汉江流域生态系统服务权衡与协同关系演变

汉江流域是我国南水北调工程的水源地,也是国家重要的生态功能区,定量分析其生态系统服务关系对协调区域发展与保护环境有重要意义。综合利用RS与GIS技术对该区域2000～2015年的土壤保持、碳储量与食物供给服务进行空间制图,并基于空间采样法对3种生态系统服务间的权衡与协同关系进行研究。结果表明:(1)在2000～2015年,汉江流域土壤保持量在波动中下降,高值区位于汉江上游林地、草地交叉分布区域,低值区位于汉江中下游林地、耕地等单一聚集地类区;碳储量年际变化较小,其高低值分布与土壤保持量基本相同;食物供给量增长迅速,高值区位于中下游的平原区,低值区位于上游的山地和盆地区。(2)在权衡与协同分析中,碳储量与食物供给、土壤保持与食物供给之间以权衡关系为主,而碳储量与土壤保持以协同关系为主,各生态系统间权衡与协同关系存在空间异质性。(3)空间热点制图显示,2000～2015年0类服务热点区占比减少,主要地类为草地;1类服务热点区占比最大且呈增加趋势,主要地类为耕地,生态服务类型以食物供给为主;2类服务热点区有所减少,多分布在上游林地区域,服务类型为碳储存和土壤保持;3类服务热点区占比很少。该研究结果对揭示生态系统服务之间的区域差异有重要作用。     

湖库水源地流域生态系统服务权衡与多目标优化——以天目湖流域为例

协调各生态系统服务的权衡关系是进行生态系统有效管理、实现可持续发展的关键。采用模型评估法和价值评估法等评估了天目湖流域2019年水源涵养、水质净化、土壤保持、固碳和供给等五项重要生态系统服务，分析了各服务之间的权衡协同关系，采用多目标遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)对水质净化服务和供给服务进行优化。结果表明：(1)天目湖流域水源涵养、水质净化、土壤保持和固碳服务呈现“南高-北低”的空间分布特征，与植被覆盖度存在明显的正相关性；而供给服务的高值主要分布在流域中部和河流沿岸，与茶园和耕地分布密切相关。(2)水源涵养、水质净化、土壤保持和固碳服务两两之间表现为协同关系，供给服务与其他服务之间均呈现为权衡关系，其中与水质净化之间的权衡关系最强，表现为流域内最为突出的矛盾关系。(3) NSGA-Ⅱ算法为研究区生态系统服务优化提供了4种方案，可以在不同程度上化解流域内水质优化和经济产出之间的矛盾关系，为天目湖流域乃至其他湖库型水源地流域面向供水安全的生态系统可持续管理提供了新的思路和方法。     

“水-能-粮”视角下杭嘉湖区域生态系统服务供需测度及政策研究

生态系统保护与城镇化间的冲突已威胁人类福祉。基于"水-能-粮"纽带视角,研究从供需双侧对太湖流域杭嘉湖区域2000、2005及2010年的产水、固碳以及粮食生产服务进行了测度,并利用空间基尼系数模型、供需指数模型及相关系数模型对其空间异质性进行了评价。结果表明:(1)产水总量先减后增,固碳及粮食生产总量小幅递减,水资源及粮食的需求总量小幅递增,固碳需求则急剧增加;(2)西南部山林地带产水及固碳服务供给显著,粮食生产聚集在东部平原,3种服务的需求均集中于高人口密度区域;(3)3种服务的空间分布基本均衡,但供需匹配度偏低,绝大部分区域的产水服务处于赤字状态,城镇区域固碳压力显著;(4)产水服务与固碳服务呈权衡关系,与粮食生产服务呈协同关系,固碳服务与粮食生产服务之间具有权衡关系,3种服务的需求间呈两两协同关系。可见,"水-能-粮"纽带关系在杭嘉湖区域表现为相互支撑、相互影响的共同体。最后,本研究提出适应性管理政策以改善区域生态系统。     

重庆市主城区城市扩张对生态系统服务影响的时空评估

城市建设用地扩张存在无序蔓延的现象,这种现象导致了生态系统服务功能的衰退,进而影响社会、经济和生态的协调发展。以重庆市主城区为研究对象,基于DMSP/OLS数据和Landsat数据分析了2005～2015年城市扩张的时空特征,基于MODIS NDVI数据、农作物产量数据、植被覆盖类型数据、气象数据和土壤类型数据等,利用食物供给模型、CASA模型和SCS_CN模型模拟了2005、2015年单位面积粮食供给、NPP和径流深度的空间分布与变化,最后,通过相关性分析阐述了不同发展区域生态系统服务的时空变化和权衡协同关系变化,探讨了城市扩张过程中面临的问题与挑战,并对未来城市发展提出几点建议。主要结论如下:(1)将重庆市主城区按照发展水平的高低划分为发达区、发展区和远城区;时间方面,2005～2015年建设用地共增加了373.9 km~2,发达区由于建设用地分布处于较饱和状态,建设用地的扩张量最小,发展区的扩张量最大。空间方面:建设用地沿着东北西南方向延伸扩张,东北偏东方向的渝北区和江北区受"两江新区"建设的影响,建设用地增量最大;(2)2005和2015年食物供给、固碳和土壤蓄水服务功能在发达区最低,发展区次之,远城区最高,且三种生态系统服务功能均存在显著衰退现象,衰退幅度最大的区域是发展区,与城市扩张最剧烈的区域在空间上吻合;(3)生态系统服务之间的权衡与协同关系受城市发展程度的影响;(4)发展区是生态系统服务功能下降最大的区域,食物供给是衰退最显著的生态系统服务功能。通过研究发现,重庆市建设用地扩张存在"冒进"蔓延的现象,这种现象破坏了生态系统功能,降低了环境容量,影响市民居住的舒适性,为此针对城市扩张过程中出现的问题提出了几点发展建议。研究结果引为解析重庆市主城区城市化过程中的问题成因,寻求城镇化的协调发展之路,合理规划城市发展提供了科学依据。     

LUCC影响下湖南省生态系统服务价值时空演变

基于土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)遥感解译数据,利用生态系统服务价值评估模型及GIS空间统计方法,探讨了湖南省1990~2015年间生态系统服务价值(ESV)时空格局及其动态演化。结果表明:湖南省生态系统服务价值总体呈下降趋势,其中减少最明显的是耕地、林地和草地系统价值。生态系统服务价值空间格局的等级差异明显,ESV高值区与低值区相互溶解渗透,总体上高值区与较高值区对低值区呈包围态势。高值和较高值区分布较均匀、低值与较低值区分布较集中,中等值区分布较为散乱,呈随机镶嵌结构分布格局。生态系统服务价值及其动态演化的空间自相关与高低值聚集现象明显,但其相关性与聚集程度趋于弱化。"退田还湖"、"退耕还林"、"绿色湖南"等政策的实施,促使研究区域的ESV增加并形成若干增值热点区,城镇化、城市扩张与土地开发导致生态系统服务价值损失,并形成城镇密集区、水土资源富集区分布的价值损失冷点区。     

武汉市生态系统服务功能对城市用地扩张的响应机理

针对当前生态系统服务功能对城市用地扩张过程响应机理研究的不足,以武汉市为例,定量计算区域重要生态系统服务功能价值,探究城市用地扩张过程对生态系统服务的影响机理。结果表明:(1)1990～2015年,除水文调节的价值在2000～2005年略有增长,其余生态系统服务功能价值均呈负增长,降幅最大的是食物供给;(2)人口增长带来的生态系统服务功能的需求压力远远大于城市用地扩张对生态系统服务的直接破坏;(3)城市用地扩张对食物供给的破坏程度最大,对水文调节能力的破坏程度次之,对生物多样性和土壤保持的破坏程度相对较低。武汉市在未来的城市用地扩张中,应禁止侵占水域和森林的面积,调整农田的侵占结构,提高建设用地集约利用水平。     

耕地多功能权衡与协同关系研究——以上海市青浦区为例

为识别耕地各功能的关联程度及在不同空间上的相关关系,基于土地利用变更调查数据和统计年鉴等数据,利用冷热点分析和偏相关分析等方法对上海市青浦区耕地的生产功能、生态功能和景观功能进行空间定量化分析并划分五类功能区,识别各分区及整个区域的空间关联。结果表明:(1)耕地各功能空间分布差异显著,东部各功能状况较好,北部较差。(2)生产功能主导区主要分布在东北部,生态功能的主导区分布在东南部,景观功能主导区分布在西南部和北部,各功能的低值区集中在西北部,无显著功能区集中在淀山湖周围。(3)在整个区域内,生产-生态功能,生产-景观功能呈协同关系,生态-景观功能呈权衡关系,相关关系与各功能主导区具有差别。结论:耕地各功能之间存在显著的权衡与协同关系,并在不同功能主导区有一定差异。通过分析耕地多功能的空间分布差异和相关性能够有针对性的进行分区保护,从而实现耕地的可持续利用。     

秦岭山地生物多样性保护红线划分研究

生物多样性保护是划定并严守生态保护红线的重要内容,如何准确识别生物多样性维护功能极重要区是科学划定生物多样性保护红线的关键。基于秦岭山区物种丰富度的海拔梯度格局,通过对生物多样性维护功能重要性评估模型的改进优化和校验,最终形成秦岭地区科学的生物多样性保护红线方案。结果表明:(1)修正后的NPP定量指标评估法,提高了陕西秦岭地区生物多样性重要区域识别的准确性,可适用于我国中东部物种丰富度随海拔梯度呈中峰型或单调递增型的山区;(2)秦岭生物多样性保护红线区的总面积达24 688.33 km~2,占到秦岭山区总面积的39.11%,空间分布整体上呈现出西部集中、东部分散,南坡多、北坡少的空间分布特征;(3)森林生态系统是秦岭生物多样性保护红线区的重要支撑系统,面积占比高达96.12%。本研究提出的修正方法和研究结果,不仅提高了区域生物多样性维护功能重要区识别的准确性,而且为其他地区生物多样性保护红线的科学划定和边界优化提供了参考。     

基于生态系统服务流视角的生态补偿区域划分与标准核算——以石羊河流域为例

厘定补偿边界与明晰补偿标准是流域生态补偿科学实施的关键。生态系统服务流因其可清晰反映流域上下游生态系统服务联系、精准界定生态系统服务供受区范围、客观计算生态系统服务补偿标准,成为生态补偿研究的新切入点。文章以石羊河流域为例,基于流域2018年土地覆被、气象观测和统计年鉴等多源数据,利用供需平衡模型和风沙扩散模型分别模拟了流域主要生态系统服务的流动特征,并据此确定了受偿区、支付区范围以及补偿的标准。结果表明:(1)石羊河流域提供的生态系统服务主要为水供给服务和防风固沙服务,总体呈现出"上游水资源供给,下游防风固沙"的分布格局;(2)石羊河流域生态补偿的综合受偿区分布在流域上游的天祝藏族自治县和下游的民勤县,综合支付区在流域的中上游县(区)均有分布;(3)石羊河流域生态补偿总额度为9.89亿元,其中水供给服务每公顷应受偿/支付357.39元,防风固沙服务每公顷应受偿/支付943.67元。受偿额度高值区主要集中在流域下游民勤县,支付额度高值区主要集中在流域中游凉州区。     

基于Meta回归方法的中国城市森林生态系统服务功能价值再评估

在综合国内若干城市生态系统服务功能价值研究实例的基础上,构建了中国城市森林生态系统服务功能价值转移数据库和相应的Meta回归分析模型,对价值转移评估的影响因素进行了全面探讨,并对该模型的样本外价值转移的有效性进行了检验.研究结果表明:(1)中国城市森林生态系统服务功能的平均价值为5.868 万元/hm2·a,按照价值高低排序依次为:涵养水源＞固碳释氧＞保育土壤＞生物多样性保护＞净化大气环境＞森林游憩＞积累营养物质,且总体呈现出西部地区＞东部地区＞中部地区的区位分布特征;(2)城市森林生态系统服务功能的评估方法、类型因素,城市的区位、人口、经济因素和研究区面积因素都是影响城市森林生态系统服务功能价值变化的主要因素;(3)所构建的Meta价值转移模型的样本外价值转移的平均转移误差为18.54％,用于研究样本外价值转移估计的有效性较好.     

优化分配方式 提高资金环境绩效

十一五期间中央环境保护专项资金下达近91亿元,为我国环境污染防治和监管基础能力建设提供了强有力的资金保障。随着财政资金使用改革的不断深入,财政部和环保部对中央环境保护专项资金的管理已从过去以评审为中心转变为以绩效为中心,无论在资金投向、分配方式、过程管理、绩效评估等方面都紧密围绕环境绩效这一中心开展。本文在对十一五期间中央环境保护专项资金资金分配总体情况总结归纳的基础上,分析了资金分配方式制约绩效发挥的主要问题,以改革创新资金分配方式、提高环境绩效为目的,对中央统筹法、项目申报法、因素分配法等三种分配方式提出了若干改革优化的建议。     

Comparisons of elements and inorganic compounds inside and outside of residences

The results of more than 1 yr of air monitoring inside and outside of five homes in each of two communities are presented for SO₂, NO₂, mass respirable particles, SO₄, Al, Br, Cl, Mn, Na, and V. Outdoor measurements across the home site in each city are consistent with proximity to outdoor sources. Looking across indoor residential sites in each city, the home appears to alter outdoor concentrations in several ways. Indoor level of SO₂, SO₄, Mn, and V are lower than those measured outdoors. These constituents are thought generally to result from outdoor sources. The other constituents studied are at times found in excess within homes. In some cases the source or sources of excess concentration of a particular constituent could be identified; often, however, the source of excess indoor concentration could not be identified.     

Mutagenic and carcinogenic potency of extracts of diesel and related environmental emissions: Summary and discussion of the results

The proposed conversion from gasoline powered automobiles to diesel powered vehicels has prompted the Environmental Protection Agency to evaluate the potential health effects associated with exposure to diesel emissions. At present, there is no direct epidemiological link between this exposure and human health. Therefore, a research program was constructed to compare the health effects associated with diesel emissions with those from other emission sources for which epidemiological information was available. The emission sources chosen were cigarette smoke, roofing tar, and coke oven. An additional comparative emission source which was a gasoline catalyst engine. Respirable particles from a variety of combustion sources have the potential of being carcinogenic and mutagenic. The objective of these studies was to determine the relative biological activity of the organic material adsorbed on these particles in both in vitro mutagenesis and in vitro and in vivo bioassays. The organic extracts from the following series of emission sources were quantitatively bioassayed in a matrix of tests for their carcinogenic and mutagenic activity: (1) a light-duty Oldsmobile diesel 350 engine; (2) a heavy-duty Caterpillar diesel engine; (3) a light-duty Nissan engine; (4) a Volkswagen Rabbit diesel engine; (5) cigarette smoke; (6) roofing tar; (7) coke oven; and (8) a gasoline catalyst Mustang. The test matrix consisted of the following bioassay: reverse mutation in Salmonella typhimurium; mitotic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae; DNA damage in Syrian hamster embryo cells (SHE); sister chromatid exchange in CHO cells; gene mutation in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells, Balb/c 3T3 mouse embryo fibroblasts and CHO cells; viral enhancement of SHE cells; oncogenic transformation in Balb/c 3T3 cells; and skin tumor initiation in SENCAR and C57 black mice. The results of this test matrix are discussed.     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most-emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ＇manual emission＇ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ＇good-cycle＇ both ＇harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously＇, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by＇all refrigerators. This ＇good-cycle＇ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Abstract

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ‘manual emission’ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ‘good-cycle’ both ‘harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously’, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by all refrigerators. This ‘good-cycle’ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Concentrations of chlorinated and brominated contaminants and their metabolites in serum of harbour seals and harbour porpoises

Harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) and harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) are top predators in the North Sea and consequently accumulate a variety of pollutants in their tissues. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their hydroxylated metabolites (HO-PCBs and HO-PBDEs) were measured in serum of wild harbour seals (n = 47) and captive harbour porpoises (n = 21). Both species exhibit long life spans and do not have extreme situations, such as complete fasting during periods of lactation, in their annual cycles. For PCBs, concentrations in adult males were slightly higher than in juveniles and lowest in juvenile females. For PBDEs, juveniles have higher levels than adult males and females, probably as a consequence of lactational transfer. However, differences between these age–gender groups were not statistical significant, indicating that individual variation was limited within each species, even without knowing the feeding status of the animals. Body condition, particularly emaciation, has a major influence on the levels of chlorinated and brominated contaminants in serum. Profiles of PCBs were CB 153 > CB 138 > CB 187 > CB 180 and CB 153 > CB 138 > CB 149 > CB 187 > CB 180 for harbour seals and porpoises respectively. For PBDEs, BDE 47 was the predominant congener followed by BDE 100 and 99 in both species. In harbour seals, concentrations of sum PCBs (median: 39,200 pg/ml) were more than 200 times higher than levels of sum PBDEs (median: 130 pg/ml) and almost 10 times higher than concentrations of sum HO-PCBs (4350 pg/ml). In harbour porpoises, concentrations of sum PCBs (median: 24,300 pg/ml) were about 20 times higher than concentrations of PBDEs (median: 1300 pg/ml). HO-PCBs were detected in only 4 harbour porpoises and this at very low concentrations. Naturally-produced MeO-PBDEs were only found in harbour porpoises at concentrations ranging from 120 to 810 pg/ml. HO-PBDEs were not found in any species. In general, harbour seals accumulate less compounds and have mostly lower concentrations than harbour porpoises possibly as a result of a better developed metabolism.     

Relevance of BFRs and thermal conditions on the formation pathways of brominated and brominated-chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans

The widespread use of brominated flame-retarded products in the last two decades has resulted in an increasing presence of bromine in thermal processes such as waste combustion and accidental fires. Brominated and brominated-chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDDs/PBDFs, PXDDs/PXDFs) are micropollutants of concern arising from such processes. The present review aims to evaluate the relevance of these compound classes in actual thermal processes. Four categories of thermal processes are discussed in this respect according to their potential for PBDD/PBDF and PXDD/PXDF generation: thermal stress, pyrolysis/gasification, insufficient combustion conditions and controlled combustion conditions. Under thermal stress situations, as they may occur in production or recycling processes, PBDDs/PBDFs precursors like polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) can have a relevant potential for PBDD/PBDF formation via a simple elimination. Under insufficient combustion conditions as they are present in, e.g. accidental fires and uncontrolled burning as well as gasification/pyrolysis processes, considerable amounts of PBDDs/PBDFs can be formed from BFRs, preferably via the precursor pathway. In contrast, under controlled combustion conditions, BFRs and PBDDs/PBDFs can be destroyed with high efficiency. The relevance of de novo synthesis of PXDDs/PXDFs is discussed for this condition.Providing a basis for the understanding of PXDD/PXDF formation in actual thermal processes, the present paper also summarises the formation pathways of brominated and brominated-chlorinated PXDDs/PXDFs from brominated flame retardants (BFRs) investigated during laboratory thermolysis experiments. Relevant mechanistic steps for PBDD/PBDF formation from brominated precursors are discussed including elimination reactions, condensation steps and debromination/hydrogenation reactions.In addition, chlorination/bromination and halogen exchange reactions are briefly discussed with respect for their relevance on the final distribution of PBDDs/PBDFs, mixed chlorinated PXDDs/PXDFs and PCDDs/PCDFs resulting from thermal processes.     

经济波动与最优城镇化水平和速度研究

城镇化对经济波动具有重要影响,过快和过慢均不利于经济的平稳发展。我国经济新常态客观上要求实施新型城镇化战略,关键是积极稳妥推进城镇化,科学控制城镇化水平和速度。以宏观经济稳定为目标,确定最优城镇化规则,诊断当前城镇化水平和速度,可为落实新型城镇化,稳定宏观经济提供决策参考。本文建立了附加城镇化变量的后顾型宏观经济模型,利用最优控制理论求解基于宏观经济波动最小化的最优城镇化水平和速度决定规则,实证结果表明:我国人口城镇化速度主要对宏观总需求产生影响,而土地城镇化速度既影响总需求也影响总供给;最优城镇化速度规则对总产出缺口负反馈,对通胀缺口正反馈。在此基础上,进一步模拟了1990-2013年间最优人口城镇化、土地城镇化水平以及相应的总产出和通胀波动情况,模拟结果显示:最优城镇化水平和速度规则具有逆经济周期的特征,为保持经济平稳发展,经济过度繁荣时城镇化应减速,经济衰退时应加速城镇化,我国历史上城镇化速度和水平存在较大的优化空间;最优城镇化水平和速度规则会小幅度降低城镇化进程和总产出的平滑性,但会大幅度抑制通胀波动,总体来看使总福利损失下降约三分之一;当前我国人口城镇化水平超前速度过快,土地城镇化水平偏低速度过慢。建议"十三五"期间,政府应该根据宏观经济波动情况适当控制人口城镇化速度,加快推进土地城镇化,提高土地城镇化水平和质量,同时应制定相应的财政政策和货币政策以促进最优城镇化规则发挥其降低宏观经济波动功能。     

中国工业化进程与能源矿产供需均衡的研究

工业化与能源需求的均衡关系及解决工业化进程中能源供需失衡的战略途径是中国工业化进程中需要探讨的重大问题.文章运用协整技术,就1990-2008年间中国工业化进程与能源需求协整关系的检验,认为中国工业化与能源需求增长具有长期稳定的均衡关系,能源需求将继续保持增长,能源利用效率也将持续提高.然而工业化进程中重工业化高能耗结构特征与能源低效利用并存的困境以及能源供需矛盾不利于能源供需平衡的平稳发展.我国应适应工业化进程的基本规律,转变能源消费方式;走新型工业化道路,适当限制低附加值产业发展,鼓励产业向离附加值、低能耗、高技术产业转移;在实现能源开发利用技术进步和创新的同时.有效利用国内外能源资源;建立能源应急机制等战略途径来实现工业化进程中能源供需平衡发展.     

我国探矿权资产化、证券化的模式及设想

探矿权资产化、证券化是我国改革探矿业投融资体制，解决探矿业资金瓶颈问题的关键。本文从制度建设、机构投资者的发展状况等方面分析了我国初步推行探矿权资产化、证券化的有利条件．指出了探矿权资产化、证券化的三种模式。并以基金模式和股权模式为例提出了实施探矿权资产化、证券化的步骤设想。