土地利用的区域问题与区域间功能置换

调整土地利用的空间布局,在系统功能稳定的基础上实现经济有效性、人地系统均衡性是我国土地利用空间政策所要解决的重大问题之一。因此,对于土地利用功能空间调整的合理性、有效性判断显得尤为重要。本文以理论思辨为基础,结合文献分析定性地探讨自然地理环境、经济、制度等因素对于土地利用的作用机理,并将自然空间、经济空间与行政空间进行叠合分析。结果认为:土地利用受到自然、经济、社会等多种因素的影响,非均质自然空间与经济空间的叠合使土地利用功能变化呈现非均衡特征,在区域边界的限定下,土地供求的区域矛盾成为一种必然;系统条件下,区域内部矛盾在一定程度上可以通过区域系统进行外部化,区域间土地利用功能置换能够优化区域系统土地利用的空间格局,缓解土地利用的区域问题。     

人类活动影响下的四湖地区湿地景观格局分析

湿地景观空间结构研究是湿地生态研究的核心之一，景观功能性的性质和发挥，影响着湿地的物质流、信息流和能量流的特征，进而影响湿地区域的资源开发利用与保护。运用景观的空间格局指数，在遥感和GIS技术的支持下，结合江汉平原四湖地区的湿地农业的区域特点，确定了 四湖地区湿地景观分类系统，为了更好地定量分析四湖地区湿地景观格局的特点，我们选取了三类景观格局指数来定量描述于景观空间格局，即基本空间格局指标（多样性、均匀度及优势度）、景观空间构型指标（聚集工、破碎化）及斑块特征指标（斑块分维数），比较系统地分析四湖地区湿地景观空间格局。在此基础上探讨了人类干扰对四湖地区湿地同的结构和空间演替的影响。     

三峡库区（重庆段）石漠化敏感性评价及空间分异特征

以石漠化敏感性机理为基础，运用GIS与RS技术分别分析了喀斯特岩性因子、地形因子、植被覆盖因子、土壤类型因子的空间格局特征及其对研究区石漠化敏感性的影响程度。在此基础上，基于ArcGIS的空间叠加分析，完成单要素的叠加运算，实现研究区石漠化敏感性的综合评价。探讨了三峡库区（重庆段）这一特殊生态地理区域石漠化敏感性的高低分布规律及其在不同主导因子作用下的石漠化的空间分异特征。结果表明：（1）研究区石漠化敏感区面积为17 376.5 km2（3765%），以高度和极敏感类型为主。（2）空间分布具有明显水平地域差异特征，整体上呈现弧状 条带性分布。东北部和南部最为敏感，中西部基本为不敏感地区。（3）研究区石漠化现状与石漠化敏感性之间有着很好的对应关系，局部地区受人类不合理的干扰活动影响，石漠化现状与石漠化敏感性存在一定的差异     

近10年中国可持续发展研究进展与分析

可持续发展概念的提出以来,我国从学术界到社会各界分别进行了相应的研究和实践。可持续发展是一个涉及到自然、经济、社会三个子系统组成的动态、开放复杂系统,其研究内容涉及到地理学、资源管理、生态学、环境科学、人口学、系统工程、经济学、社会学等许多相关领域。为了实施闺家可持续发展战略．国寒加大了对可更新资源保护的力度、愿域生态环境建设工程的布局、区域综合减灾规划制定与工程的建设。与此间时。图家有关资源、环境、灾害管理等职能部门。从制定可持续发展途径出发．开展了大量的区域可持续发展研究。这些工作为区域可持续发展的理论和方法论建设提供了足够丰富的案例研究。利用中国知网网络平台和Google搜索引擎工具。检索并分析了我国可持续发展近10年的主要研究内容。即：可持续发展的理论研究、可持续发展的信息分类和指标体系以及评价的模型方法。在此基础上对今后的研究趋势进行了分析。认为可持续发展过程与机理研究、尺度问题、区域要素和地域结构的整合、区域综合集成以及区域要素变化、区域整体关系研究需要进一步加强。     

上海市崇明岛可持续发展综合评价

可持续发展系统是一个由经济、社会、生态环境等要素构成的复杂系统。在崇明生态岛建设的背景下以区域可持续发展理论为指导，建立区域可持续发展综合评价指标体系，并选择了衡量可持续发展状态和特征的4个指数——可持续发展指数、持续度、协调度和趋势度来综合评价崇明岛的可持续发展能力，并在此基础上为崇明经济跨越式发展、社会功能的健全和生态环境可持续利用等目标的实现提供科学的预测和战略决策依据。结果表明，崇明岛可持续发展水平整体逐年提高，且上升的幅度呈上升的趋势。崇明岛可持续发展系统过去10年呈现明显的持续性。经济、社会、生态环境子系统之间的协调度较高，表现出高度的同步性，趋势度向更高的水平发展。得出的评价结果符合实际。     

基于GIS的金沙江流域（云南段）生态潜力空间分布特征

生态潜力是衡量多种生态因子综合配合效果的指标。金沙江流域（云南段）从上游到下游地貌类型多样，地形、土壤物化特性差异明显，导致流域内各地貌单元的生态潜力值空间分布特征不一样。GIS的强大空间分析功能，为流域内复杂的生态潜力空间分布规律研究提供了快捷的分析工具。利用ArcGIS空间分析软件，在植被分类图的基础上，对金沙江流域（云南段）生态潜力进行三维透视、空间变异规律等研究。并在此基础上，选取土壤因子，分别对流域内不同地貌单元的生态潜力与土壤空间分布相关性进行了对比研究。结果表明，流域的生态潜力总体上往西北方向递增；变异函数分析得出流域内的生态潜力具有各向异性特点，且生态潜力沿流域走向具有很好的空间自相关性；土壤类型在生态潜力的空间分布特征上具有一定的控制作用。研究中所使用的GIS技术与方法，特别是三维透视与变异函数的应用，为其它地区的类似研究提供了参考；另外，计算得出的金沙江流域生态潜力的分布规律，为该区域的生态保护提供了一定的理论依据.     

基于多源空间数据挖掘的区域生态基础设施识别模式研究

生态基础设施（EI）是区域生态安全的基本保障和区域环境承载的刚性底限。本文以此概念为切入点。结合以GIS、RS为代表的空间信息技术建构了区域生态基础设施空间结构识别的基本方法与技术路线。在具体的研究内容中，本文首先介绍了EI基本概念及其空间表现形式，并集中讨论了基本生态基础设施元素的空间结构识别模型与空间信息提取方法；在此基础上，应用多源空间数据挖掘原理构造了区域生态安全空间结构与区域IE结构的信息识别方法；结合区域基本的生态安全与IE元素空间结构特征，本文最后进行了广州市萝岗区实例研究。本研究结果表明利用空间信息技术进行区域IE空间结构识别是具有一定科学性的，高效可行的。     

基于面向对象的石漠化山区植被信息提取及分布特征研究

重庆东北部地区是重庆岩溶石漠化重点治理区，该区地形复杂，山高坡陡，植被退化现象严重。了解该地区的植被分布特征，对该区环境的改善和石漠化治理具有十分重要的现实意义。基于Landsat OLI等数据，运用面向对象分类方法对研究区植被信息进行提取，然后对分类后的数据进行统计、制图和分析，并在空间布局上进行总结和探讨，旨在了解该区域植被的空间分布特征和规律。结果表明：（1）在eCognition 9.0软件中进行多尺度分割，再结合地物类型特征使用隶属度函数法进行分类，该方法符合山地地物类型的分布规律和特点，分类精度达到81.35%；（2）研究区属典型的中山地区，海拔在500~1 500 m之间的地区约占64.49%，林地和耕地是该区域主要的地物类型，所占总面积为8 872.22 km2，占研究区总面积的96.50%，各地物类型分布受地形地势的影响较大；（3）综合研究区地形因子(高程和坡度)与植被分布的相关性可知，耕地和草灌主要分布在高程为200~1 500 m且坡度等级在2~4级（5°~35°）之间，该区域人类活动频繁，故受人类活动影响较大，植被覆盖度低，群落生长不稳定，容易受到干扰。针阔混交林主要分布在高程>500 m且坡度等级在2~4级（5°~35°）之间。马尾松林、阔叶林和柏木林主要分布在高程大于500 m且坡度等级在2~5级（5°~45°）之间。 关键词： 多尺度分割；面向对象分类；地形因子；植被空间分布     

国内外旅游系统模型研究综述

从系统论角度来考虑。人类的旅游活动是一个系统。旅游系统是备种旅游事象的集合体。是通过旅游者的旅游活动使备组成要素相互联系、相互作用构成的一个有机整体．它具有实现旅游价值的整体功能。在分析和阐释旅游系统特征的基础上，以时间为序列对国内外学者提出的旅游系统模型进行了介绍评述和总结．指出系统论的观点不仅为旅游资源的开发提供了认识论基础；同时又为旅游规划和开发提供了方法论基础，并提出，对具有环境观和复杂性特点的旅游地理系统的研究将成为未来旅游科学的重要研究方向。旅游系统模型的建立将为旅游（业）的研究提供现实的理论基础。     

江苏省国内旅游经济区域差异及演变

以江苏省13个地级市为基本研究单元，采用变异系数、Theil系数、nich指数等指标定量分析了1999～2010年江苏省国内旅游经济的总体差异、内部构成、空间格局及演变。结果表明：（1）1999～2010年江苏省国内旅游经济的区域总体差异呈现先增加后缩小的特征，1999～2005年呈波动增加，2005年以后总体差异逐渐下降；（2）旅游经济区域差异的构成以苏南、苏中和苏北地区间差异为主，三大地区之间的差异奠定了江苏省国内旅游经济区域差异的基本格局，地区内差异所占比重相对较小；（3）江苏省国内旅游经济的发展水平和发展速度都呈现明显的南北梯度差异，且旅游经济区域差异的空间格局在一段时间内还将持续存在。在此基础上提出了促进江苏省区域旅游经济协调发展的对策和建议     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

The Phenomenon of Pseudoviviparity in Alpine and Arctomontane Grasses (DeschampsiaBeauv., FestucaL., and PoaL.)

It is known that pseudoviviparous plant taxa are most numerous in the Arctic and high mountain regions, where they sometimes account for a noticeable part of the local flora and play an important phytocenotic role. The complex of pseudoviviparous taxa is an interesting model for investigating the processes of hybridogenic speciation, as various mechanisms stabilizing the hybrid genetic systems proved to be effective in them. In particular, this concerns vast and taxonomically complex groups such as the genera Deschampsia, Festuca, and Poa.In this paper, published data on the taxonomy, chromosome numbers, and distribution of pseudoviviparous grasses in the Arctic regions and subarctic mountain systems are reviewed.