown skua) > sub-Antarctic species (snow petrel) > Antarctic species (penguins) from both the sampling sites, suggesting contamination events at lower latitudes for those birds migrating northward. HCHs showed the lowest concentrations in all species (from 0.03 ± 0.03 ng/g wet wt in SPSK to 1.81 ± 1.23 ng/g wet wt in ADPE from West Antarctica), and PCBs were the most abundant contaminants (from 4.34 ± 2.15 ng/g wet wt. in EMPE to 53.41 ± 19.61 ng/g wet wt. in brown skua). Among pesticides, it is relevant the detection of p,p′-DDT in Adèlie penguin from West Antarctica and in both species of skua; the detection of this pesticide can confirm its actual use in certain malaria-endemic countries from where it is transferred through the long range transport to the polar regions. Contaminants did not show any significant temporal trend during a ten year time span, from 1994/95 to 2004/05, in organisms collected in East Antarctica and they did not indicate any latitudinal gradient along the Ross Sea coasts.     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Abstract

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ‘manual emission’ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ‘good-cycle’ both ‘harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously’, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by all refrigerators. This ‘good-cycle’ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most-emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ＇manual emission＇ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ＇good-cycle＇ both ＇harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously＇, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by＇all refrigerators. This ＇good-cycle＇ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Citric and Oxalic Acids Effect on Pb and Zn Uptake by Maize and Winter Wheat

Abstract

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of citric and oxalic acids effect on Pb and Zn uptake by corn and winter wheat. The experiment was employed with citric acid (CA) applied at 3 rates (0, 1.5 and 3.0 mmol kg^?1 soil), oxalic acid (OA) at 3 rates (0, 1.5 and 3.0mmol kg^?1 soil) and citric acid combined with oxalic acid (1.5 mmol citric acid combined with 1.5 mmol oxalic acid kg^?1). Two types of soil were chose in the experiment. One was collected from the agricultural soil near a battery-recycling factory in Anhui province, China (site A) and the other was collected from a Pb-Zn mine residues in Hunan province, China (site B). The results showed that soil pH varied with the different treatment of citric and oxalic acids. However, there were no differences in all the treatments. 3.0mmol CA kg^?1 soil addition significantly increased the concentrations of the CaCl₂-extractable Pb and Zn and other treatments have no significantly increased. The highest shoot concentrations of Pb and Zn in both species occurred in application of 3.0 mmol CA/kg^?1 soil and shoot concentrations of Pb and Zn in both species were significantly higher than the controls in this treatment. Shoot yields declined with application of citric and oxalic acids, indicating that the plants were sensitive to the toxicity of the metals or the amendments. The highest Pb uptake values by maize and wheat werell2.3 and 77.2 μg pot1 in soil of site A, and occurred with the control and 3.0 mmol CA/kg^?1 soil respectively.     

Ra and Ra in scale and sludge samples and their correlation with the chemical composition

In order to contribute to a future waste management policy related to the presence of technologically enhanced natural occurring radioactive material (TENORM) in the Brazilian petroleum industry, the present work presents the chemical composition and the ²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Ra content of sludge and scales generated during the offshore E and P petroleum activities in the Campos Basin, the primary offshore oil production region in Brazil.The ²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Ra content on 36 sludge and scales samples were determined by gamma-spectrometry. Based on X-ray diffractometry results, a chemical analysis schema for these samples was developed. The results have shown that scales are 75% barium and strontium sulfates, with a mean ²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Ra content of 106 kBq kg⁻¹ and 78 kBq kg⁻¹, respectively. On the other hand, sludge samples have a much more complex chemical composition than the scales. The ²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Ra content in sludge also varies much more than the content observed in the scales samples and ranged from 0.36 to 367 kBq kg⁻¹ and 0.25 to 343 kBq kg⁻¹, respectively.