长江荆江段浮游生物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系

为了解长江荆江段浮游生物的群落结构特征以及其与环境因子之间的关系，于2017年3、6、9和12月对荆江7个采样断面的左右岸共14个采样点的浮游生物群落结构及水文、水质参数进行了调查。结果表明：荆江采集到浮游植物7门67属135种(含变种)，以硅藻门（51.85%）和绿藻门（25.19%）为主。浮游植物的丰度均值为73.16×10 4 cells./L，生物量均值为0.87 mg/L，上荆江各采样断面间浮游植物丰度和生物量变化不明显，下荆江浮游植物的丰度和生物量表现从上游到下游逐渐增高的趋势。优势种为硅藻门的颗粒沟链藻和梅尼小环藻。Margalef 丰富度指数是0.83，Pielou均匀度指数是0.80和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数是1.90，下荆江的丰富度指数和多样性指数大于上荆江，说明上荆江比下荆江污染严重。典范对应分析溶氧、温度、氨氮是影响浮游植物群落结构的主要因素。浮游动物48属81种，其中轮虫最多（37.04%），其次是原生动物（25.93%）和枝角类（23.46%）。浮游动物丰度均值为6.32 ind./L，生物量均值为88×10-3 mg/L，上荆江浮游动物丰度和生物量低于下荆江。浮游动物优势种为冠砂壳虫、桡足类无节幼体和剑水蚤一种。Margalef 丰富度指数是5.2，Pielou均匀度指数是0.84和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数是1.32，下荆江的丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数均大于上荆江，说明上荆江比下荆江污染严重。冗余分析显示温度、溶氧和氨氮是影响浮游动物群落结构的主要因素。     

长江下游江段秋季浮游植物生态指标与理化指标评价

采用种类相似性指数、多样性指数等多项生物学指标分析2009年秋季长江下游段的浮游植物群落特征，并结合理化指标评价其水质营养状态。结果表明：2009年秋季，长江下游段共检出绿藻(Chlorophyta)、硅藻(Bacillariophyta)、蓝藻(Cyanophyta)、裸藻(Euglenophyta)、隐藻(Cryptophyta)5门27种，浮游植物细胞丰度变化在5.68×104～7.08×104 cells/L，平均为6.01×104 cells/L，浮游植物生物量变化在30.43～34.73 μg/L，平均为32.46 μg/L；各采样站位之间的浮游植物相似性指数变化在0.30～0.63，介于轻度相似至中度相似之间；多样性指数变化在2.38～2.73，多样性较好或丰富，显示出长江下游段的浮游植物群落处于较稳定的状态；水质CODMn、TN、TP和TLI（∑）分别变化在2.71～3.23 mg/L、1.24～1.35 mg/L、0.058～0.072 mg/L和44.87～45.96；综合水质生物学和化学评价结果可知2009年秋季长江下游段的水质较好；但从水质评定级别来看，化学评价得出的水质等级与生物学评价得出的水质等级有所不同，显示出两种方法的差异性，因此，生物监测应与理化监测相结合，以提高监测结果的准确性和可靠性。〖     

金沙江干流浮游植物群落结构特征及其时空变化

为研究金沙江干流浮游植物群落结构及其时空分布特征,于2017～2018年春秋两季对干流14个断面进行调查分析。调查结果显示:金沙江干流水域共分布浮游植物8门100种(含变种),主要由硅藻(56%)、蓝藻(22%)、绿藻(11%)组成,浮游植物密度变化范围为0.019 3×10~6～0.341 0×10~6cells/L,浮游植物生物量变化范围为0.016～0.434 mg/L,各江段存在显著性差异。Shannon多样性指数变化范围1.168～2.519,Pielou均匀度指数变化范围为0.559～0.876,Margalef指数变化范围为1.573～3.36,各江段多样性指数变化各异,金沙江干流水环境综合评价为中污染状态。等级聚类和排序结果表明,2017、2018年的春秋两季样本点群落均分为3组。上中下游在不同季节、年份里表现出不同程度的相似性,由于不同断面的环境差异造成了浮游植物群落的时空差异。时间上,金沙江干流浮游植物群落结构上每个季节演替明显,既有延续也有交替;空间上,采样点从上游至下游浮游植物群落越均匀旺盛,具有较明显的空间趋异性,聚类和排序较好的揭示了金沙江干流各江段浮游植物分布组成、种类数量和生境的相似性。     

太湖五里湖沿岸带浮游植物群落生态特征(2014~2015年)

2014年7月~2015年6月对五里湖浮游植物开展了逐月调查，以研究综合治理后五里湖沿岸带浮游植物群落变化特征。本次调查共检出浮游植物8门196种，绿藻门物种最多(74种)，硅藻门次之(57种)。优势种共6门30种，其中2014年7、8、9、10月和2015年6月的第一优势种均为蓝藻门的小颤藻，其优势度范围为0.567~0.879。时间上，浮游植物密度和生物量的月均值变幅分别为1.07×106~2.18×108 ind./L，0.32~50.52 mg/L，其中由于蓝藻的大量增殖，夏和秋初密度、生物量极显著高于其他月份；空间上，A区浮游植物密度和生物量显著低于其余3个湖区。Pearson相关性分析表明，藻类密度、生物量和物种数与水体浊度(Tur)、pH和水温(WT)呈显著或极显著相关关系；RDA分析表明，WT、DO和Tur是与浮游植物群落结构相关性较强的环境因子(p<0.01)，其中相关性最强的为WT(r=0.8982)。依据浮游植物物种数和生物多样性指数对水质的分析表明：五里湖沿岸带水体处于中度富营养化水平。     

长江口大洋山近岸水域浮游植物群落及其与环境因子的关系

2012年对上海大洋山近岸水域浮游植物的群落结构和物种多样性的周年动态进行了逐月的研究。结果表明:浮游植物共有141种,隶属6门62属。以硅藻为主,共43属110种,占物种总种类的78.01%。该水域浮游植物的年平均细胞密度为(37.86±39.79)×104cell/L。中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)和具槽帕拉藻(Paralia sulcata)为第一和第二优势种,细长列海链藻(Thalassiosira leptopus)、肋缝菱形藻(Nitzschia frustulum)和梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)为该水域常见种。从水质参数和物种多样性指数综合评价:大洋山近岸水域水质总体属于轻中污染。冗余分析(RDA)表明对大洋山近岸水域浮游植物影响较大的是悬浮物浓度、盐度、水温和溶解氧。     

神农架国家公园大九湖湿地水质变化与浮游生物分布特征

大九湖湿地是汉江一级支流堵河的发源地,含有多种湿地类型,具有重要的生物多样性保护和潜在的科学研究及生态旅游价值.为了解大九湖湿地生态移民搬迁中的浮游生物现状及水质状况,2015、2016年对所辖9个子湖的水质、浮游生物进行采样调查.调查共发现浮游植物8门48属129种,浮游动物2门3属36种;D5湖浮游动物丰度均值最高,植物丰度指数均值最高为9号湖;对比6个时间段的采样结果,2015年特定时间段的水质指标比2016年指标波动较大且富营养化状态严重,在D9湖趋于平稳,以相对低值流入落水孔,总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)、生化需氧量(CODMn)均值分别为0.032、0.632、4.5 mg/L,研究成果可为大九湖湿地水环境保护及生态修护提供参考依据.     

苏州河浮游植物群落结构特征

以正在生态恢复进行中的苏州河水体为研究对象，共设黄渡、华漕、北新泾、武宁路桥、长寿路桥和浙江路桥6个采样点，从2000年10月至2002年10月间按春、夏、秋、冬进行了9次采样，另外，在黄渡、华漕和武宁路桥于2002年的5月和6月增加了5次采样，对苏州河浮游植物群落的种类组成和数量特征进行了调查研究，结果表明：苏州河浮游植物的平均个体数达到了 4.7×10⁶ ind/L，细胞密度平均值为 10.2×10⁶ ind/L，生物量均值为 5.73 mg/L。苏州河浮游植物群落结构的定性和定量组分表达均显示绿藻优势，其密度和生物量分别为 5.774 ind/μL 和 2.159 mg/L；属数、种数和生物量结构以硅藻次之。生物量、个体数与细胞数的Shannon Weaver指数均值分别为3.05、3.22和3.28；生物量、个体数与细胞数的Pielou均匀度指数均值则分别为0.73、0.76和0.77，Margalef和Simposon指数均值分别为1.59和0.84.     

汉江中下游干流水质变化趋势及持续性分析

汉江是长江中游最大的支流,近年来水质污染日趋严重,且范围有逐渐扩大趋势。随着流域内经济社会发展用水量增长以及2014年南水北调中线一期工程建成引水,汉江中下游流域水资源、水生态环境压力日益显现,流域管理面临较大挑战。利用汉江中下游干流襄阳、仙桃和汉口3个主要的水质监测控制断面1998~2011年实测水质资料中5个水质项目,采用季节性肯达尔检验法对其项目进行了变化趋势检验与分析,并用叠加型指数法验证趋势分析的合理性;结合Hurst指数分析了趋势变化的持续性,结果表明季节性肯达尔检验法方法合理,持续性分析结果可预测未来水质变化,并为水环境保护和管理提供技术参考。     

长江中游宜昌至城陵矶江段浮游植物群落结构的周年变化特征

于2010年1、4、7和10月对三期蓄水后长江中游宜昌至城陵矶江段的浮游植物进行周年调查。结果显示：浮游植物共计8门74属147种，以硅藻、绿藻和蓝藻为主，分别占401%、265%和204%。优势种为颗粒直链藻（〖WTBX〗Melosira granulate）、颗粒直链藻最窄变种（M.granulata var. angustissima〖WTBZ〗 O.Müller）、美丽星杆藻(〖WTBX〗Asterione formosa〖WTBZ〗 Hass）、克洛脆杆藻（〖WTBX〗Fragilaria Crowe crisp bar〖WTBZ〗 sp.）、钝脆杆藻（〖WTBX〗Fragilaria capucina〖WTBZ〗 Desm）、普通等片藻（〖WTBX〗Ordinary film algae）、具星小环藻（Cyclotella stelligera〖WTBZ〗 Cl.et Grun.）、单角盘星藻具空变种（〖WTBX〗Pediastrum simplex var.duodenarium）、优美胶毛藻（Chaetophora elegans〖WTBZ〗 (Roth) Agardh）、小颤藻（〖WTBX〗O.tenuis）、飞燕角甲藻（Geratium hirundinella〖WTBZ〗）等11种。浮游植物种类组成的季节变化差异较明显，秋季种类数最多，为110种，夏季种类数最少，只有55种。全年浮游植物平均密度为1611×104 cells/L，平均生物量为226 mg/L，夏季生物量最大（497 mg/L），秋季最小（044 mg/L）。Shannon Wiener多样性指数均值为122，Pielou均匀度指数均值为027，Margalef丰富度指数均值为154，四季中春季的多样性指数、均匀度指数和丰富度指数均为最高。通过生物评价得出长江宜昌至城陵矶江段处于β 中污带，秋季部分江段出现富营养化     

太湖蠡湖浮游植物群落特征及其对水质的评价

2007年冬季（1月30日）和春季（3月27日）对太湖蠡湖进行两次全面调查。采用种类相似性指数、优势指数、多样性指数和污水生物系统等多项生物学指标分析浮游植物群落特征；并结合理化指标评价蠡湖水质营养状况。结果表明：蠡湖共检出浮游植物8门，88种；其中以绿藻门种类最多，共48种，占总种数的5455%；硅藻门次之，共15种，占总种数的1705%。两次调查中各个站位的优势种均为绿藻门种类，其中冬季的优势种为小球衣藻〖WTBX〗（Chlamydomonas microsphaera）〖WTBZ〗，优势指数变化在7143%~9628%，春季优势种为小形平藻〖WTBX〗（Pedinomonas minor）和小球藻（Chlorella vulgaris）〖WTBZ〗，优势指数变化在6702%~8259%，优势种非常明显。浮游植物相似性指数测算结果显示，冬季和春季的浮游植物种类组成差异很大，相似性指数仅为030。同时，生物学评价显示，蠡湖冬季水质劣于春季，与化学评价结果相一致；但从评定级别看，生物评价认为，2007年冬、春季节蠡湖水质分别处于重污染和中度污染状态，较化学评价的污染程度重，显示出两种方法的差异性。     

Natural outdoor environments and mental and physical health: Relationships and mechanisms

BackgroundEvidence is growing for the beneficial impacts of natural outdoor environments on health. However, most of the evidence has focused on green spaces and little evidence is available on health benefits of blue spaces and about possible mediators and modifiers of such impacts. We investigated the association between natural outdoor environments (separately for green and blue spaces) and health (general and mental) and its possible mediators and modifiers.MethodsCross-sectional data from adults interviewed in Catalonia (Spain) between 2010 and 2012 as part of the Catalonia Health Survey were used. The collected data included sociodemographic characteristics, self-perceived general health, mental health, physical activity and social support. Indicators of surrounding greenness and access to natural outdoor environments within 300 m of the residence and degree of urbanization were derived for residential addresses. Associations were estimated using logistic regression and negative binominal models.ResultsGreen spaces were associated with better self-perceived general health and better mental health, independent of degree of urbanization. The associations were more consistent for surrounding greenness than for access to green spaces. The results were consistent for different buffers, and when stratifying for socioeconomic status. Slightly stronger associations were found for women and residents of non-densely populated areas. No association was found between green spaces and social contacts and physical activity. The results for blue spaces were not conclusive.ConclusionGreen spaces are associated with better general and mental health across strata of urbanization, socioeconomic status, and genders. Mechanisms other than physical activity or social support may explain these associations.     

循环经济与节能减排解析

目前我国经济增长模式是粗放的、不循环的经济增长模式，经济发展过程中存在着高增长、高能耗、高环境问题，作者通过一系列的数据对比和分析，指出当前发展循环经济，促进节能减排是我国经济发展过程中面临的第一要务。胡锦涛同志在党的十七大报告中提出一定要“落实节能减排工作责任制”，更表明了我国当前发展循环经济，促进节能减排的决心。本文首先提出循环经济与节能减排的相关概念及含义；再以重点行业中的电力、钢铁行业如何搞好能源资源节约和“三废”综合利用为例对我国发展循环经济、促进节能减排进行了实证分析；最后提出要通过加快资源价格机制的改革、促进技术创新、完善政策法规体系、转变领导片面追求GDP增长的认识等措施来达到发展循环经济、促进节能减排的目标。     

中国地表权、地下权概念、应用模式及相关问题分析

文章通过对地表权、地下权相关法律概念的梳理,指出地表权、地下权概念界定的复杂性,借鉴《商业词典》对地表权和地下权的定义,探讨了在中国矿产资源一元所有制及土地二元所有制并存的情形下,地表权与地下权的应用模式、相关产权界定及存在的问题。文章分三种情形对二者的应用模式进行了探讨,指出:地表权与地下权相分离的模式是符合中国国情的一种合理选择,但是在具体实践中却存在农村集体作为土地拥有者的地位没有得到应有的尊重、矿业权主体行政审批问题严重、矿产资源的国家所有权权益没有得到应有的体现、矿产资源开发中的环境产权界定不清晰等问题;在探讨中指出两个启迪性的思路:一是使农村集体参与矿产资源开发收益分成模式;二是在现有的征地制度下,理顺价格机制,建立有效的土地流转市场,在土地使用权转让中,给予土地所有者以价格补偿。文章进一步对矿产资源开发中的土地所有权界定、税费问题、土地价格补偿及环境产权分配给予相应的分析并给出建议。     

加拿大环境与可持续发展科技创新及对我国的启示

加拿大重视环境保护与可持续发展中的科技创新,在全联邦范围内营造了"政府引导、企业主体、国民支持"的良好创新氛围,形成了"以科技创新支撑环境产业发展,以环境产业促进环境保护与可持续发展"的鲜明环保特色,走出了一条科技创新、产业发展、环境保护和可持续发展三者协同发展、相互制衡、良性循环的发展路子,值得我国借鉴.在我国的环境与可持续发展科技创新中,存在着创新能力不足、产学研合作薄弱、产业化乏力等问题.本文通过中加比较,探讨了我国实施环境与可持续发展科技创新的对策思路,即政府应完善环保法规政策、健全环保标准和管理体系;应增加科研投入,建立政府调控下的市场化投资体系和环境科技的产业化发展;应选择重点领域实现优先发展,突破瓶颈产业;应重视合作创新,加强部门合作,科研机构合作以及国际合作.     

Chlorinated biphenyls and pesticides in migrating and resident seabirds from East and West Antarctica

The unhatched eggs of the following seabirds were analyzed to quantify PCBs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-, β-, γ-, δ-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), o,p' and p,p' isomers of DDT, DDD and DDE: resident Adèlie (Pygoscelis adèliae, ADPE) and Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri, EMPE) penguins, migrating snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea, SNPT) and South Polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki, SPSK) from the Ross Sea (East Antarctica); and migrating Brown skua (Catharacta antartica, BRSK) and resident ADPE from the Brainsfield Strait (West Antarctica). The general aims were to evaluate the contaminant accumulation in eggs of migrating and resident species in the two study areas, and to compare levels in penguins and skuas nesting in East and West Antarctica. PCB congener and HCH and DDT isomer profiles were also assessed. Comparisons were evaluated using seven PCB congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118+149, 138, 153, and 180), p,p'-DDE, ΣDDTs, and ΣHCHs. Higher contaminant concentrations were detected in migrating seabirds (South polar skua and brown skua)>sub-Antarctic species (snow petrel)>Antarctic species (penguins) from both the sampling sites, suggesting contamination events at lower latitudes for those birds migrating northward. HCHs showed the lowest concentrations in all species (from 0.03±0.03 ng/g wet wt in SPSK to 1.81±1.23 ng/g wet wt in ADPE from West Antarctica), and PCBs were the most abundant contaminants (from 4.34±2.15 ng/g wet wt. in EMPE to 53.41±19.61 ng/g wet wt. in brown skua). Among pesticides, it is relevant the detection of p,p'-DDT in Adèlie penguin from West Antarctica and in both species of skua; the detection of this pesticide can confirm its actual use in certain malaria-endemic countries from where it is transferred through the long range transport to the polar regions. Contaminants did not show any significant temporal trend during a ten year time span, from 1994/95 to 2004/05, in organisms collected in East Antarctica and they did not indicate any latitudinal gradient along the Ross Sea coasts.     

Chlorinated biphenyls and pesticides in migrating and resident seabirds from East and West Antarctica

The unhatched eggs of the following seabirds were analyzed to quantify PCBs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-, β-, γ-, δ-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), o,p′ and p,p′ isomers of DDT, DDD and DDE: resident Adèlie (Pygoscelis adèliae, ADPE) and Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri, EMPE) penguins, migrating snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea, SNPT) and South Polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki, SPSK) from the Ross Sea (East Antarctica); and migrating Brown skua (Catharacta antartica, BRSK) and resident ADPE from the Brainsfield Strait (West Antarctica). The general aims were to evaluate the contaminant accumulation in eggs of migrating and resident species in the two study areas, and to compare levels in penguins and skuas nesting in East and West Antarctica. PCB congener and HCH and DDT isomer profiles were also assessed. Comparisons were evaluated using seven PCB congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118 + 149, 138, 153, and 180), p,p′-DDE, ΣDDTs, and ΣHCHs. Higher contaminant concentrations were detected in migrating seabirds (South polar skua and brown skua) > sub-Antarctic species (snow petrel) > Antarctic species (penguins) from both the sampling sites, suggesting contamination events at lower latitudes for those birds migrating northward. HCHs showed the lowest concentrations in all species (from 0.03 ± 0.03 ng/g wet wt in SPSK to 1.81 ± 1.23 ng/g wet wt in ADPE from West Antarctica), and PCBs were the most abundant contaminants (from 4.34 ± 2.15 ng/g wet wt. in EMPE to 53.41 ± 19.61 ng/g wet wt. in brown skua). Among pesticides, it is relevant the detection of p,p′-DDT in Adèlie penguin from West Antarctica and in both species of skua; the detection of this pesticide can confirm its actual use in certain malaria-endemic countries from where it is transferred through the long range transport to the polar regions. Contaminants did not show any significant temporal trend during a ten year time span, from 1994/95 to 2004/05, in organisms collected in East Antarctica and they did not indicate any latitudinal gradient along the Ross Sea coasts.     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most-emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ＇manual emission＇ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ＇good-cycle＇ both ＇harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously＇, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by＇all refrigerators. This ＇good-cycle＇ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Abstract

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ‘manual emission’ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ‘good-cycle’ both ‘harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously’, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by all refrigerators. This ‘good-cycle’ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Adsorption and desorption of 85Sr and 137Cs on reference minerals, with and without inorganic and organic surface coatings

The adsorption properties of reference minerals may be considerably modified by the presence of the inorganic and organic coatings that are ubiquitous in soils. It is therefore important to assess the effect of such coatings to evaluate the relevance of adsorption studies on pure minerals. The adsorption of trace amounts of (85)Sr and (137)Cs has been studied in dilute suspensions for various minerals that are common components of soils: quartz, calcium carbonate, kaolinite, montmorillonite and illite. We studied the effect of coatings with either Fe or Al oxide with varying additions of soil-extracted humic or fulvic acid. Both adsorption and desorption were measured and data presented as distribution coefficients, Kd. No adsorption was detected on quartz and it was not possible to coat this surface. Adsorption on calcium carbonate was small and not influenced by coatings. Adsorption of Sr on the three clay minerals was very similar, enhanced by the Al-coating, but not affected by Fe and organic coatings. The presence of organic coatings decreased Cs adsorption on illite. Similar but smaller effects were seen on montmorillonite and kaolinite. Aluminum coating enhanced Cs adsorption on illite, whereas both inorganic coatings caused decreases in adsorption on montmorillonite, and there was no effect on kaolinite. Effects were not additive with mixed, organic-inorganic coatings. Adsorption of both Cs and Sr on all minerals was strongly irreversible, with Kd (desorption) being up to four-times greater than adsorption Kd. The ratio of desorption and adsorption Cs Kd values (an assessment of irreversibility) was inversely related to adsorption Kd. This is consistent with a decreasing contribution of high-affinity adsorption as adsorption increases, but may also reflect the partial loss of organic coatings during desorption.     

Ra and Ra in scale and sludge samples and their correlation with the chemical composition

In order to contribute to a future waste management policy related to the presence of technologically enhanced natural occurring radioactive material (TENORM) in the Brazilian petroleum industry, the present work presents the chemical composition and the ²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Ra content of sludge and scales generated during the offshore E and P petroleum activities in the Campos Basin, the primary offshore oil production region in Brazil.The ²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Ra content on 36 sludge and scales samples were determined by gamma-spectrometry. Based on X-ray diffractometry results, a chemical analysis schema for these samples was developed. The results have shown that scales are 75% barium and strontium sulfates, with a mean ²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Ra content of 106 kBq kg⁻¹ and 78 kBq kg⁻¹, respectively. On the other hand, sludge samples have a much more complex chemical composition than the scales. The ²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Ra content in sludge also varies much more than the content observed in the scales samples and ranged from 0.36 to 367 kBq kg⁻¹ and 0.25 to 343 kBq kg⁻¹, respectively.