中国省际工业绿色发展评估

有关绿色发展评价和指标研究已成为绿色经济研究中的前沿领域和重点.该文旨在将绿色发展的评估研究延伸至工业领域,进而为监测、评估和诊断中国工业绿色发展提供支撑.该文首次从绿色生产、绿色产品、绿色产业三个方面界定了工业绿色发展内涵,认为工业绿色发展可以理解为在促进工业经济持续较快增长和提供更多、更好工业产品和服务以满足人们日益增长需求的同时,通过绿化工艺系统和生产过程、生产绿色低碳产品、发展绿色新兴产业,最终协调工业发展与资源环境容量有限之间的矛盾.鉴此,本文认为可以从绿色生产、绿色产品、绿色产业三个方面衡量工业绿色发展的进展,这为开展工业绿色发展评估提供理论基础.在实践应用中,由于数据可得性等原因,本文围绕绿色生产构建了基于综合指数法的“工业绿色发展绩效指数”.评估结果显示,2005-2010年我国工业绿色发展绩效水平年均改善幅度为9.5％,反映工业生产正实现与资源环境消耗的脱钩,但改善速度逐年下降,表明未来亟需挖掘新的节能减排潜力;分地区看,天津、北京、广东等东部发达省市是中国工业绿色发展绩效水平较好的地区,但各个地区的优势均有所不同,其中天津在工业水资源利用居于领先,北京在工业土地资源方面较为落后,广东在工业能源利用的表现突出;宁夏的工业绿色发展绩效水平远远落后于其他地区,原因是工业能源利用和污染物排放控制方面较为落后;同时,“十一五”期间各地区工业绿色发展绩效水平均有所改善,其中广西以年均19.7％的水平居于领先.总体来看,各地区的工业绿色发展水平和改善幅度有较大差异,意味着各地区实现工业绿色发展的基础条件不同,有必要对不同地区采取分类管理方式,以有效促进各地区工业绿色发展.     

新疆资源环境绩效研究

提高资源环境绩效是我国生态恢复与重建的核心和关键.利用资源环境绩效指数(REPI)对我国西部生态环境脆弱区的新疆维吾尔自治区资源环境绩效进行了系统分析,结果表明:新疆仍然为我国资源环境绩效水平最为落后的地区之一.综合绩效指数由2000年的212.8逐步下降为2006年的148.1,资源综合绩效虽有提高,但仍然处于全国(西藏除外)第27位.建设用地占用强度明显下降,COD排放强度逐步下降,工业固体废弃物产生强度和能源消耗强度有所增加,用水强度降幅明显,能源消耗总量显著提高,用水总量略有上升.建设用地总量先降后升.SO2总体绩效均高于西部平均水平,SO2排放绩效指数呈现"S"型曲线.COD排放绩效指数下降不够明显,基本保持88.44的均值水平.绩效高于2000-2006年西部平均水平和2000-2003年中部平均水平,但远低于东部和全国平均水平.提高新疆资源环境综合绩效任重而道远.资源环境指数与经济发展水平和发展阶段密切相关,而且成为影响区域竞争力的重要因素.新疆建设节约型社会不能超越现有发展阶段和基本国情、区情,但是通过加大结构调整和技术创新力度以及采用综合配套措施完全有可能缩短目前能源、资源密集型的发展阶段,提升新疆在我国西部地区的综合竞争力,进而实现可持续发展.     

海洋碳汇渔业绿色发展空间外溢效应评价研究

海洋碳汇渔业绿色发展空间关联性及其外溢效应对于海水养殖业的有效协调和区域海洋环境的有效保护具有重要意义,科学估算沿海各省(自治区)海水养殖渔业碳汇量并探讨其空间相关性特征是制定差异化渔业碳汇发展政策的重要基础。根据2006—2016年中国大陆沿海9个省(自治区)的碳汇渔业资源清查数据,在检验和比较省域空间渔业碳汇总量相关性特征的基础上,运用空间计量模型分析了渔业碳汇的外溢效应及其影响因素。结果表明:①中国海水养殖渔业碳汇量整体上呈现上升趋势,但各省渔业碳汇量也存在明显差异。②研究期内的Moran's I指数整体呈现为"V"型的波动变化特征,渔业碳汇在省域空间分布上的差异性并不是随机的,而是具备显著的空间相关性。③海水养殖渔业碳汇存在明显的空间外溢效应,通过随机效应的杜宾模型分解后得出渔业产值、劳动力投入的直接效应为正,而渔业受灾面积和科研项目经费投入的直接效应为负;从间接效应来看,渔业产值在各省域间存在竞争与依存关系,海水养殖业劳动力投入和渔业技术推广的项目经费投入在各省域间存在互补关系。因此,中国沿海各省份在发挥海洋水产养殖业生态功能时,应当考虑省域区位因素,合理制定兼具差异化和协调性的海洋碳汇渔业发展政策。     

基于合成控制法的碳交易机制对碳绩效的影响

中国作为主要的碳排放国之一,环境问题已成为制约经济可持续发展的关键影响因素。作为推进经济绿色低碳发展的措施之一,建立碳交易机制能够通过市场经济手段弥补行政命令式政策的局限性,有助于实现碳减排目标。为评估中国碳交易机制对碳交易试点省市碳绩效的政策影响效应和作用路径,文章选取2005—2017年中国30个省份的面板数据进行分析。首先,采用SE-SBM模型测度各省市碳绩效水平;然后,以碳交易试点省市为研究对象,采用合成控制法构建实验组和控制组,评估碳交易机制对试点省市碳绩效水平的影响效果,并进行有效性检验;最后,运用递归模型探究碳交易机制对碳绩效水平的作用路径。研究结果表明:(1)中国平均碳绩效值在0.5左右,区域差异性显著;部分省市呈现波动式上升趋势,另一部分省市则呈现波动式下降趋势。(2)碳交易机制有效提升了试点省市的碳绩效水平。由于试点省市所处经济发展阶段不同,碳交易机制对碳绩效的影响程度存在区域异质性。碳绩效水平提升幅度由高到低依次为北京、天津、湖北和重庆。(3)能源结构、技术创新及产业结构是碳交易机制推动碳绩效水平提升的三条主要路径。基于此,文章提出以下建议:加快全国碳交易机制建设步伐,实现碳交易市场全覆盖;充分考虑区域异质性,因地制宜设计碳交易机制;鼓励技术创新,优化能源结构,推动产业转型升级,促进绿色低碳经济发展。     

资源开发利用对地区绿色发展的影响研究——以辽宁省为例

绿色发展已逐渐成为世界各国关注的重要议题,在资源环境问题日益突出的今天,中国同样面临着绿色发展带来的挑战。地区资源开发与利用直接或间接地对绿色发展产生一定的影响,因此,研究地区资源开发利用对区域绿色发展的影响意义重大。本文在大量文献研究的基础上,依据资源开发利用与绿色发展系统的属性和特征,以及根据熵值法的客观性及其在环境能源评价应用的广泛性,首先,构建了用于资源开发利用对地区绿色发展的影响评价模型,模型对指标进行了标准化处理和权重确定,界定了灰色关联系数;其次,从资源环境、自然资源和环境政策与投资三个层面构建了指标体系,该指标体系能较全面地反应资源开发利用对地区绿色发展的影响状况。选择辽宁省1993-2013年的相关统计数据,应用所构建的评价模型对辽宁省资源开发利用对地区绿色发展的影响状况进行评价。评价结果显示:辽宁省逐渐偏离绿色资源开发利用的轨道,绿色发展处于缓慢下降趋势。2010年降幅较大,由于增大了一次性能源消耗量和化石能源生产量,使得正理想解的灰色关联度从2009年的0.54下降到0.48;而2011年之后又回升到0.57,表明辽宁省在合理资源开发利用的同时加大了环境投入和改进措施;2009-2013年间是辽宁省绿色发展的波动时期,与转变产业结构、改变资源开发利用效率和加大环保投入直接相关。总体来说,辽宁省在资源开发利用,走绿色发展之路有待进一步突破;最后,论文从三个阶段总结了辽宁省资源开发利用对地区绿色发展的影响状况及其原因,包括资源利用效率不高、环境政策与投资执行不到位等。     

中国农业现代化发展水平的空间非均衡及动态演进

研究中国农业现代化发展水平的地区差距以及内部动态分布特征对于制定农业现代化发展的相关政策具有重要意义。本文利用1997-2013年中国31个省、市(自治区)的面板数据,构建了农业现代化发展水平的指标体系,进而采用熵权综合指数法测算出中国农业现代化发展水平的综合指数,同时借助Dagum基尼系数和Markov链估计方法对中国农业现代化发展水平的地区差距及其分布动态进行了实证研究,得到如下结论:1Dagum基尼系数及分解结果表明,中国农业现代化发展水平的总体差距在样本考察期内呈现出先上升、后下降的演变趋势。从三大地区来看,东部地区内差距呈现出上升趋势,而中部和西部地区内差距则呈现出下降趋势。地区间差距是造成中国农业现代化发展水平空间非均衡的首要原因,并且其对总体差距的贡献率呈波动上升趋势;地区内差距对总体差距的贡献率变化较小,而超变密度对总体差距的贡献率呈现出先上升、再下降的演变趋势。2Markov链分析表明,中国农业现代化发展水平状态流动性较低。从整体来看,中国农业现代化发展水平存在较为明显的上升趋势,并且农业现代化发展的低水平省份将逐步减少,总体向中等以上水平发展。针对本文实证结果,由此得到如下政策建议:首先,加大国家对西部地区农业基础设施建设的投入,引导农业科技人才回归;其次,加强区域间农业现代化发展全方位的交流与合作,发挥省区之间的协同效应;最后,因地制宜,充分利用资源禀赋,推动农业现代化发展。     

中国环境基本公共服务绩效的数量测度

本文在"投入—产出—受益"三维视角下构建了2003-2009年中国环境基本公共服务绩效评估指数,并对中国式分权框架下的环境公共服务效应进行了实证检验,这为在晋升体系中考虑基本公共服务发展因素提供了有益的思路。研究结果表明:中国各省级间环境公共服务绩效水平存在显著的差异,东部地区环境公共服务绩效水平明显高于中西部地区。经济发达地区较之经济落后地区、城镇化率高的地区较之城镇化率低的地区环境基本公共服务绩效水平更高。中国式财政分权并不影响省区间环境基本公共服务的产出水平和受益程度,但是存在"诱导"地方政府降低环境基本公共服务投入的内在激励,并造成环境基本公共服务综合绩效下降。政策建议是:政府加大对经济落后地区和农村地区的环境基本公共服务投入力度,同时将环境基本公共服务绩效评估指标纳入考核。     

中国省际绿色技术进步偏向异质性及影响因素研究——基于一种新的Malmquist-Luenberger多维分解指数

作为全要素生产率的重要组成,技术进步及其在资源环境等不同要素间的偏向对我国经济发展具有重要影响。考虑区域绿色生产技术差异,论文构建了一种新的Malmquist-Luenberger多维分解指数模型,该模型不仅能够识别出绿色技术进步是否存在投入与产出的组间偏向,而且对投入要素群及产出要素群组内偏向具有较好的辨别能力。论文以2005—2017年为时间跨度,选取我国30个省份进行绿色技术进步测度,对涵盖劳动力、资本、能源的投入要素群与包括污染物排放与GDP的产出要素群的组间及组内偏向特征予以分析,并给出引致绿色技术进步及其偏向的作用机制。研究发现:①中性绿色技术进步与投入偏向性绿色技术进步对区域技术水平提高具有促进作用,能够使技术水平年均上升0.57%和1.43%,但产出偏向性绿色技术进步在一定程度上抑制了区域技术水平的进一步提升,年均下降0.49%。②从投入要素群组内偏向来看,自西向东,资本密集使用、劳动与能源节约的要素驱动特征逐渐显著,产出要素群多表现出环境友好型技术进步特征。③对绿色偏向性技术进步异质性形成机理的研究发现,能源结构调整大幅度改善了中性绿色技术进步而对投入偏向性绿色技术进步存在抑制作用,但这一抑制相对有限,仅为促进作用的49.09%;产业结构的变动趋向于整体性的提高资源配置的高级化与合理化,即形成中性绿色技术进步而对投入及产出偏向性绿色技术进步存在负面影响;外贸依存度对产出偏向性绿色技术进步的影响为正;环境规制引导了企业绿色技术革新,可能对生产性资本临时占用而对当期中性绿色技术进步有抑制作用,但对投入偏向性技术进步及下一期的中性技术进步具有正向影响。     

区域农村剩余劳动力转移模式与非均衡度比较研究

伴随着工业化、城市化的快速推进,农村剩余劳动力大规模向城市流动是各国工业化成长阶段面临的共同问题.山东、河南作为全国34省、直辖市、自治区中前两位的人口大省,存在大量的农村剩余劳动力,且两省面积相仿,在研究农村劳动力转移这一课题上具有很大的可比性.以山东、河南两省为例,从转移地域类型、转移产业类型、转移人口类型、转移时同类型和转移收入5个方面比较分析农村劳动力转移模式,并在此基础上构建农村劳动力转移区域非均衡度指标体系,对山东、河南两省农村劳动力转移区域非均衡性进行定量分析和综合评价.     

内蒙古智力支持系统能力演化的时序性特征

智力支持系统能力是一个国家(或地区)教育水平、科研水平、管理水平的综合反映和现代化程度的重要衡量指标之一。应用教育投入指数、科技资源指数和政府效率对近20年来内蒙古智力支持系统综合水平与产出效应进行时序性和地区间差异与关联分析。结果表明:内蒙古智力支持系统指数从1995年的94.3上升到2013年的108.4,2013年在我国内地31个省市自治区中列第24位。其中,教育能力指数从基期的99.7上升到2014年的120.6,但低于全国平均水平;科技能力指数从基期的87.4上升到2013年的104.2,但科技资源指数、科技产出指数和科技贡献指数低于全国平均水平;管理能力指数从基期的95.8上升到2013年的109.5,但政府效率指数和经济社会调控指数低于全国平均水平。与我国其他少数民族地区比较,1995年内蒙古地区智力支持系统能力(94.3)低于新疆(97.2)和宁夏(95.9),但高于,广西(93.2)和西藏(83.1)。到2013年,内蒙古智力支持系统水平(108.4)低于宁夏(108.8),高于广西(107.8)、新疆(106.9)和西藏(98.0),但与我国东、中平均水平仍有巨大的差距。内蒙古综合现代化水平居全国第15位,第一次现代化水平均位居全国第12位,列我国五个少数民族自治区之首。该研究结果可以为我国其它区域和少数民族地区智力支持系统能力提升提供案例借鉴。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), as evidenced by data from a duplicate diet study, indoor air, house dust, and biomonitoring in Germany

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are used as flame retardants in a wide variety of products. As part of the Integrated Exposure Assessment Survey (INES), this study aimed to characterize the exposure of an adult German population using duplicate diet samples, which were collected daily over seven consecutive days, and indoor air and house dust measurements. Our study population consisted of 27 female and 23 male healthy subjects, aged 14–60 years, all of whom resided in 34 homes in southern Bavaria. In these 34 residences the air was sampled using glass fiber filters and polyurethane foams and the dust was collected from used vacuum cleaner bags.The median (95th percentile) daily dietary intake of six Tetra- to HeptaBDE congeners was 1.2 ng/kg b.w. (3.3 ng/kg b.w.) or 67.8 ng/day (208 ng/day) (calculated from the 7-day median values of each study subject). Concentrations in indoor air and dust (cumulative Tri- to DecaBDE congener readings) ranged from 8.2 to 477 pg/m³ (median: 37.8 pg/m³) and 36.6 to 1580 ng/g (median: 386 ng/g), respectively. For some congeners, we identified a significant correlation between air and dust levels.The median (95th percentile) blood concentration of total Tetra- to HexaBDE congener readings was 5.6 (13.2) ng/g lipid. No significant sex differences were observed, but higher blood concentrations were found in younger participants. Using a simplified toxicokinetic model to predict the body burden from exposure doses led to results that were of the same order of magnitude as the measured blood concentrations.Based on these measurements and given our exposure assumptions, we estimated for the total tetra- to heptabrominated congener count an average (high) comprehensive total daily intake of 1.2 ng/kg b.w. (2.5 ng/kg b.w.). Overall, our results suggest that dietary exposure is the dominant intake pathway at least in our study population, responsible for 97% (average intake) and 95% (high intake) of the total intake of an adult population.