水资源持续利用的特性与原理

随着可持续发展战略的推进与实施，水资源持续利用成为可持续发展研究的重要内容，也是水资源学科和开发利用水资源中要研究的重要课题。水资源具有别于其它资源的独有特性，基于可持续发展理论分析了水资源的基本特性，包括自然特性、社会特性和经济特性。水资源的这些独有特性决定了在实现水资源持续利用中必须服从的原理。用系统学理论、公共选择理论、福利经济学理论、资源分配和市场经济理论，分析了这些基本原理。这些原理揭示了水资源利用自然、社会和经济运动规律，试图为实现水资源持续利用提供指导原则和规划思想。     

基于系统演进特征的区域矿产资源可持续利用战略选择

矿产资源的可持续性是实现社会经济可持续发展的基础和保障，因而．矿产资源的可持续利用问题受到了人们的广泛关注。在分析评介现有研究成果的同时。突出强调了矿产资源可持续利用的“发展”理念。运用系统科学的理论和思路。具体研究了矿产资源在其系统特征尺度范围内的运行特征。以及系统临界状态分叉点的演进规律。提出了区域矿产资源系统特征尺度范围内的精益战略选择和系统临界状态条件下的临界战略选择．褥出了实现区域矿产资源可持续利用的根本途径在干适应社会经济发展需求条件下精益战略选择和临界战略选择的循环往复和有机结合。为合理规划区域矿产资源的开发利用。实现矿产资源与社会经济的可持续发展提供决策依据。     

《淮河流域可持续发展战略研究》撷要

《淮河流域可持续发展战略研究》采取系统科学的方法，提出了较为完整的淮河流可持续发展战略体系，既是中国水利事业步入“大水利”举措的尝试，也弥补了从整体上研究中国大河流域可持续发展战略的不足，对于其他大河流域的可持续发展战略研究具有借鉴意义。     

近三十年中国可持续发展研究热点、演化趋势与未来展望——基于CiteSpace知识图谱的分析

如何实现以及如何评估可持续发展一直是可持续发展理论研究与实践探讨的核心议题。回顾近三十年中国可持续发展研究,以北大核心和CSSCI认定期刊为主要文献来源,通过文献计量法与文献研究法,运用CiteSpace软件对1992—2022年中国可持续发展研究热点进行追踪与透析。研究表明：(1)中国可持续发展研究时间跨度长,拥有丰富的可持续发展研究成果。机构间合作联系相对紧密,其中部分研究机构的研究成果较为突出。(2)其研究热点主要围绕社会、经济、生态多维度及多尺度展开,集中表现在可持续发展能力评价、经济增长、环境与资源、“三农”问题、区域发展、知识经济、低碳经济和循环经济等方面的研究。(3)从总体的发展脉络和知识演进来看,中国可持续发展研究经历了概念引入与本土融合、政策实践与研究领域横向拓展、跨学科交叉与纵向深入三个阶段。三十多年来,中国全面实施可持续发展战略,在可持续发展研究的话语体系、内容体系以及方法体系上,积累了丰富的研究成果和实践经验。(4)展望未来中国可持续发展研究,社会、经济、环境和资源作为研究核心将依然是研究的重点,“双碳”目标与数字低碳经济、人类命运共同体与绿色“一带一路”、生态...     

信息化与可持续发展

本文深入分析了信息化与可持续发展的内在联系,提出“信息化-可持续发展”一体化思想,即一方面通过大力发展信息化促进经济增长和社会进步,解决资源过耗、环境污染等传统希机,实现可持续发展的目标;另一方面以可持续发展思想指导信息化建设,长远规划,合理布局,优化结构,协调信息化与社会经济环境之间、信息化系统要素之间的关系,提高信息化质量与效益,增强信息化发展潜力,预防和避免信息危机。     

淮河流域可持续发展研究的重点问题

以可持续发展的基本理论为指导 ,本研究选定淮河流域为研究的典型区域 ,试图通过对淮河流域社会、经济、资源、环境的系统分析 ,提出实现大河流域可持续发展战略的基本思路与框架     

城市可持续发展的制度经济学分析

城市不可持续发展的突出问题是“不可持续城市化”和“城市不可持续化”。城市发展存在政府与市场的双重失灵 ,制度变迁与制度供给是实现城市可持续发展的关键要素。城市可以看作是由经济、环境、社会、制度四个子系统构成的复杂系统。城市可持续发展的制度安排应遵循聚集利益导向、竞争优势导向、制度创新导向     

关于哥斯达黎加可持续发展的思考

1991年，国际上一批关心环境和发展的有识之士创建了“全球环境与发展高级培训；班项目”，为世界各国培养一批兼顾经济发展和经济环境保护、着眼于当代发展并造福子孙后代的领导者和管理者，从而为实现人类的人口、资源、经济、社会和环境的协调和可持续发展做出贡献。该项目于1992年正式开展培训活动，目前参加该项目的已有中国、印度、印度尼西亚、巴基斯坦、南非、南部非洲、巴西、墨西哥、独联体等发展中国家和加拿大、日本等发达国家。由于哥斯达黎加得天独厚的地理位置、丰富的旅游资源以及实施可持续发展战略的突出业绩而被首选为国…     

中国参与2030年可持续发展议程的战略思考

2015年联合国发展峰会通过了“2030年可持续发展议程”,这是一幅由全世界所有国家共同描绘的未来发展蓝图.联合国制定该议程的内在原因有两个,一是为了完成千年发展目标的未竟事业,二是为了汇聚国际社会力量共同应对新的全球性挑战.“2030年可持续发展议程”将重塑当今的全球可持续发展治理体系,为发展中国家深入参与全球可持续发展治理提供了机遇,也有利于全球可持续发展走出“气候变化泥潭”.但是,该议程也存在不足,主要体现在一些可持续发展目标相互重复和难以量化、没有对不同类型国家给出建议、以及里约原则被弱化等.“2030年可持续发展议程”对中国未来发展既是机遇也是挑战.机遇主要体现在有利于中国在可持续发展领域开展对外合作和“一带一路”战略的实施,挑战主要体现在中国将面临来自国际社会的“三重压力”.面向未来,中国应在坚持发展中国家的基本定位下,积极、主动参与相关进程.从对内看,应在该议程框架下根据中国的国情制定“2030年中国可持续发展议程”,并建立有利于产业界、地方政府、民间团体等参与的机制,在实现议程中创造新的经济增长点和就业机会;从对外看,应在坚持“力所能及、互惠互利”原则下,积极开展国际发展合作和发展援助,为其他发展中国家实现该议程做出中国贡献.     

上海作为大都市实施可持续发展战略的基本思考

１　上海作为大都市实现可持续发展的理论基础可持续发展作为人类发展的价值取向,已成为世界各国的共识。但结合我国政府对可持续发展战略有关内容的强调,从操作性的角度可把可持续发展战略概括为：可持续发展是以能力建设为动力和保障,追求以人为本的自然—经济—社会复合系统相互协调的发展模式。这是因为可持续发展不是经济、社会、生态某个单系统的可持续发展,因此仅仅把可持续发展看成是经济、环境或者是社会问题（这在当前对可持续发展的理论诠释或行动实施中都有表现）,都没有覆盖可持续发展的全部内涵。贯彻可持续发展是要求现…     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

A general approach to transform a lake model for one radionuclide (radiocesium) to another (radiostrontium) and critical model tests using data for four Ural lakes contaminated by the fallout from the Kyshtym accident in 1957

This paper presents results of a model test carried out within the framework of the COMETES project (EU). The aim of the work was to change the structure of the MOIRA lake model for radiocesium so that it can be applied more generally for, in principle, all types of radionuclides and heavy metals. This general lake model is used within the MOIRA decision support system (DSS; MOIRA and COMETES are acronyms for EU-projects). The model is based on a set of differential equations and a specific modelling structure. It incorporates all important fluxes to, from and within lakes in a general manner. Yet the model is driven by a minimum of variables accessible from standard maps and monitoring programs. The model can be separated into two parts, a general part with equations applicable for all types of water pollutants and a substance-specific part. This model has previously been validated for 137Cs from many lakes covering a wide domain and yielded excellent predictive power. The alterations discussed in this work are meant to be general and radiostrontium is used as a typical element. Radiostrontium is known to be more mobile than radiocesium and all abiotic parts of the model handling fixation and mobility have been altered. The new model for 90Sr has been critically tested using data from four lakes heavily contaminated with 90Sr from the Kyshtym accident in the Southern Urals, Russia, using empirical data from a period from 1958 to 1995 for 90Sr in fish (here goldfish), water and sediments.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Dynamics of Restoration Processes in the Idle Solonetz Ecosystems in the Southern Transural Region

The initial period of idleness in the solonetz ecosystems of the southern Transural Region is characterized by a significant variability of their soil–plant communities, which is determined by natural periodicity and general direction of the process of ecosystem restoration. Selective consumption of salinizing ions by the plants growing on idle land activates the development of desalinization processes.