低碳供应链中政府与核心企业进化博弈模型

随着经济的高速增长,中国已成为世界上二氧化碳排放量增长最快的国家。因此,为促进低碳经济的发展,如何有效地引导企业主动实施低碳供应链管理已成为政府和社会目前亟待解决的问题。本文以政府和低碳供应链上的核心企业为博弈主体,通过分析政府和核心企业在不同博弈策略下各自的成本和收益,建立动态进化博弈模型,得出核心企业和政府监管博弈的进化稳定策略,从而阐释了企业逃避政府监管的深层原因。研究表明,核心企业开展低碳供应链的收益和成本,政府对企业开展低碳供应链的奖惩力度,都直接影响博弈结果。     

政府监管模式与企业污染排放演化博弈分析

目前我国经济发展和环境污染的矛盾不断加剧,政府对环境进行监管已经迫在眉睫。基于我国现实国情,针对政府不同监管模式,采用演化博弈理论建立企业与政府间博弈的复制动态方程,得到不同情形下企业和政府博弈的进化稳定策略,分析了监管成功率、第三方举报概率等现实参数对策略的影响。结论表明:企业违规行为主要受违规惩罚力度、第三方监管力度以及政府监管成功率的影响;政府部门若能在演化博弈过渡时期审时度势、分阶段实施不同措施,就可以有效遏制企业的违规行为。研究结论和政策建议对我国环境污染问题的进一步解决具有一定的指导意义。     

突发性能源短缺的应急体系研究

世界范围内自然灾害等突发事件的增多趋势,使得应急管理成为一个重要而热门的研究领域.但是,关于突发性能源短缺应急体系的研究还很少.利用案例研究、统计分析和比较分析方法,本文研究了中国应对突发性能源短缺的应急体系.首先介绍了西方国家应对突发性石油短缺的基本经验,包括完善的应急法规体系、明晰的应急组织体系、有效的协同响应体系、庞大的应急储备体系:然后以中国2009年11月至2010年1月的突发性煤炭短缺为例,分析了其起因及其应急晌应过程,并通过与西方国家应对突发性石油短缺的对比,指出了中国突发性能源短缺应急体系的不足,包括应急监测预警不力、应急响应的组织化、协同化、信息化程度不高、应急储备体系尚未建立、应急响应缺乏制度保障和政策依据等;最后从应急法规体系、应急预案体系、应急组织体系、监测预警体系、应急储备体系五个方面,提出了中国构建突发性能源短缺应急体系的基本构想.     

基于竞争视角下央地政府环境规制行为策略研究

鉴于"经济分权,政治集权"的管理模式下,地方政府在执行环境规制过程中与中央政府目标不一致这一现象,本文考虑了相邻地方政府投资环境保护行为的正外部效应与投资经济行为的负外部效应对中央政府和地方政府环境规制选择策略的影响;运用演化博弈理论构建了相邻地方政府竞争视角下中央政府与地方政府的演化博弈模型,探讨了博弈双方的演化规律及行为特征;进一步结合理论分析,选取数值对奖励力度、惩罚力度、相邻地方政府投资环境保护的正外部效应系数及投资经济行为的负外部效应系数对博弈主体实现稳定演化策略的作用机制进行仿真,并对博弈双方实现演化稳定策略的动态轨迹进行分析,研究影响因素如何促进博弈主体实现博弈均衡。研究表明:(1)中央政府和地方政府的环境规制意愿对各影响因素的敏感性存在较大差异,地方政府的环境规制执行意愿对奖励力度、相邻地方政府竞争产生的正负外部效应更为敏感,中央政府和地方政府对惩罚力度均有较强的敏感性。(2)奖励力度、惩罚力度和相邻地方政府不同投资行为产生的正、负外部效应系数对实现环境规制理想局面的影响均存在门槛效应,只有在一定条件下,当相邻地方政府投资行为的正负外部效应低于阈值或奖励力度、惩罚力度超过阈值时,有利于促进中央政府和地方政府实现(执行,不监管)的理想局面。相对于投资经济行为的负外部效应,有效控制投资环境保护行为的正外部效应更易于促进地方政府选择执行环境规制策略。中央政府在绩效考核体系中应充分运用相邻地方政府竞争机制和奖励机制对环境规制博弈双方的影响差异,制定有效措施激励地方政府积极执行环境规制。     

社会组织参与区域合作治理进化博弈模型

社会多元化与公民社会的快速发展,促使社会组织参与社会治理和应急响应的诉求与能力日益加强,驱动着政府职能变革和区域治理方式创新。区域合作治理过程中,治理主体依据情景态势调整策略,影响其他主体的治理收益和策略选择,形成复杂的动态博弈关系。本文把握政府与社会组织的动态博弈行为特征,确定区域合作治理的博弈支付矩阵与复制动态方程,构建区域政府与社会组织合作治理进化博弈模型。分析得出5个可能的均衡点,通过雅可比矩阵分析均衡点的稳定性,可知政府与社会组织合作治理进化博弈的长期稳定策略集为{(合作,合作),(不合作,不合作)}。模型结果分析表明,合作收益直接影响着博弈稳定策略的进化方向,收益大于成本是政府与社会组织选择合作策略的必要条件,任一方的合作收益小于成本,选择独立行动是双方的占优策略,最终的策略选择与政府和社会组织合作所获取的超额收益、支付成本及合作水平密切相关。合作超额收益增加或合作水平提升时,博弈系统向(合作,合作)演化的概率加大;合作成本增加时,博弈系统向(不合作,不合作)演化的概率加大。制度规范不健全、组织信任缺失、社会组织力量薄弱等因素影响进化均衡结果,社会组织创新发展氛围尚未形成、自组织性和自律性内生动力不足,是制约社会组织参与合作治理的关键问题。基于此,提出社会组织参与区域合作治理的协调机制及培育机制,具体策略包括:明确权责关系、畅通参与渠道、创新合作形式,以及优化管理制度、让渡成长空间和树立社会公信。     

消费端碳交易市场中政府初始碳配额分配策略研究——基于政府和家庭演化博弈的视角

随着生产端碳减排实践的不断深入,削减消费端碳排放已是刻不容缓。基于消费端碳交易市场视角,以政府和家庭为博弈主体,假设政府初始碳配额分配存在"宽松政策"和"严格政策"两种行为策略,家庭存在"减排"和"不减排"两种行为策略,构建政府和家庭行为策略的演化博弈模型,分析双方行为的演化稳定策略,模拟双方行为策略的动态演化过程,并提出政策建议。结果发现:博弈双方在三种情形下存在两种演化稳定策略:政府的演化稳定策略为"严格政策";当家庭碳减排费用小于购买碳排放权费用时,家庭的演化稳定策略为"减排";当家庭碳减排费用大于购买碳排放权费用且家庭采取"不减排"行为策略时政府采取"严格政策"策略而获得的碳排放权交易(卖出)收益高于采取"宽松政策"策略而获得的碳排放权交易(卖出)收益时,家庭的演化稳定策略为"不减排"。博弈双方在一种情形下不存在演化稳定策略:当家庭碳减排费用大于购买碳排放权费用且家庭采取"不减排"行为策略时政府采取"严格政策"策略而获得的碳排放权交易(卖出)收益低于采取"宽松政策"策略而获得的碳排放权交易(卖出)收益时,博弈呈现出一种周期行为模式。进一步研究发现,博弈双方自身期初行为策略与演化稳定策略越近,其收敛于演化稳定策略的速度越快;当家庭期初行为策略与演化稳定策略越近时,政府收敛于演化稳定策略的速度越快;当家庭演化稳定策略为"减排"且政府期初行为策略与演化稳定策略越远时,家庭收敛于演化稳定策略的速度越快;当家庭演化稳定策略为"不减排"且政府期初行为策略与演化稳定策略越近时,家庭收敛于演化稳定策略的速度越快。由此,建议政府实施严格的初始碳配额分配政策、建立家庭碳减排的评价和激励机制、建立健全消费端碳交易市场的运行机制并实施家庭碳排放权交易试点制度。本文论证了消费端碳交易市场机制下政府和家庭的演化稳定策略,不仅为消费端碳减排提供了政策建议,也有助于全球碳减排目标的实现。     

供应链环境成本内部化利益相关者行为抉择博弈探析

面对环境污染,供应链环境成本内部化是解决环境问题的重要途径。为明晰供应链环境成本内部化的过程机理,选取中央政府、地方政府、集成供应链系统和消费者为主要利益相关者,基于对主要利益相关者环境价值诉求的识别及行为策略分析,构建了中央政府、地方政府、供应链三方动态博弈模型,并考虑消费者的行为策略对三方博弈的影响。运用三方动态博弈模型解析了供应链环境成本内部化各博弈方的博弈均衡策略以及各利益相关者行为选择之间的相互影响关系。结果显示,个体利益相关者的行为策略会受到其他利益相关者的影响,为保障供应链环境成本内部化的顺利实施,各利益相关者应协同合作。通过对供应链环境成本内部化协同机理的探讨,提出了促进供应链环境成本内部化实施的对策建议,即中央政府应发挥政策导向作用、地方政府应发挥监督主体作用、企业应发挥投资主体作用、消费者应发挥监督推动作用。     

基于“绿色账户”激励的回收居民再生资源合作演化

废旧物资的充分回收利用需要多方主体的共同参与,探寻促进废旧物资回收的激励机制对多方主体的作用机理及其影响因素,对提高居民废旧物资资源化处置意愿、规范再生资源回收行业、废旧物资回收工作的推进至关重要。因此,该研究基于现行的“绿色账户”激励机制,构建了地方政府、再生资源回收企业和居民三方演化博弈模型,分析了各参与主体的策略选择对系统演化稳定性的影响,探讨了影响参与主体策略选择的主要因素,并进行数值仿真分析。研究结果表明：(1)地方政府的惩罚力度、政策优惠力度、补贴水平以及“绿色账户”积分奖励水平是影响系统演化稳定性的主要因素,地方政府的惩罚力度低于一定水平时,将导致系统演化为最不利于废旧物资回收的策略组合（消极作为,牟利导向,随意丢弃）。(2)政策支持力度和补贴水平对再生资源回收企业选择“环保导向”具有促进作用,但对地方政府采取“积极支持”策略具有抑制作用。(3)“绿色账户”积分奖励水平对居民选择“分类交投”意愿有明显的促进作用,但超过某一阈值时,将导致再生资源回收企业“牟利导向”行为的发生,使得“绿色账户”机制无法有效发挥作用。基于上述结论,为优化“绿色账户”激励机制,提高居民废旧物资资...     

我国资源型企业资源效率管理行为分析及政策建议

资源综合利用直接影响我国可持续发展战略的实现。我国资源型企业在资源开发利用过程中存在大量的浪费现象。运用演化博弈理论分析企业群体策略的选择和演化路径,揭示企业资源效率管理行为的内在机理。研究表明治理收益、治理成本、治理风险是企业资源保护行为系统演化的重要参数,企业群体选择策略的相对适应性取决于对方企业是否治理及企业自身治理的收益与成本,演化稳定状态不仅依赖于博弈双方的学习速度和方向,也取决于博弈双方的初始状态。政府应该根据上述机理和资源型企业现实状况,制定相应的政策。     

基于央地分权视角的环境规制策略演化博弈分析

当前,我国环境的根本问题是由粗放式的经济发展模式所引起的,而这一发展模式的根源在于"中国式央地分权"下的政府行为。这种具有中国特色的分权模式的独特之处在于中央政府对地方经济放权的同时,仍然保持政治上的集权控制,上级政府根据绩效考核提拔地方官员,即"经济分权、政治集权"特性。中国式分权下,我国的环境治理体制依据行政区域的划分来设置管理权限,按照政府层级的构成进行垂直式领导,即中央政府统一制定环境政策,地方政府负责各辖区内环境政策的执行。在全国范围内,央地两级政府的关系表现为动态的重复博弈。针对我国现行环境规制执行策略,借助演化经济学研究工具,基于央地分权的视角,将地方政府与中央政府两大主体同时纳入分析框架。根据复制动态方程探讨参与主体的行为演化特征和行为演化稳定策略,在模型求解的基础上,利用MATLAB仿真工具,分析不同情形下参与主体演化稳定策略的走向及其收敛趋势。研究发现,央地两级政府在环境规制策略执行过程中的动态演化,很大程度上取决于地方政府环境规制执行力度、成本、收益和损失以及中央政府监管力度、成本和处罚力度等因素的大小。因此,针对地方政府环境策略激励设计,应重点改革政绩考核机制,引入市场机制,并通过环保补贴、财政转移支付等手段降低地方政府环境规制执行成本;中央政府应通过调节政绩考核体系中的经济发展指标和环境指标的权重系数来加强对地方政府环境规制执行情况的监管力度,建立第三方监管机制以降低中央政府监管成本,制定合理的奖惩机制以提高监管效率;以期推动我国环境规制策略的高效执行,促进环境绩效向经济绩效的良性转换,实现双重帕累托改进。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

A general approach to transform a lake model for one radionuclide (radiocesium) to another (radiostrontium) and critical model tests using data for four Ural lakes contaminated by the fallout from the Kyshtym accident in 1957

This paper presents results of a model test carried out within the framework of the COMETES project (EU). The aim of the work was to change the structure of the MOIRA lake model for radiocesium so that it can be applied more generally for, in principle, all types of radionuclides and heavy metals. This general lake model is used within the MOIRA decision support system (DSS; MOIRA and COMETES are acronyms for EU-projects). The model is based on a set of differential equations and a specific modelling structure. It incorporates all important fluxes to, from and within lakes in a general manner. Yet the model is driven by a minimum of variables accessible from standard maps and monitoring programs. The model can be separated into two parts, a general part with equations applicable for all types of water pollutants and a substance-specific part. This model has previously been validated for 137Cs from many lakes covering a wide domain and yielded excellent predictive power. The alterations discussed in this work are meant to be general and radiostrontium is used as a typical element. Radiostrontium is known to be more mobile than radiocesium and all abiotic parts of the model handling fixation and mobility have been altered. The new model for 90Sr has been critically tested using data from four lakes heavily contaminated with 90Sr from the Kyshtym accident in the Southern Urals, Russia, using empirical data from a period from 1958 to 1995 for 90Sr in fish (here goldfish), water and sediments.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Dynamics of Restoration Processes in the Idle Solonetz Ecosystems in the Southern Transural Region

The initial period of idleness in the solonetz ecosystems of the southern Transural Region is characterized by a significant variability of their soil–plant communities, which is determined by natural periodicity and general direction of the process of ecosystem restoration. Selective consumption of salinizing ions by the plants growing on idle land activates the development of desalinization processes.