上海市经济增长与环境污染的关系研究

该研究以上海市为实例，验证了环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）假设。分析了影响EKC路径的驱动因子。旨在为其它地区设计适当的发展战略提供参考。以便尽早跨越EKC拐点。研究采用上海市1981-2005年期间的序列数据。对经济增长与环境污染之间的关系进行回归分析。解析了全市烟尘排放量、工业废水排放量、工业COD排放量和全市SO2排放量等4项环境污染排放量指标的演变轨迹和阶段特征。结果表明：这4项环境指标同人均GDP的拟合曲线呈现典型EKC特征，即倒U形。上海市在人均GDP5700元跨越了工业废水排放量和工业COD排放量这2项指标的拐点。在人均GDP11300元跨越了S02排放量的拐点（人均GDP值均为1990年不变价），烟尘排放量的拐点更低。研究还利用压力-状态-响应（PSR）政策分析框架。通过分析产业结构、环保投资和环境管理的变化趋势。探讨了上海市EKC演变的驱动因子。结论建议：各地应因地制宜，积极寻求本地区符合可持续发展理念的经济决策和环境决策，争取尽早跨越EKC拐点，实现环境污染与经济增长之间的解耦。     

辽宁省环渤海地区经济增长与水环境污染水平计量模型研究

根据辽宁省环渤海地区1999年-2010年经济和环境数据,运用环境库兹涅茨曲线原理和模型,建立人均GDP污染排放量模型,对辽宁省环渤海地区经济增长和环境污染之间的关系进行分析。结果表明:辽宁省环渤海地区水环境污染与经济社会发展之间存在着显著的相关关系,但其EKC曲线不完全符合典型的库兹涅茨曲线特征,主要呈显著的三次曲线特点,即工业COD曲线为"倒N"型、工业氨氮曲线为"U"型、生活COD曲线为"U"型、生活氨氮曲线为"N型";此外,生活污水排放量与人均GDP关系呈线性关系。由此可见,环境质量的改善并非随着收入水平的提高而自动发生。最后,根据上述结论提出相应建议。     

1949年以来中国环境与发展关系的演变

从IPAT方程出发,发现了环境影响随着经济发展或时间的演变依次遵循三个"倒U型"曲线规律,即环境影响强度的倒U型曲线、人均环境影响的倒U型曲线和环境影响总量的倒U型曲线。根据此规律,可以将该演化过程划分为四个阶段即:环境影响强度高峰前阶段、环境影响强度高峰到人均环境影响量高峰阶段、人均环境影响量高峰到环境影响总量高峰阶段以及环境影响总量稳定下降阶段。在环境演变的不同阶段,主要驱动力存在着明显的差异。在环境影响强度高峰前阶段,资源消耗或污染物排放增长更多地由资源或污染密集型技术进步驱动;在资源消耗或污染物强度高峰到人均资源消耗或污染物排放高峰阶段,主要由经济增长驱动;而在人均资源消耗或污染物排放高峰到资源消耗或污染物排放总量高峰阶段以及总量高峰以后的发展阶段,则主要由节约高效技术或污染减排技术进步来驱动。实证分析表明,中国目前环境与发展关系基本上处于经济增长主要驱动的环境影响强度高峰向人均环境影响高峰过渡阶段,这同时意味着中国要在短期内实现人均环境影响和环境影响总量高峰的跨越是异常困难的。     

南京市经济增长与工业“三废”污染水平计量模型研究

根据环境库兹涅茨曲线原理，选取南京市1985～2004年的经济与环境数据，运用SPSS和EXCEL软件，分析了经济因子与环境因子的相关关系，并建立了模拟经济因子与环境因子之间动态回归模型。研究结果表明，南京市工业废水排放量和人均GDP具有一般相关性，并不呈现库兹涅茨曲线倒“U”模型，而是呈三次曲线的“N”型，两个拐点分别在9 000元和29 000元，这可能与产业结构转变较快有关。工业废气排放量和固体废物产量与人均GDP存在显著相关性， 符合环境库兹涅茨曲线的倒“U”模型，拐点分别在30 000元和38 000元,均提前实现拐点。此外环境政策与科技对工业废水排放量影响也较大。经济结构是影响工业废气排放量和固体废物产量的主要因素，同时，南京市有利的环保科技政策使这两个环境指标提前实现拐点。     

中国入境旅游业对航空碳排影响研究

以环境库兹涅茨曲线为基础,采取回归分析方法研究在经济增长背景下我国入境旅游业对航空碳排产生的影响。结果表明我国现阶段经济水平还处于环境库兹涅茨曲线拐点的左侧,随着经济的进一步增长,航空CO_2排放量还会进一步增加。入境旅游业的发展不仅会提升航空碳排峰值,同时也会提高曲线拐点出现时对应的经济水平。节能减排技术可以有效降低航空碳排峰值减缓CO_2排放。入境旅游业发展对航空碳排的贡献是明显的,加大科技投入、增加碳汇活动等是现阶段可行之路。     

排污税能够提高环境质量吗

排污收费制度是我国主要的环境政策工具之一。然而,自1982年这一制度正式建立实施以来,经过2003年的制度改良,始终未能解决征收成本高、使用效率低、寻租行为盛行的问题,这一系列的问题导致该制度的减排效果不佳。因此,近年来,排污费改排污税的改革提上议事日程。这一改革是否能够收到设计者们预期的效果?为从理论上回答这些问题,从中国现实出发,借鉴环境库兹涅茨曲线的研究方法,通过设计一个包含政府征收排污税行为和政府污染治理技术投资行为的经济系统,考察动态条件下排污税对环境质量的长期影响,以及征收排污税对厂商行为和消费者行为的长期影响。根据本文的分析,单一的征收排污税并不一定能够改善环境质量,不一定能够促进环境库兹涅茨曲线拐点的出现,也不能减少企业污染物排放;同时,排污税降低了资本积累速度和经济增长速度,但对消费者消费路径的影响是不明确的。最后,本文建议,政府应投资于污染治理技术的改进能够持续的减少最终污染物排放,达到改善环境质量的目的。     

1990-2009年中国省际环境污染综合评价

本文以中国省级经济单元为分析对象,以环境污染为研究中心,基于"纵横向"拉开档次法的动态综合评价原理,通过构建具有"三维"特征的环境污染动态综合评价模型,计算了各省1990-2009年的环境污染综合指数,研究了影响环境污染变动的决定因素。结论认为,在样本考察期内,污染物排放最少(即环境质量最好)的省份依次为:青海、天津、北京、宁夏、新疆、甘肃、上海、吉林、福建、云南,这10个省份的环境污染综合指数都在1.50以下;要完成"十二五"主要污染物排放比2010年下降8%的减排目标,四川、河北、山东、辽宁、山西、江苏、河南、广东、湖南、广西是重点监控省份。分地区看,西部地区环境污染最小,依次为中部和东部。污染物排放变动的影响因素分析表明,提高经济发展水平、增加污染治理投资、加强企业环境管制能力对降低污染物排放具有一定的积极作用,第二产业所占比重、国有及国有控股工业所占比重及煤炭消费所占比重增加具有显著增加污染物排放的作用,外资进入对环境污染有一定的影响。据此提出了优化环境质量的对策建议。     

中国省际环境全要素生产率及其影响因素分析

改革开放以来中国经济取得到了快速发展,但与此同时,我国很多环境污染指标在世界排名也显著提高。那么中国的经济增长是否是造成环境污染的原因?经济增长对环境一定是有害的吗?也就是环境库兹涅茨曲线在中国是否存在?围绕着这些问题国内外学者进行了大量有益的探讨。但是很多文献都是利用人均收入和人均排放关系来识别是否存在环境库兹涅茨曲线。这种方法的缺点是没有认清这两者都是生产过程的产出,是生产过程中的投入导致产出的结果。忽略生产过程中的投入和产出组合的效率变化,只研究两个产出之间的关系会影响传统的环境库兹涅茨曲线检验基础,也妨碍环境效率影响因素的识别。正是循着这个方向,很多学者构建了一个综合的环境绩效指标。通过研究环境绩效指标与人均收入之间的关系来识别是否存在环境库兹涅茨曲线。基于此,本文利用中国30个省份1997-2011年经济增长和污染排放数据,利用考虑环境的数据包络模型研究了环境全要素生产率指数及其分解。研究发现:考虑环境因素的全要素生产率指数年均增长2.94%,环境全要素生产率指数的增长主要来自技术进步指数。影响环境全要素生产率指数的空间面板Tobit回归模型表明,人均收入对环境全要素生产率增长产生正向的作用,这表明经济发展水平越高,经济与环境的协调性越好。人均收入的平方项系数为负,表明环境全要素生产率的库兹涅茨曲线存在。对外开放水平高导致环境全要素生产率的下降。技术进步始终是环境全要素生产率增长的积极原因。     

中国区域环境质量动态综合评价——基于污染排放视角

中国经济取得举世瞩目成就的同时,也付出了沉重的环境代价,环境污染不仅造成了巨大的经济损失,还严重制约了社会的全面发展。科学评价我国环境质量的现状,是改善环境质量的前提,对可持续发展而言具有重要的现实意义。从空气、水、废弃物、垃圾、噪声、土壤等6个方面构建包含11个指标的环境质量综合评价体系,采用基于整体差异驱动的“纵横向拉开档次”评价方法,从不同角度对全国30个省区2003～2010年的环境质量进行动态综合评价,结果显示：从环境总量视角评价,西部最好;从经济发展的环境代价视角评价,东部最小;从人均污染物排放视角评价,西部最多。本文还借鉴经济学的收敛性检验方法,研究中国区域环境质量的内在演变规律。在此基础上,为我国节能减排、可持续发展提出政策建议     

中国二氧化碳排放的区域差异和影响因素研究

气候变化和二氧化碳减排问题已经引起了世界性的关注。文章对我国30个省份二氧化碳排放量进行测算,将其分为低排放、中排放、高排放三个不同区域并进行比较。同时,基于STIRPAT模型和面板数据方法,文章分析了人口、经济和技术对不同区域二氧化碳排放的影响。结果表明:三个区域的二氧化碳排放存在明显差异,并且差异性不断扩大;不同区域人口、经济、技术对二氧化碳排放量的弹性系数是不一样的,经济快速增长是各区域二氧化碳排放增加最重要的驱动因素;二氧化碳排放与经济增长之间存在明显的倒"U"型环境库兹涅茨曲线,但是要达到曲线的拐点需要经历非常漫长的时间。另外,中国的二氧化碳排放表现出明显的路径依赖现象,当期经济增长将至少对未来2-3年的空气质量产生影响,并且这种影响对整个国家来说比单个区域要更大。基于上述,提出了减少二氧化碳排放的相关政策建议,以适应中国的低碳经济道路。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), as evidenced by data from a duplicate diet study, indoor air, house dust, and biomonitoring in Germany

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are used as flame retardants in a wide variety of products. As part of the Integrated Exposure Assessment Survey (INES), this study aimed to characterize the exposure of an adult German population using duplicate diet samples, which were collected daily over seven consecutive days, and indoor air and house dust measurements. Our study population consisted of 27 female and 23 male healthy subjects, aged 14–60 years, all of whom resided in 34 homes in southern Bavaria. In these 34 residences the air was sampled using glass fiber filters and polyurethane foams and the dust was collected from used vacuum cleaner bags.The median (95th percentile) daily dietary intake of six Tetra- to HeptaBDE congeners was 1.2 ng/kg b.w. (3.3 ng/kg b.w.) or 67.8 ng/day (208 ng/day) (calculated from the 7-day median values of each study subject). Concentrations in indoor air and dust (cumulative Tri- to DecaBDE congener readings) ranged from 8.2 to 477 pg/m³ (median: 37.8 pg/m³) and 36.6 to 1580 ng/g (median: 386 ng/g), respectively. For some congeners, we identified a significant correlation between air and dust levels.The median (95th percentile) blood concentration of total Tetra- to HexaBDE congener readings was 5.6 (13.2) ng/g lipid. No significant sex differences were observed, but higher blood concentrations were found in younger participants. Using a simplified toxicokinetic model to predict the body burden from exposure doses led to results that were of the same order of magnitude as the measured blood concentrations.Based on these measurements and given our exposure assumptions, we estimated for the total tetra- to heptabrominated congener count an average (high) comprehensive total daily intake of 1.2 ng/kg b.w. (2.5 ng/kg b.w.). Overall, our results suggest that dietary exposure is the dominant intake pathway at least in our study population, responsible for 97% (average intake) and 95% (high intake) of the total intake of an adult population.     

A new general mechanistic river model for radionuclides from single pulse fallouts which can be run by readily accessible driving variables

This paper presents a new general, process-based river model for substances such as radionuclides from single pulse fallouts. The new model has been critically tested using data from 13 European rivers contaminated by radiocesium from the Chernobyl accident. This modelling approach gives radionuclide concentrations in water (total, dissolved and particulate phases; and also concentrations in sediments and fish, but the latter aspects are not discussed in this paper) at defined river sites. The model is based on processes in the upstream river stretch and in the upstream catchment area. The catchment area is differentiated into inflow ( approximately dry land) areas and outflow ( approximately wetland) areas. The model also accounts for time-dependent fixation of substances in the catchment. The catchment area sub-model is based on a previous catchment model, which has been tested with very good results for radiocesium, radiostrontium and Ca-concentrations (from liming operations). The new river model is simple to apply in practice since all driving variables may be readily accessed from maps and standard monitoring programs. The driving variables are: latitude, altitude, continentality, catchment area, mean annual precipitation, soil type (percentages or organic and sandy soils), fallout and month of fallout. Modelled values have been compared to independent empirical data from 10 rivers sites (91 data on radiocesium in water) covering a wide domain (catchment areas from 4000 to 180 000 km(2), precipitation from 500 to 960 mm/yr and fallout from 1700 to 660 000 Bq/m(2)). The new model predicts very well--when modelled values are compared to empirical data, the slope is perfect (1.0) and the r(2)-value is 0.90. This is good giving the fact that there are also uncertainties in the empirical data, which set a limit to the achieved predictive power, as expressed by the r(2)-value.     

Narratives,Rhetorical Genres,and Environmental Conflict: Responses to Schwarze's “Environmental Melodrama”

The appearance of Steven Schwarze's essay, “Environmental Melodrama” (Schwarze, 2006) as the lead article in a recent issue of The Quarterly Journal of Speech marks an important moment of recognition for environmental communication scholarship. Schwarze's essay demonstrates how studies of environmental rhetoric can contribute to rhetorical theory more generally, while addressing practical questions regarding the rhetorical aspects of environmental conflict. The contributors to this forum respond to Schwarze's arguments, drawing in part upon their own case studies of rhetorical action and narrative in environmental conflict.     

The influence of hot particle contamination on Sr and Cs transfers to milk and on time-integrated ingestion doses

Most models for transfers of radionuclides through the food chain typically assume that the radioactivity is initially deposited in chemically available forms. It is known, however, that releases of radionuclides in the form of hot particles may significantly influence their environmental transfers and uptake to the food chain. This study presents models for time changes in ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs in milk which incorporate hot particle contamination using observed rates of hot particle dissolution following the Chernobyl accident. A general equation is presented for the influence of hot particles on overall ingestion doses. As expected from previous work, fallout of hot particles significantly influences time changes in radionuclide activity concentrations in foodstuffs. It is also shown that incorporation of radionuclides in hot particles influences time-integrated ingestion doses. For a situation in which a large proportion (90–100%) of fallout is in slowly dissolving hot particles, time-integrated ingestion doses from ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs are reduced by a factor of approximately two compared to the case where all radioactivity is deposited in bioavailable forms. However, the influence of rapidly dissolving hot particles on time-integrated ingestion doses is relatively minor. Remaining significant uncertainties in dose estimates are discussed.     

Communities of hydrobionts developing at the water-rock interface in Lake Baikal

Development of benthic communities on rocks from the interdisciplinary test site near Cape Berezovyi (southern Baikal) is analyzed. Rock plates were placed on the bottom in the shallow-water zone of Baikal for six months, and a community consisting of microorganisms, microphytobenthos, and meiobenthos developed on them. The development and activity of hydrobionts depended on the chemical composition and structure of the rock. Marble and granite plates were populated by them more selectively than amphibolite plates. It is supposed that the biota plays an important role in destruction of rocks in the shallow-water zone of Baikal.     

21世纪我国国土资源可持续利用的形势及战略措施

本文分析了我国国土资源可持续利用的形势,指出了国土资源在经济发展中的地位和作用,提出了国土资源可持续利用的任务和战略措施。     

Radionuclides in terrestrial ecosystems of the zone of Kyshtym accident in the Urals

It was shown that along the Eastern Ural Radioactive Trace central axis, about 100 km in length, decrease of the ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs deposition densities in soil samples may be described as an exponential function. At the western and eastern periphery of the trace, ⁹⁰Sr contents in soils approached to the background level due to global fallout. ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs concentrations in seeds of some herbaceous plants have been determined. The radionuclide concentrations and the resulting dose loads upon plant seeds showed an excess over the background level of about two or three orders of magnitude.