Towards Sustainable Urban Environmental Management in Jiangyin city,East China

Abstract

Dramatic economic and social changes have taken place in Jiangyin city due to rapid and uneven urbanization and industrialization. The environmental degradation has followed driven by these changes since the 1980's. With the pressures and effects of environmental deterioration, the city has implemented environmental management to hold back the trends of negative environmental changes. From the viewpoint of systems, DPSER is a good model for urban environmental changes to understand the causes, pressure, state, effect, existing responses and future action strategies. We took Jiangyin city, a developed city in South Jiangsu province, East China, as an example, and analyzed the characteristics of environmental changes and urban responses using DPSER model. Some operational strategies have been put forward to direct the city environmental management towards a sustainable road step by step.     

Environmental perception during rapid population growth and urbanization: a case study of Dhaka city

Dhaka city in Bangladesh has been passing through a hasty process of urbanization and population growth since the last few decades. Rapid growth of population, unplanned urbanization and industrialization in the periphery has generated pressure to the changes in land use pattern, which has also caused huge urban expansion. This expansion process is engulfing cultivated land, vegetation, wetlands and water bodies without considering their environmental impacts. This study argues that these changes and their scale of environmental impacts or sufferings are not equally distributed among the dwellers in Dhaka city. It seeks to explore variations of environmental qualities on the basis of people’s perceptions. The study finds that the dwellers in the city perceive their neighborhood environment differently, which may affect environmental qualities of the area and their sustainable management as well. Therefore, it is imperative to consider spatial variations and inequalities of environmental opportunities or sufferings in urban planning of Dhaka city.     

Exploring the effects of population growth on future land use change in the Las Vegas Wash watershed: an integrated approach of geospatial modeling and analytics

The Las Vegas Valley metropolitan area is one of the fastest growing areas in the southwestern United States. The rapid urbanization has presented many environmental challenges. For instance, as population growth and urbanization continue, the supply of sufficient clean water will become a concern. In addition, the area is also experiencing the longest drought in history, and the volume of water storage in Lake Mead, the main fresh water supply for the entire region, has been reduced greatly. The water quality in the main stem of the Las Vegas Wash (LVW) and Lake Mead may also be significantly affected. In order to develop effective sustainable management plans, the very first step is to predict the plausible future urbanization and land use patterns. This paper presents an approach to predict the future land use pattern at the LVW watershed using a Markov cellular automata model. The multi-criteria evaluation was used to couple population density as a variable depicting the driving force of urbanization in the model. Moreover, landscape metrics were used to analyze land use changes in order to better understand the dynamics of urban development in the LVW watershed. The predicted future land use maps for the years 2030 and 2050 show substantial urban development in the area, much of which are located in areas sensitive to source water protections. The results of the analysis provide valuable information for local planners and policy makers, assisting their efforts in constructing alternative sustainable urban development schemes and environmental management strategies.     

城市化与北京增温的协整分析

城市增温现象和城市热岛效应对人居环境的影响日益显著，而城市化是否是城市增温现象的一个主要影响因素，为此。利用协整分析等经济计量方法研究城市化对城市增温现象的影响。协整分析是近年来计量经济学发展的最新成果，能够揭示变量之间存在着的长期均衡变动关系。分析发现，城市化因子与城市气候因子之间存在着协整关系。长期看北京市的年平均最低温度与人口密度基本上处于同步增长状态；短期内城市气温的变动受人口和城市化因素的影响较大。为此可知，北京市70年代以来，城市气温的升高基本上与城市化的发展相一致。二者具有长期协同变动的均衡关系。这些发现对我们制定减缓城市热岛效应的城市规划以及合理人口规模的城市发展战略都有很大的帮助。     

农村城镇化进程中非农用地结构变化研究——以江苏省江阴市为例

如何协调经济发达区农村城镇化发展过程中土地占用需求的不断增长与土地占用供给的相对有限性之间的矛盾是关系到经济发达地区社会经济能否实现可持续发展的关键，以经济发达区江苏省江阴市为例，系统描述了苏南地区江阴市经济发展阶段农村城镇化过程中用地结构转换的动态变化过程，伴随着这一过程区域经济产业结构明显升级，土地利用效率也相应提高，但是，从目前江阴市城镇建设与土地资源利用管理现状来看，仍然存在着城镇用地结构与规模不合理，城镇发展与经济发展水平不相适应等问题，必须从这几方面着手，即进一步完善城镇发展规划，合理协调城镇发展与村庄建设的关系；深化城镇土地使用制度改革，提高城镇土地使用效率，调整工业用地布局，促进工业用地的集约利用，制定城镇生产环境发展规划，改善城镇人居环境。     

Problems of urban environment: A case study of Jodhpur,India

This paper attempts to analyze the environmental problems of Jodhpur city in terms of air quality, water supply, wastewater disposal, and solid waste management. Maps have been prepared to show the boundaries of municipal circles responsible for the disposal of solid wastes. Areas of comparatively higher degrees of air pollution have also been demarcated on the maps. The daily output of urban refuse and the intensity of urban refuse for wards within Jophpur's walled city versus for wards outside the walled city have been cartographically depicted.     

Urban environmental imprints after globalization

While cities continue to cast a large environmental imprint on their regionally proximate environments, they are also exerting a stronger influence on the natural systems of more remote locations because of their growing interconnectedness and interdependence with other cities??in a word, globalization. This paper reviews some of the characteristic features of globalization and its environmental impacts. It also discusses possible responses to these developments and focuses in particular on the critical role that urban infrastructure systems can play. The paper concludes with a discussion of how one might conduct analyses supporting the management of changes in urban infrastructure systems to lighten urban environmental imprints.     

Urbanization and sustainability: challenges and strategies for sustainable urban development in Bangladesh

Like other developing countries, urbanization in Bangladesh is a growing phenomenon, which is steady in nature but fretfully affects urban sustainability in the wake of lacking in good governance. Despite urban authorities are concerned about this issue, they often fail to address the problems due to the fact of uncontrollable and unpredictable rural to urban migration, and negligence of urban poor’s sustainable living and access to basic services. Virtually the rural poverty problem has been transposed to urban areas, particularly in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Inadequacy of infrastructural services, basic amenities and environmental goods; environmental degradation; traffic jam and accidents; violence and socioeconomic insecurity are the major challenges which are created through rapid urbanization. This paper provides a general understanding of urbanization in Bangladesh and tries to embrace related sustainability issues and challenges hindrance to sustainable urban development in Dhaka city. In addition, it presents a brief case study of water supply in Dhaka city which introduces an issue of ‘system hijack’. The paper concludes providing some strategies that might be helpful to the policy makers in formulating development policies for sustainable urban services.     

基于地学信息图谱的合肥市城市扩展时空特征及驱动力分析

利用多时相遥感影像,借助ArcGIS平台,采用空间形态分析、等扇分析、等距分析及分形分析等方法,以城市扩展强度、紧凑度、分形维数、重心坐标、扩展弹性系数等为指标,基于地学信息图谱分析了1987~2011年合肥市城市扩展时空特征及其驱动力。结果表明：合肥市在经历了轴向放射状扩展、双核组团扩展及轴间填充后,城市形态由不规则团块状向星楔形、连体双星形转变;24 a间,城市用地面积增长了22415 km2,城市规模扩大了455倍;2000年以前基本保持中、低速扩展,进入21世纪后,开始高速扩展;城市空间主要沿交通线向西南、东南、东、东北等方向非均衡延展,城市扩展最强烈的区域约在距城区中心8 km处,城市重心不断向南偏西方向转移;扩展过程中,城市紧凑度呈“W”型波动,分形维数呈“M”型波动,扩展弹性系数呈“∧”型波动,城市形态最终向着稳定、合理化方向发展;自然环境、经济发展、人口增长、交通建设、政府行为等是合肥市城市扩展的主要驱动力量     

基于工业总产值发展目标的城市生态承载力情景分析--以佛山市为例

本文以佛山市为例，在分析该市社会经济发展与资源，环境因素之间相关关系的基础上，以其产业发展规划中的工业总产值发展目标为基准和情景平台，通过单一目标，多因素，多途径下的情景分析，来模拟工业经济高速发展所可能出现的城市人口变化，对资源的要求，污染物排放量变化，评价城市发展对城市生态承载力的要求及其满足程度，找出制约当地经济发展的生态承载力限值因子，并根据分析结果对城市发展模式提出了建设性意见。     

基于最佳尺度的城市扩张特征研究——以苏州中心城区为例

为深入、准确揭示城市扩张特征，采用国土部门1996年、2005年、2014年3个年份1∶5000土地利用变更数据，基于ArcGIS10.2平台提取相应年份中心城区的城市用地，以50 m为步长，分析了 50～1 000 m 尺度范围内城市扩张规模、分形特征和扩张模式差异，得出最佳分析尺度为350 m。基于最佳尺度，分析了1996～2014年苏州城市扩张特征，结果表明：（1）1996～2005年扩张速度明显高于2005～2014年，其规模与工业化、城市化阶段密切相关；（2）扩张类型具有明显的周期性与规律性，早期以蔓延式扩张和飞地式扩张为主，后期出现明显的填充式扩张，在各个方向上存在梯度推移现象；（3）近20a来，城市分形维数D逐渐提高，基于城市用地生成的凸包图形愈加复杂，表明城区进一步扩张趋势突出。最后提出了城市扩张管理的对策建议，以期为工业化中后期城市的研究及扩张管理提供可能的借鉴参考。     

无锡市能源消费、碳排放与经济增长关系分析

经济增长对资源消耗存在很大的依赖性,研究能源消费、碳排放与经济增长关系,可为经济增长方式转变和低碳城市建设提供重要科学依据。基于IPCC国家温室气体排放清单指南中的方法估算了无锡市能源消费碳排放,并建立“脱钩”模型探讨能源消费、碳排放与经济增长之间的关系。结果表明：（1）2000~2010年,无锡市碳排放从84335万t增加到2 52804万t,总量不断增加,但趋势有所减缓,且各县市碳排放特征差异显著;（2）无锡市碳排放与经济增长整体处于弱脱钩状态,且脱钩状态有不断增强的趋势,市区经济发展已不依赖于能源消费,朝着环境友好方向发展,江阴和宜兴节能减排压力仍然很大;（3）优化产业结构、调整工业结构和提高能源利用效率是改善无锡市能源消费、碳排放和经济增长关系的有效途径,各县市根据具体情况,侧重点有所不同     

城市自然景区游客环境责任行为影响因素研究

城市自然景区是城市中不可多得的旅游资源和游憩空间,游客旅游行为对城市自然景区的游憩冲击一直是城市旅游管理亟待解决的棘手问题,研究游客的环境责任行为是控制游憩负面冲击,增强城市自然景区可持续发展能力的有效途径。本研究在国内外文献综述和实践观察基础上,将游客社会责任意识引入游客环境冲击感知和环境责任行为的关系研究中,建立了包含生态环境冲击感知、不友善行为感知、游客冲突感知和设施管理冲击感知四个游憩冲击感知变量,自我约束行为和保护促进行为两个环境责任行为变量的"游憩冲击感知—社会责任意识—环境责任行为"理论模型,应用问卷调查和结构方程模型,以长沙岳麓山国家5A级景区为案例,对城市自然景区游客环境责任行为的影响因素及其相互关系展开定量实证研究。研究发现:(1)游客游憩冲击感知对环境责任行为的直接影响作用较小,生态环境冲击感知对环境保护促进行为具有显著正向影响;(2)游客社会责任意识对环境自我约束行为具有显著正向影响,其在游客环境冲击感知、设施管理冲击感知、游客冲突感知与环境责任行为的影响关系中起中介作用;(3)游客冲击感知对社会责任意识的影响主要表现为游客生态环境冲击感知和设施管理冲击感知对游客社会责任意识具有显著的正向影响,而游客冲突感知对游客社会责任意识具有显著的负向影响。根据研究结论,文章最后指出城市自然景区游客环境责任行为若干管理启示。     

Conceptualizing Discourses on Ecological City and Its Planning

Abstract

Ecological city (eco-city) and its planning approach are emerging concepts in urban study, urban planning, ecological economics, environmental policy and corporate environmental management. However, opinions remain divided over the connotation and denotation of the term “ecological city”, what key issues ecocity planning can solve, and its specific contents. In this study, we present 10 basic propositions that define the eco-city and clarify its key parameters, thereby providing the basis for discussing the assumptions and principles underlying different approaches to sustainable urban development. We then summarize the concept and principles of an eco-city, and define the main requirements for ecocity planning. We conclude that an eco-city is a city in which the urban population, scale of land use and intensity of human activities are limited to the regional resource and environmental carrying capacity, which does not cause increasing or irreversible damage to the regional ecosystem’s structure, functions and processes.     

An exploration of the potential for re-distributed manufacturing to contribute to a sustainable,resilient city*

Abstract

Re-distributed manufacturing (RDM), broadly described as manufacturing done at a smaller-scale and locally, could be beneficial to business and urban society through creating jobs, reducing the environmental impacts of production, and improving resilience to future disturbances. Consideration of RDM within a city-region requires the consideration of a wide range of issues – societal, technical, economic and environmental. This paper presents the results of a study into the potential for RDM to contribute to a sustainable, resilient city in the face of a range of expected future disturbances on the city and on manufacturing sectors. The study took an integrated assessment approach which incorporated the development of a conceptual framework; a ‘strawman’ causal loop diagram which was reviewed by participants in a workshop; and a stock and flow system dynamics model that represents our understanding about the structure and behaviour of urban manufacturing. Several key themes emerged: similarities between RDM and traditional manufacturing, availability of physical space for RDM to be done, achieving urban resilience through RDM by enabling responsiveness to disturbances, changes in environmental impacts from production, additions or losses in jobs, the competitiveness of local manufacturing, and skills and innovation for RDM technologies. Further work is recommended.     

Estimate on spillover effect of environmental pollution between peripheral areas

ABSTRACT

Interaction of environmental pollution between peripheral areas has become a central topic in the field of resources and environment but little is known about the actual impact on peripheral areas in the current literature. This paper sets out a simultaneous equation model to investigate the spillover effect of environmental pollution between China’s peripheral areas utilizing the panel data of 218 cities in China. Making use of indicators for measuring the impact on environmental pollution, it identifies that environmental pollution between cities of China has a significant two-way spillover effect. After standardization of variables, it is found that the spillover effect of peripheral areas on urban environmental pollution cannot be neglected. Nearly, a third of the environmental pollution level in a city is induced by the environmental pollution in peripheral areas. If the indicator of environmental pollution in peripheral areas is missing, wrong conclusions will be drawn. Therefore, government should shift the emphasis of environmental regulation from local to global, and improve the overall environmental quality through coordinated management of regional environment.     

长江流域经济发达地区城市发展思路

长江流域具有优越的区位条件和良好的经济基础,改革开放后城市化水平大幅提高,目前该流域的城市格局正处于由传统的封闭型工业生产城市向经济型、开放型和以第三产业为主转变,单体城市也开始向相互依托、相互发展的城市群体转变。本文分析和总结了长江流域城市发展的现状和存在的问题,如城市化滞后于工业化、城市规划同城市发展不相适应、城市建设资金就足和城市生态环境问题等。在此基础上重点对长江中下游地区城市２１世纪发展     

基于随机森林与可变模糊集的城市洪涝脆弱性评估

洪涝灾害作为城市面临的重要自然灾害之一，对社会经济发展造成了重要的影响。首先从自然、经济、基础设施3个方面利用随机森林模型以数据驱动的方式筛选出了影响城市洪涝脆弱性的12项关键指标并据此构建了城市洪涝脆弱性评估指标体系。在此基础上，基于随机森林和熵权法计算指标体系权重，构建基于随机森林（RF）和可变模糊集（VFS）耦合的城市洪涝脆弱性评估模型（RF-VFS）。最后，以长江流域特大城市南京市为例，进行洪涝脆弱性评估，得到了影响南京市洪涝脆弱性的关键影响因素，并从完善城市洪涝管理政策、加强城市基础设施建设和防灾减灾应急措施3个方面提出了降低城市洪涝脆弱性的对策建议。结果表明：南京市洪涝脆弱性与汛期降雨量、硬地面积、地均GDP、城市道路网密度等指标呈较强关联；近20年南京市洪涝脆弱性等级呈上升趋势且高等级的年份出现频率愈加频繁，尤其是近5年洪涝脆弱性等级较高，研究结果与实际调研情况相符。该研究能为南京市相关管理部门加强洪涝管理和降低洪涝脆弱性提供决策参考，同时对其他城市的洪涝灾害管理也具有借鉴意义。     

皖江城市带近20 a生态环境变化遥感指数分析

随着城市化进程的不断加快，环境保护问题越来越突出，加强生态文明建设也越来越成为城市发展的重心之一，因此快速监测城市生态环境变化显得尤为重要。选取1995年、2005年、2015年Landsat TM/OLI影像为主要数据源，分别提取绿度、湿度、干度、热度4个生态因子作为评估指标，结合主成分分析，生成遥感生态指数（RSEI）,客观、迅速、定量地对皖江城市带近20 a生态环境变化进行分析。结果表明：1995~2015年皖江城市带生态环境质量先降后升，总体呈上升趋势。其中RSEI从1995年的0.710下降至2005年的0.683再升至2015年的0.728，总共上升了2.54%；1995~2015年生态环境恶化区域面积比例由20.03%到14.56%，减少了26.86%；生态环境改善区域面积比例由21.87%到29.39%，增加了34.39%。生态环境恶化区域主要集中在长江沿岸经济发达的扩张型城市和地区；生态环境改善区域主要集中在植被覆盖、注重环境整治、绿化效果显著地区。总的来说，城市生态质量与植被覆盖情况（NDVI）和不透水建筑面积（NDBSI）关系最为密切，城市扩张发展的同时，应该加强生态文明建设，注重环境保护，增加绿化面积，实现城市的可持续发展。 关键词： 皖江城市带；RSEI指数；城市生态；变化检测；主成分分析     

基于利益相关者理论的企业环境绩效影响因素研究

基于利益相关者理论,通过构建企业环境绩效与企业受到各利益相关者环境压力的计量模型,并在江苏常熟地区展开问卷调查,分析了影响企业环境绩效的利益相关者,结果表明:在该实证区域,以主动性环境管理行为度量企业环境绩效时,投资者、竞争者、消费者和社区居民等外部利益相关者对企业环境绩效的提高有显著的正影响;政府虽然给企业造成了很高的环境压力,但并不是造成企业之间环境绩效差异的原因;媒体和环保非政府组织等外部利益相关者作用尚不明显.结论说明:我国政府通过引入利益相关者参与企业环境治理,已经取得一定成效.建议我国政府继续推动环境政策创新,积极创造更多利益相关者成长的制度空间,为我国企业环境绩效的提高提供更多动力.