天津市工业部门碳排放强度研究:基于LMDI-Attribution分析方法

引入对数平均迪式分解模型及其归因分析(LMDI-Attribution)方法,从细分行业角度对2000-2012年天津市工业部门的碳排放强度变化进行研究,首先对碳排放强度作产业结构、能源强度和排放因子三因素LMDI乘法分解,其后,基于三个分解因素在2000-2006年和2006-2012年两个时间段对碳排放强度下降的影响效应,对其作归因分析,量化36个细分行业对分解因素影响效应的贡献。得到以下主要结论:天津市工业部门的碳排放强度从2000-2012年累计下降了66.87%,产业结构和能源强度是其下降的主导因素,累计影响值分别为-44.53%和-47.39%,排放因子对其下降起抑制作用,累计影响值为15.39%;产业结构对碳排放强度的影响主要依赖于高耗能行业产值占比的变化,化工行业和黑色金属行业产值的占比越高,产业结构的减排效应越差,因此在调整产业结构时,应大力发展服务业和高新技术产业,严格控制高耗能行业发展;黑色金属行业和非金属矿物制品业是能源强度效应变化的主导行业,由于技术进步和能源效率的提高,黑色金属行业的负值贡献在2006-2012年相对前七年增大了2.56倍,非金属矿物制品业从最大的正值贡献行业转为第二大负值贡献行业,使得2006-2012年能源强度对碳排放强度的拉低影响相对前七年增大了近1倍;排放因子对碳排放强度下降的抑制作用在2006年之后呈现减弱的趋势,主要是因为"十一五"期间化工行业能源结构优化与能源再利用体系的建立,有效抑制了排放因子对碳排放强度的拉升作用。综上可见,黑色金属行业、化工行业和非金属矿物制品业是天津市碳排放强度分解因素变化的主要贡献行业,以这些高耗能行业为主要研究对象,根据行业特点及其所处的发展阶段,严格控制其粗放型发展、鼓励新技术研发、循环利用资源及优化用能结构等措施,针对性的制定节能减排办法,才能在保持经济快速发展的同时做到碳排放强度的降低。     

中国CO_2排放影响因素研究

本文基于因素分解法的思路,构建CO2排放和能源消费分解扩展模型,深入挖潜影响我国CO2排放的各项驱动因素。同时,以2000-2009年间的统计数据为样本,从宏观层面探索碳排放总量与能源结构、能耗强度、产业结构、人口规模、经济增长、居民生活水平等重要国民经济发展指标间的驱动关系。结果显示:CO2排放量呈现逐年增长态势,而经济增长与能耗强度是其主要驱动因素;所构建模型对影响CO2排放有关因素的分解与量化效果较好,可为日后监控我国CO2排放水平并制定行之有效的节能减排政策提供决策支持。     

基于二次能源省际调配的中国分省CO2排放量计算

节能减排目标任务的制定需要依据科学合理的CO2排放量测算。现有的IPCC提供的CO2排放量计算方法仅考虑一次能源燃料所产生的CO2,未考虑到二次能源省际调配的情况,不能真实反映各省CO2排放情况。本研究提出了考虑二次能源省际调配情况下CO2排放量的计算方法,并以2009年的数据为例,对各省能源消费CO2排放量进行了计算。考虑二次能源省际调配后,传统的能源大省如内蒙古、山西的CO2排放总量下降,东部沿海省份的CO2排放总量上升。中西部地区的CO2排放强度仍显著高于东部地区。中西部地区存在能源利用效率低、能源加工技术设备落后的情况,导致了西部地区的CO2排放强度偏高。建议中央在实施西部大开发"十二五"规划时,应当加强对中西部地区能源加工行业的投资,改善能源加工技术,改良加工设备,提高能源加工效率,降低CO2排放强度。建议由能源调入省向能源调出省份实施补偿。该部分补偿资金用于调出省的能源产业升级改造,以顺利实现节能减排的目标。     

中国城市产业结构与CO_2排放的耦合关系

产业结构与CO_2排放量之间的相互作用形成产业结构与CO_2排放量的耦合关系。本文基于2012年中国1 km高空间分辨率网格CO_2排放数据(CHRED),运用耦合度模型,分析了中国288个城市产业结构与CO_2排放量的耦合特征。研究发现,中国产业结构和CO_2排放量之间正处于中度耦合一致性阶段,以资源型为主的城市产业结构和CO_2排放量处于极度耦合一致性阶段;工业型城市耦合度和一致性均高于服务业型城市;其他类型城市则分布比较分散没有呈现一定的规律性,而在其他类型的城市中,工业占比相对较高的城市耦合度和一致性往往高于农业和服务业占比较高的城市。根据产业结构和CO_2排放量的耦合度和一致性关系,将现有的城市分为4种类型,分别是产业结构与CO_2排放耦合一致性相关关系极强的城市,产业结构与CO_2排放耦合一致性相关关系较高的城市、产业结构和CO_2排放耦合一致性相关关系一般的城市以及产业结构和CO_2排放耦合一致性相关关系较弱的城市。通过对4种类型城市进行特征分析,4种类型城市在空间分布上具有明显的聚集效应,而且第二产业与碳排放之间的耦合一致性较高。     

中国建筑业CO_2排放与产值、能耗的脱钩分析

减少CO2排放是全球以及我国应对气候变暖的最有效措施。建筑业是环境污染和CO2排放的主要部门之一,是减少CO2排放的重点对象。本文采用排放系数法计算了1996-2012年我国建筑业的CO2排放量,并基于脱钩理论分析了我国建筑业CO2排放与建筑业产值、能源消耗的脱钩情况,利用LMDI分解模型对我国建筑业CO2排放的影响因素进行了分解,结果表明:我国建筑业能耗和CO2排放1996-2012年可分为三个阶段:降低阶段(1996-1997年)、稳定增长阶段(1998-2007年)、快速增长阶段(2008-2012年)。1996-2012年我国建筑业的能耗、产值、CO2排放在总量上均有了一定的增长,能耗从1334.5万t标准煤增加到6 167.37万t标准煤;产值从8 955.23亿元增加到156 610.24亿元;CO2排放从1 879.530 3万t涨到4 756.864 8万t。1996-2012年建筑业CO2排放量与建筑业产值之间大部分时间呈现弱脱钩状态,建筑业能源消耗与建筑业产值之间整体大部分时间也呈现弱脱钩状态,建筑业CO2排放与能源消耗之间慢慢呈现出强脱钩状态。依据研究结果给出如下建议:1做好建筑业CO2排放及能耗的实时监控,大力应用新型能源及技术,运用排放系数小或者零排放的能源材料替代排放大的能源材料,优化建筑业能源消耗结构;2加大对建筑技术的开发以及建筑业机械化进程的投入;3加强对从业人员节能减排意识的培养。     

城市产业部门CO2排放三层次核算研究

城市是人类生产和生活的中心,超过75%的温室气体从城市产生,其中又以城市产业部门能源消费和工业过程非能源产生的CO2为主。本文基于投入产出模型,评价城市产业部门3个不同层次的CO2排放。以重庆为案例,核算其2002-2008年产业部门三个层次的CO2排放,包括能源消费直接排放、购买电力间接排放和全生命周期排放,并进行多层次对比。结果显示传统能源消耗和购买电力为对象的核算方法低估了产业部门CO2排放水平。2002-2008年,重庆各产业部门排放量逐年增加,碳排放强度整体呈现下降趋势。煤炭开采和洗选业、非金属矿采选业、非金属矿物制品业、电力、热力的生产和供应业,化学工业、金属冶炼及压延加工业、交通运输、仓储及邮电通讯业部门共7大行业是重庆碳排放的重点行业。部门交通设备制造业是重庆的优势产业,排放总量大,但是排放强度却相对较小,因此应大力发展该产业以促进重庆市低碳经济的发展。     

产业结构变动对中国碳排放的影响

采用LMDI分解方法,对中国1996-2009年的碳排放进行分解,定量分析产业结构变动对碳排放变动的影响。在此基础上,依据对未来中国产业结构变动的预测,估算了2020年之前产业结构变动对中国碳减排的贡献。基本情况是,1996-2009年中国碳排放增长464 678万t,其中,经济总量效应531 337万t,产业结构效应49 887万t,能源消费强度效应-223 940万t,能源消费结构效应107 395万t,诸因素对碳排放增长的贡献度分别为114.3%,10.7%,-48.2%和23.1%。产业结构变动驱动了碳排放增长,尽管它不是最主要因素。进一步研究发现,高耗能产业上升或下降1个百分点所对应的CO2排放量增加或减少2.2-2.9亿t。依据对高耗能产业结构变动值的预测,到2020年,产业结构变动效应约为-5亿t,占期间碳排放增量的-15%。这表明,与此前产业结构变动导致碳排放量增加情形相反,未来产业结构变动将有助于减少碳排放。     

云南省能源消费及二氧化碳排放分析

根据云南省能源消费量,计算了由能源消费产生的CO2排放量及单位GDP碳排放强度。结果表明:近10年来,随着社会经济的快速发展,云南省能源消费及能源消费导致的CO2排放总量也呈现出显著上升的趋势。云南的碳排放强度高于全国平均水平,但人均碳排放量低于全国平均水平。以工业为主的第二产业是能源消费及碳排放的主体,其碳排放占总量的75%。     

中国制造业能源相关的碳排放因素分析

本文运用对数平均迪氏分解法,建立制造业部门能源消耗碳排放模型,将我国制造业碳排放分解为产出规模、部门结构,能源强度和能源结构等四个方面因素。以能源强度为标准把制造业划分为能源密集型行业和非能源密集型行业两类。结果发现:①从逐年效应来看,产出规模是碳排放增加的最大拉动因素,能源强度是碳排放较强的抑制因素,产业结构和能源结构两个因素影响相对较小,产出规模增长抵消了能源强度对碳减排的贡献导致碳排放总量增加。以1996年为基期,至2011年,除能源消耗强度的累积效应为负值外,其余三种因素的累积效应均为正值。②相较于非能源密集型行业,能源密集型行业数目虽少,对能源消耗碳排放的影响更大,但非能源密集型行业减碳潜力巨大。     

基于三部门划分的能源碳排放总量目标地区分解

中国是世界上最大的温室气体排放国,在《巴黎协定》确立2℃控温目标后,面临越来越严峻的减排压力,碳排放总量控制亟待开展。由于中国各省在经济水平、产业结构、资源禀赋等方面均存在较大差异,如何将国家碳排放总量控制目标合理分解至各省,对实现碳减排目标具有重要的意义。本文在目前碳排放目标地区分解研究和实践成果的基础上,谋求建立基于发电、产业、生活三部门划分的碳排放总量核算和目标分解方法。该方法体系首先确定国家各部门碳排放总量控制目标,其次计算当前省级部门碳排放和包含权利、责任、能力三个维度的指标体系得分,最后通过目标分解模型并根据各省在部门中的排放比例对部门碳排放总量按指标得分进行分解。在此基础上,应用该方法对"十三五"排放目标进行实证研究。结果表明,部门碳排放目标分解具有明显的地区差异性,非化石能源供应比例或电力净输出比例较大地区的发电部门总量增幅较大,产业结构相对合理或经济增长相对较快地区的产业部门总量增幅较大,终端能源结构较优或人口增长较快地区的生活部门总量增幅较大。通过本研究结果和现行省级碳强度下降目标比较、调整分解模型参数等分析,发现本研究的分解结果为发达地区分配更多排放空间,当收紧国家总量目标或降低现状排放比例对分解过程的重要程度,具有高碳特征的省份总量增幅压减甚至负增长越来越明显。该分解方法有助于地区准确了解各部门排放情况并制定有针对性的碳减排政策,促进地区的可持续均衡发展,可为国家碳排放总量控制和目标分解工作提供技术支撑。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

A general approach to transform a lake model for one radionuclide (radiocesium) to another (radiostrontium) and critical model tests using data for four Ural lakes contaminated by the fallout from the Kyshtym accident in 1957

This paper presents results of a model test carried out within the framework of the COMETES project (EU). The aim of the work was to change the structure of the MOIRA lake model for radiocesium so that it can be applied more generally for, in principle, all types of radionuclides and heavy metals. This general lake model is used within the MOIRA decision support system (DSS; MOIRA and COMETES are acronyms for EU-projects). The model is based on a set of differential equations and a specific modelling structure. It incorporates all important fluxes to, from and within lakes in a general manner. Yet the model is driven by a minimum of variables accessible from standard maps and monitoring programs. The model can be separated into two parts, a general part with equations applicable for all types of water pollutants and a substance-specific part. This model has previously been validated for 137Cs from many lakes covering a wide domain and yielded excellent predictive power. The alterations discussed in this work are meant to be general and radiostrontium is used as a typical element. Radiostrontium is known to be more mobile than radiocesium and all abiotic parts of the model handling fixation and mobility have been altered. The new model for 90Sr has been critically tested using data from four lakes heavily contaminated with 90Sr from the Kyshtym accident in the Southern Urals, Russia, using empirical data from a period from 1958 to 1995 for 90Sr in fish (here goldfish), water and sediments.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Dynamics of Restoration Processes in the Idle Solonetz Ecosystems in the Southern Transural Region

The initial period of idleness in the solonetz ecosystems of the southern Transural Region is characterized by a significant variability of their soil–plant communities, which is determined by natural periodicity and general direction of the process of ecosystem restoration. Selective consumption of salinizing ions by the plants growing on idle land activates the development of desalinization processes.