环境规制对中国区域绿色经济效率的影响机理研究——基于超效率模型和空间面板计量模型实证分析

基于2000~2015年中国各地区面板数据，在构建绿色经济效率测度指标体系的基础上，运用超效率DEA模型测算中国绿色经济效率，通过对所构建模型普通线性回归得到的残差进行Moran’I指数的计算和检验，发现其存在显著的正相关性，并在此基础上利用空间计量模型分析环境规制水平及其他相关因素对绿色经济效率的影响。结果表明：（1）2000~2015年中国东中西部绿色经济效率和环境规制水平均呈波动上升趋势，并且伴有较为明显的空间差异性特征。但随着时间的推移，各区域绿色经济效率与环境规制水平差异有所减小，呈现收敛的趋势。（2）绿色经济效率与环境规制水平基本呈现出东部地区>中部地区>西部地区的空间分异特征，并随着时间推移两者均出现空间结构不断优化、区域差异逐渐收敛等向好趋势。（3）环境规制水平对绿色经济效率的影响呈现一个先促进后抑制的倒“U”型过程，其中，东中西部地区的环境规制水平对绿色经济效率的影响分别处于不同的阶段；经济发展水平、产业结构高级化和科研水平与绿色经济效率呈现显著的正相关关系，而利用外资水平与绿色经济效率则呈现显著的负相关关系。     

中国的人力资本水平“俱乐部”收敛了吗?

近年研究发现,中国的经济发展在一定程度上出现东部、中部和西部三个"俱乐部"的收敛现象。作为经济发展重要推动力的人力资本是否也呈同样态势?对经济发展收敛性的研究,历经了绝对收敛、条件收敛和"俱乐部"收敛三个认识阶段,判定收敛的方法和标准也在不断发展,从分解泰尔指数的方法到在回归方程中加入地区虚拟变量的方法都有大量的研究成果。本文使用空间计量分析来判定是否存在"俱乐部"收敛的现象,最大的优点是可以克服传统横截面回归判定中忽略各地区之间存在的空间关联性影响的问题。在借鉴空间计量分析对经济发展水平和经济增长速度收敛性研究的基础上,文章首先利用全局空间相关性分析工具Moran’s I进行全国范围的人力资本空间聚集性检验和聚集类型判断,然后利用局部空间相关性分析工具LISA对人力资本空间聚集的热点区域进行筛选。文章使用的人力资本数据,是本研究在参考国际标准,界定中国劳动人口年龄范围、经济活动范围和人口统计范围后,使用教育成就法测算得到全国及各省1990-2010年期间的人力资本水平。对数据的初步统计发现,20年间人力资本水平提高幅度最大的是经济欠发达、原有水平较低的省份。使用空间计量工具,初步的全局空间分析显示人力资本水平的极化现象基本稳定,H-H型"俱乐部"省份数量最多且比重略有上升;进一步的局部空间分析对空间聚集热点进行了筛选后确认,中国存在低程度的人力资本水平正向聚集现象,即低水平聚集的现象并不显著,高水平聚集的"俱乐部"出现在华北和华中地区,并有逐渐向南扩展的趋势。这种低程度的人力资本地区"俱乐部"可能在一定程度上导致了经济发展"俱乐部"的形成。     

雾霾治理的经济基础：动态环境规制的适用性分析

在新古典理论的鞍点路径上,文章构建了包括雾霾污染损失和企业治污机制的理论框架,刻画以要素投入为主的中国经济发展特征以及雾霾污染从无到有、从小到大的动态过程,将经济增长内生化,从动态环境规制政策的视角,分析经济发展与雾霾污染关系的影响机制,并基于中国88个城市2007—2018年期间雾霾治理数据进行实证检验。理论研究发现,渐进递增的动态环境规制适应了经济增长路径上经济结构特征的内在变化,避免了由于环境规制造成生产投入要素的大幅度波动,保持了均衡投资额和能源消费量的平稳增长,提高了鞍点路径上消费增长的平滑性,实现了鞍点路径上社会福利最大化目标。同时,企业逐渐加大治污投入,雾霾治理的效果开始呈现,动态环境规制政策是经济发展与雾霾污染存在着"倒U"型关系的主要影响机制。实证研究支持了动态环境规制政策是经济发展与雾霾污染关系的内在影响机制的论述。此外,实证研究还发现,全国雾霾污染持续蔓延的趋势仍未得到根本扭转,各地区之间的雾霾污染程度具有显著的空间滞后效应,并且空间溢出效应突破了相邻地区的区域限制,这意味着污染产业的跨区域转移现象比较突出。值得肯定的是,三大经济区域雾霾治理效果初步显现,这对于坚定政府污染防治的战略定力和制定新一轮的环保税政策具有重要的参考价值。政府应进一步强化雾霾治理的战略定力,一方面要不断加大环境规制政策执行力度,通过提高环保税额,加大税收征管力度,推动企业加大治污投入;另一方面政府也要关注污染产业的跨区域转移问题,协调好产业转移与环境保护之间的关系。     

空间视角下中国农业生态效率的收敛性与分异特征

基于1978—2016年中国省级面板数据,采用超效率SBM模型测算省际农业生态效率,在Kernel密度估计分析时空演变格局的基础上,将空间效应因素引入经典β收敛的检验过程中,建立空间计量模型估算其空间收敛性,并分区域、分时段讨论其分异特征。研究发现:①中国农业生态效率呈现出在波动中稳定上升的"双峰"分布特征,且波峰高度的差距在缩小,但整体仍处于较低水平,农业生态效率仍存在较大提升空间,东部地区农业生态效率增长较中西部地区更加明显;②中国农业生态效率存在显著的空间收敛性,空间条件β收敛的速度为0. 105,条件收敛速度显著快于绝对收敛,空间因素对收敛趋势具有加速效应,使得地区间农业生态效率的空间差异随时间推移呈现出进一步缩小的态势;③不同地区、不同时段的农业生态效率空间收敛性同样显著,空间收敛速度呈现出东北、中部、西部、东部依次递减的分布格局,且不同地区间收敛速度均大于经典收敛,这与区域间经济发展水平、农业技术条件、基础设施、资本流动性等各方面存在关联性,而除2004—2016年外,其他时段的空间收敛速度均高于经典收敛速度,且表现出逐步递减的变化过程。由于空间收敛性的存在,各地区应充分考虑到自身资源禀赋及农业经济发展水平的差异性,邻近地区之间应加强农业生产合作与交流,并建立完备的农业生态合作机制、生态政策联动机制。     

中国区域创新效率及其影响因素

效率问题是中国科技创新过程中需重点关注的一个问题.本文以1998-2005年中国30个省份的研发面板数据为基础,以专利为创新的产出指标,R&D经费支出和R&D人员投入为创新的投入指标,应用随机前沿模型对各地区创新过程中的效率情况进行了实证测评,并就影响创新效率的环境因素进行了进一步探讨.主要的研究发现有:R&D经费支出和R&D人员投入对创新产出均有显著的正向影响,且R&D人员投入比R&D经费支出具有更高的产出弹性;劳动者素质对区域创新效率的提高有显著的正影响,而产业结构有显著的负影响,这可能与专利并不能全面反映高技术产业创新绩效有关;各地区的创新效率呈明显上升的趋势,且与地方经济发展结合越来越紧密;区域创新效率有收敛的趋势,后进地区的追赶效应明显.本文结论为国家及地方创新工程建设提供政策参考.     

中国工业环境生产效率及环境保护税开征的研究

实证估计环境生产效率是近年来有关中国经济与环境协调发展的重要研究分支之一。本文基于面板数据固定效应随机前沿模型实证检验了2005—2015年中国大陆除西藏以外的30个省市或自治区的工业环境生产效率,并在此基础上进一步分析了有关环境保护税开征的若干问题。不同于已有文献,本文的实证研究充分利用了面板数据的特征,将不随时间变化的地区异质性与随时间变化的地区生产效率相分离,进而得到理论上更为合理的各地区工业环境生产效率的估计值。另外,本文还从理论征收额与实际征收额的角度构建了排污费征收强度指标,以替代已有相关文献常用的排污收费金额作为排污收费制度的代理变量,进一步实证检验了该制度的有效性。相关实证结果表明:(1)虽然同样是基于参数化的面板数据随机前沿模型,但是否将不随时间变化的地区异质性与随时间变化的地区环境生产效率相分离,所得到的效率估计值存在着显著差异,由此也进一步表明了在面板数据中考虑地区异质性的必要性;(2)基于面板数据固定效应随机前沿模型的效率估计可知,整体工业经济的平均环境生产效率已由2005年的0.488 8上升至2015年的0.780 9,且东部及个别中西部地区的工业发展具有较高的环境生产效率;(3)模型及代理变量选取的差异都会影响对中国排污收费制度有效性的实证评估结论,排污收费制度能否有效地改进工业环境生产效率的实证结果并不稳健;(4)若考虑地区异质性且以排污费征收强度作为排污收费制度的代理变量,则实证结果显示排污收费制度并不能有效地改善工业环境生产效率;(5)综合各地区的生态承载压力及工业环境生产效率,中国东、中、西部地区可被重新划分为高排放高效率、高排放低效率、低排放低效率以及低排放高效率四大区域。     

空间溢出、门槛特征与能源效率的经济增长效应

能源效率的改进能缓解经济增长过程中日益紧张的能源供需矛盾,然而空间异质性使得传统整体分析难以解释能源效率与经济增长之间的复杂关系。为了考察我国能源效率与经济增长的非线性空间联系,本文以我国1995-2009年省份面板数据,首先通过随机前沿生产函数模型测算我国各地区的能源效率及时空特征。接着,综合采用空间面板回归和门槛面板回归模型对能源效率与经济增长进行空间异质性检验,研究表明:能源效率对经济增长存在明显的空间外溢效应,空间溢出效应合理解释了能源效率与经济增长的空间非均衡分布。同时能源效率对经济增长存在门槛效应,能源效率对经济增长的弹性随着经济发展水平的提高而提高,但随着能源效率的提高而降低。本文政策含义明显:在制定能源的空间布局政策时应当加大对邻省较多、经济发展水平较高且能源效率较低省份的能源支出并努力提升这些省份的能源效率;而对经济发展水平较低且能源效率较高的省份,不宜从改进能源效率的思路来追求过快的经济增长。     

电力发展对中国经济增长的影响及其区域差异

1990年以来,随着中国电力体制改革的深入,电力基础设施与经济同步发展。由于电力生产与电力消费存在着显著的空间差异,电力发展对经济增长的影响可能存在空间差异。本文利用1990—2011年省级面板数据,基于增长回归模型,采用动态面板分析方法,以电力投资率和发电装机容量作为衡量电力发展的指标,检验电力发展对经济增长的影响以及这种影响的区域间差异。实证研究的主要发现如下:首先,电力发展对经济增长有显著的正面影响,而且其长期影响明显高于短期影响。其中,电力投资率每增加1个百分点,短期经济增长率提高0.076个百分点,长期经济增长率提高0.493个百分点;发电装机容量每增加1个百分点,短期经济增长率提高0.381个百分点,长期经济增长率提高1.905个百分点。其次,电力发展对经济增长的影响具有显著的地区差异,对东部地区的经济增长影响显著高于西部地区。其中,电力投资率增加1个百分点对东部地区的经济增长率影响高于西部地区达0.913个百分点;电力装机容量增加1个百分点对东部地区的经济增长率影响高于西部地区达0.959个百分点。实证结果表明,电力发展对各地区经济增长影响是不平衡的,这种影响对区域经济协调发展起到了负面作用。基于实证研究,给出如下政策建议:首先,考虑到中国经济在未来20年中仍将保持较高增速,中国应继续促进电力发展投资,以促进经济增长。其次,从政策导向来看,电力发展政策应当充分加强电力发展对区域协调发展的作用,使得西部地区能从电力输出中获得更高收益,提高电力发展对区域经济增长影响的公平性。     

区域旅游经济与空气质量耦合协调的时空演化——以云南省为例

该研究在构建旅游经济和空气质量综合评价指标体系的基础上，利用熵值赋权法和耦合协调度模型来分析云南省16个州市2014—2020年旅游经济系统和空气质量系统的耦合协调关系及时空演化过程。研究发现：(1)研究期内16个州市的旅游经济发展整体呈现增长趋势，但各州市的旅游经济发展指数差异较大，呈现“两极分化”的发展格局；空气质量发展指数随时间变化的波动性很强、呈无序状态。(2)研究前期和中期，除了昆明、丽江、大理的旅游经济发展指数始终高于空气质量指数，其余13个州市空气质量指数均优于旅游经济发展指数，属于旅游经济发展滞后型城市。(3)从耦合协调等级来看，云南省旅游经济与空气质量耦合协调等级得到提高，总体趋势呈现由滇西北地区向滇中、滇西和滇西南地区递减的格局。其中，耦合协调等级比较好的州主要集中在滇西北地区，且耦合协调等级远高于滇东北、滇东南地区。(4)从空间自相关来看，云南省旅游经济与空气质量耦合协调发展水平整体上表现出全局空间负相关，且空间分布呈随机态势，尚未形成地理上的空间集聚效应。研究期内16个州市旅游经济与空气质量耦合协调度协同增长的有3个，负向增长的有13个，说明16个州市的内部空间...     

“资源诅咒”视角下环境规制、能源禀赋对区域碳排放的影响

"资源诅咒"一直是资源型区域经济研究中备受关注的问题。随着绿色经济时代的到来,关注经济与环境的和谐发展成为热点话题,研究"资源诅咒"在环境领域的存在性对推动绿色经济的发展具有现实意义和理论价值。本文利用省级面板数据,通过验证在环境规制调节作用下能源禀赋与碳排放的关系,考察"资源诅咒"在环境领域是否存在。研究结果表明,从全国视角看,能源禀赋与碳排放具有显著正相关关系,即环境领域存在"资源诅咒"现象,但有效的环境规制能够缓解甚至消除这一现象。按能源禀赋贫富分区域看,能源富集区的能源禀赋与碳排放呈显著正相关关系,即存在显著的"资源诅咒"现象,且环境规制能够有效缓解这一现象;在能源贫乏区则不存在"资源诅咒"现象。按经济发展水平分区域看,中部地区的能源禀赋与碳排放呈显著正相关关系,即"资源诅咒"现象明显,且有效的环境规制具有显著的调节作用;东部和西部地区的能源禀赋与碳排放呈正相关关系,但不显著。进一步通过分阶段探讨环境领域"资源诅咒"现象发现,经济发展水平与环境领域"资源诅咒"现象之间存在"倒U型"关系,环境领域"资源诅咒"现象主要存在于经济发展中期阶段。通过研究本文认为,环境领域存在显著的"资源诅咒"现象,有效的环境规制能够明显改善并消除这一现象,资源驱动型经济发展模式是导致环境领域存在"资源诅咒"现象的原因。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

A general approach to transform a lake model for one radionuclide (radiocesium) to another (radiostrontium) and critical model tests using data for four Ural lakes contaminated by the fallout from the Kyshtym accident in 1957

This paper presents results of a model test carried out within the framework of the COMETES project (EU). The aim of the work was to change the structure of the MOIRA lake model for radiocesium so that it can be applied more generally for, in principle, all types of radionuclides and heavy metals. This general lake model is used within the MOIRA decision support system (DSS; MOIRA and COMETES are acronyms for EU-projects). The model is based on a set of differential equations and a specific modelling structure. It incorporates all important fluxes to, from and within lakes in a general manner. Yet the model is driven by a minimum of variables accessible from standard maps and monitoring programs. The model can be separated into two parts, a general part with equations applicable for all types of water pollutants and a substance-specific part. This model has previously been validated for 137Cs from many lakes covering a wide domain and yielded excellent predictive power. The alterations discussed in this work are meant to be general and radiostrontium is used as a typical element. Radiostrontium is known to be more mobile than radiocesium and all abiotic parts of the model handling fixation and mobility have been altered. The new model for 90Sr has been critically tested using data from four lakes heavily contaminated with 90Sr from the Kyshtym accident in the Southern Urals, Russia, using empirical data from a period from 1958 to 1995 for 90Sr in fish (here goldfish), water and sediments.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Dynamics of Restoration Processes in the Idle Solonetz Ecosystems in the Southern Transural Region

The initial period of idleness in the solonetz ecosystems of the southern Transural Region is characterized by a significant variability of their soil–plant communities, which is determined by natural periodicity and general direction of the process of ecosystem restoration. Selective consumption of salinizing ions by the plants growing on idle land activates the development of desalinization processes.