A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Urban Growth:A Case Study for Jinan Municipality,China

China is experiencing a process of rapid industrialization and urbanization at the cost of agricultural land and environment,particularly in the costal areas. This study takes Jinan as a case presenting a time-series analysis of urban land expansion from 313 to 2003. The results show that the urban expansion of Jinan city mainly took place in the last 100 years, especially after the economic reform in 1978. Social development and economic growth,urban population growth and migration policies were factors driving the urban land expansion. Urban sprawl resulted in a disappearance of wetlands and a great loss of agricultural land, and over-pumping of ground water that led to disappearance of the city‘s feature,namely “the city of springs“.     

Function of Agricultural Land Use and Its Evolvement in Peri-urban Area: A Case Study of Beijing

Abstract

Rapid urbanization in Beijing stimulates the urban land expansion and diminishes available agricultural land. Monofunctional agricultural land use can not meet the demand of the development of the multifunctional agriculture and urbanization any more, so multifunctional agricultural land use is going to be promoted in the city. This article proposes the evolvement of the land use change from 1992 to 2004 and discusses some evolvement views.     

Study on Dynamic Mechanism of Urban Expansion： A Case Study of Shandong Province

This paper aims at studying the dynamic mechanism of urban expansion and its role. Based on the economic model of urban spatial structure and applying panel data in Shandong Province, the paper concludes. Economic growth and transition of economic structure have played the most powerful role in urban expansion. An increase in population helps the core to extend. Increasing agricultural productivity can provide a countervailing force. An increase in transportation costs will limit urban expansion. An increase in the marginal productivity of land in housing production will increase urban expansion. Fiscal and taxation policies also have encouraged the extensive shift of cultivated land into build-up area. This paper also suggests that if high rate increasing GDP is needed, the urban core will continue to expand. The government should take measures to improve the rapid growth of the city.     

武汉市城乡建设用地时空演变及驱动机制研究——基于城乡统筹视角

基于城乡统筹视角，运用GIS空间技术、土地利用动态模型和多元回归分析，研究武汉市1996~2009年城乡建设用地数量结构变化、空间格局演变及驱动机制，是土地利用变化（LUCC）研究的重要内容之一，对区域城乡建设统筹规划及城乡社会经济统筹发展具有现实指导意义。结果显示：(1)研究期内武汉市城乡建设用地整体规模扩大，城镇建设用地比重上升，农村居民点用地比重下降；城市与建制镇扩张较快，主要源自对农用地的占用及独立工矿用地、农村居民点整理。(2)外城区城-乡建设用地数量、结构变化及类型转换特征对武汉市城乡建设用地变化起主导作用。(3)人口变化、经济增长、居民生活水平提高及政策等因素对武汉市内、外城区城-乡建设用地格局的驱动作用具有明显的区域差异和城乡差异     

2000~2014年武汉市城市扩展时空特征分析

基于不同时相的高分辨率遥感影像，采用面向对象的解译方法提取了武汉市2000、2005、2010和2014年的土地覆被信息，从城市扩展强度指数，城市中心坐标迁移和分形维数等方面分析了武汉市2000～2014年城市扩展时空特征。结果表明：2000～2014年间，武汉市城市扩展强度指数为1.41，各主城区城市扩展强度不一，洪山区建设用地的增加对主城区城市扩展的贡献最大；在扩展过程中，武汉市城市分形维数增加，城市空间形态变复杂；其扩展呈现核心-放射扩展模式，并逐渐转向圈层式；自然条件、经济、人口、交通、政策和城市规划是武汉市城市扩展的主要驱动力，但随着交通的发展，自然条件和经济对武汉市城市扩展的驱动作用正逐渐减弱。     

中国城市建设用地扩张与经济增长重心迁移与脱钩关系研究

协调经济增长与土地资源利用关系是经济发展提质增速及可持续城市建设的关键，为探索城市建设用地扩张与经济增长的时空演变特征及其耦合趋势，运用重心模型、Tapio弹性指数对建设用地扩张与经济增长的空间耦合关系与脱钩状态进行测度，并构建计量模型，检验了经济、社会、政策等因素对城市扩张的影响。结果表明：（1）中国经济与建设用地规模保持双增长态势，中西部地区近年来建设用地扩张更加明显，经济和建设用地重心均呈现西南方向迁移，但空间耦合性逐渐减弱；（2）中国经济与建设用地脱钩关系不断恶化，脱钩状态分布格局变化明显，东部地区脱钩状况逐渐改善；（3）社会经济因素是城市扩张的关键推动力，政策、产业集聚等也在一定程度上促进城市扩张。未来要重点加强对中西部地区城市土地扩张的管控，对于东部地区而言，则要在经济转型的过程中寻求产业转型与土地利用转型的契合点，追求城市的精明增长。     

The spatial-temporal differentiation of green land use in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei urban agglomeration

ABSTRACT

As the space carrier of the construction of ecological civilization, land’s green and efficient utilization is an important guarantee for realizing national sustainable development. Based on traditional land evaluation, this paper scientifically defines the green land use, puts land as one of the production factors, and brings energy consumption, environmental pollution, etc. into the input-output system to measure the green land utilization efficiency of the urban construction land of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration from 2006 to 2016. The study shows that the overall efficiency variation of the urban agglomeration is related with the land and environment policies. Efficiency of 2016 is higher than that of 2006, and energy and environment are the principal factors affecting the green land use. The efficiency of each city is positively correlated with its economic development, negatively correlated with the construction land expansion. Efficiency gaps in different cities are expanding. There is positive correlation with overall weak space between cities, and the partial spatial agglomeration phenomenon appears. Therefore, the green land use efficiency could be improved by improving land utilization efficiency, coordinating economic growth of construction land utilization with environmental protection and taking feasible ways to transregional renovation of the stock ecological land utilization, etc.     

Function of Agricultural Land Use and Its Evolvement in Peri-urban Area: A Case Study of Beijing

Rapid urbanization in Beijing stimulates the urban land expansion and diminishes available agricultural land. Monofunctional agricultural land use can not meet the demand of the devel- opment of the multifunctional agriculture and urbanization any more, so multifunctional agricultural land use is going to be promoted in the city. This article proposes the evolvement of the land use change from 1992 to 2004 and discusses some evolvement views.     

1989~2015年武汉市城市格局时空演变分析

城市格局时空演变以土地利用变化为承载，为城市用地调控、空间发展政策的制定提供依据。以武汉市主城为实证区，采用1989、1999、2008和2015年4期Landsat遥感影像为数据源，综合空间信息技术、用地扩张量化分析方法研究城市土地利用转换关系，测度建设用地扩张强度、弹性与方向，揭示城市格局时空演变过程。结果表明：1989~2015年间，武汉市主城区土地利用变化以建设用地扩张、未利用地和耕地减少为主，经济增长与建设用地扩张关联度高；主城区建设用地在1999年之后扩张速度明显加快，总体扩张强度逐步加强。建设用地扩张呈现时空不平稳状态，扩张主要集中在以汉阳、青山为代表的城郊过渡带区域，以及硚口、武昌等老城区的更新改造区域，1989~2008年间扩张方向以偏西向为主，2008~2015年间扩张方向以东南向为主，反映城市区域发展阶段的差异和空间开发政策变动的影响。     

A Methodology Framework for Regional Land-use Change Studies based on Landsat TM images: A Case Study in Northeast China

Abstract

Land-use change is an important aspect of global environment change. It is, in a sense, the direct result of human activities influencing our physical environment. This paper analyzed the land- use change in Northeast China during 1985–2000 based on Landsat TM images. It divides Northeast China into five land-use zones based on the dynamic degree model of land-use: woodland/grassland-arable land conversion zone, dry land-paddy field conversion zone; urban expansion zone, interlocked zone of farming and pasturing and reclamation and abandon zone. The findings include the obvious increase of cropland area, paddy field and dry land increased by 75 and 276 thousand hm² respectively; urban areas expanded rapidly, areas of town and rural residence increased by 76.8 thousand hm²; areas of forests and grassland decreased sharply with the amounts of 1399 and 1521 thousand hm² respectively; areas of water body and unused land increased by 148 and 514 thousand hm² respectively. This paper also discusses the driving forces in each land-use dynamic zone and finds that some key biophysical factors affect conspicuously the conversion of different land-use types. The relation between land-use conversion and DEM, accumulated temperature (≤10°C) and precipitation was analyzed and represented. The land-use changes In Northeast China resulted from the changing macro social and economic factors and local physical elements. Rapid population growth and management changes can explain the shaping of woodland/grassland-cropland conversion zone. The conversion from dry land to paddy field in the dry land-paddy field conversion zone, apart from the change of physical elements promoting the expansion of paddy field, results from two reasons: one is that the implementation of market economy in China has given farmers the right to decide what and how they plant their crops, the other factor is originated partially from the change of the dietary habit along with the social and economic development. The conversion from paddy field to dry land is caused primarily by the shortfall of irrigation water, which in turn is caused by poor water allocation managed by local governments. The shaping of the reclamation and abandon zone is partially due to the lack of environment protection consciousness among pioneer settlers. The reason for the conversion from grassland to cropland is the relatively higher profits of farming than that of pasturing in the interlocked zone of farming and pasturing. In Northeast China, the rapid expansion of built-up areas results from two factors: the existence of a small number of towns and the huge potential for expansion of the existing towns and cities. The urban land expanded mainly in areas with a gentle topographic relief and low population density.     

1994~2006年上海市土地利用时空变化特征及驱动力分析

快速发展的都市地区是区域土地利用变化研究热点。基于上海市1994、2000、2003和2006年4期航空遥感影像资料数据，运用人机交互目视解译方法建立上海土地利用空间数据库，并结合GIS空间分析、数理统计方法与土地利用动态度模型，对上海市1994~2006年土地利用时空变化特征进行了深入分析。结果表明：12 a间，上海市综合土地利用动态度为207%；在各种用地变化中，耕地面积变化最大，共减少了94 00772 hm2，减幅达233%；从耕地转移来看，转变为城镇建设用地（包括工业仓储用地、交通用地、城镇居民点用地和其他用地）面积共74 82586 hm2，占耕地面积总流出量的6712%；可见城镇建设用地急剧扩张而大量占用耕地，是上海市土地利用变化的主要特征；上海市土地利用变化的另一个重要特征是城市绿地的大幅增加，12 a间城市绿地面积共增加了9 29241 hm2，单一动态度为1876%。从上海土地利用变化的区域特征来看，各区的综合土地利用动态度差异明显，且表现出明显的中心城区-近郊-远郊递减趋势，其中浦东新区综合土地利用动态度最大，崇明县最小，这种差异与各区（县）的区位条件、经济发展状况以及政策等因素密切相关。通过对上海LUCC的驱动力定性定量分析表明，社会经济因素包括人口分布及变化、经济增长、人民生活水平的提高、政策以及国际大型活动的举办均对上海土地利用格局及其变化产生了重要的影响     

南方丘陵地区河谷城市用地时空演变与驱动分析——以上饶市城区为例

以揭示中国南方丘陵地区河谷城市的空间演变过程和特征为目的,以上饶市城区为例,在遥感与GIS技术的支持下,对1988~2013年间上饶市城区城市用地的时空演变过程、特征及驱动影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,1988~2013年的25 a间,上饶市城区城市用地呈现出快速增长的态势,城市形态的演变具有明显的时空特征:时间序列上,不论扩展幅度还是扩展速度,2001~2013年间的值均高于1988~2001年间的值,前后两个时段的扩展特征呈现出明显的差异性;空间格局上,上饶市城区以老城区的中心广场为中心向四周扩展,先后经历了放射性扩展、组团式分散扩展两个阶段,同时呈现出明显的方向分异性,西南和西为其主要扩展方向,而其东南方向的扩展速度最为缓慢。自然环境中的地貌对上饶市城区城市用地的扩展起到很大的限制作用,经济社会的发展、政策规划等因素成为城市用地扩张与时空演化的外在驱动因素。     

Research on the Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources of Jinan City

Abstract

The study on the sustainable utilization of water resources of Jinan city is a research hotspot in the urban sustainable development field. How to use a scientific and rational evaluation index system to analyze the sustainable utilization of water resources of Jinan city and then guide the development and utilization of water resources becomes particularly important. Based on the theory of sustainable development this study introduces the method, basic steps and evaluation indexes of the assessment of the development and utilization of water resources. By systemic analyzing the exploitation and utilization standards of water resources and economy and society in Jinan city, the evaluation and index system of sustainable utilization of water resources in Jinan city can be constructed and index weight can be confirmed, and then, the standard of sustainable utilization of water resources in different years can be analyzed comparably. Thus, the deficiency of lack of reflection of coordination extent in water resources development standard, society and economy in traditional evaluation method is settled efficiently. The paper takes the sustainable utilization of water resources of Qingdao City in 2008 as the standard to compare and assess the water resources utilization in Jinan City. The paper also collects data of water resources in Jinan City from 2001 to 2007. The result indicates that evaluation method is of feasibility and it is effective to the implementation of sustainable utilization strategy water resources in Jinan City.     

基于地学信息图谱的合肥市城市扩展时空特征及驱动力分析

利用多时相遥感影像,借助ArcGIS平台,采用空间形态分析、等扇分析、等距分析及分形分析等方法,以城市扩展强度、紧凑度、分形维数、重心坐标、扩展弹性系数等为指标,基于地学信息图谱分析了1987~2011年合肥市城市扩展时空特征及其驱动力。结果表明：合肥市在经历了轴向放射状扩展、双核组团扩展及轴间填充后,城市形态由不规则团块状向星楔形、连体双星形转变;24 a间,城市用地面积增长了22415 km2,城市规模扩大了455倍;2000年以前基本保持中、低速扩展,进入21世纪后,开始高速扩展;城市空间主要沿交通线向西南、东南、东、东北等方向非均衡延展,城市扩展最强烈的区域约在距城区中心8 km处,城市重心不断向南偏西方向转移;扩展过程中,城市紧凑度呈“W”型波动,分形维数呈“M”型波动,扩展弹性系数呈“∧”型波动,城市形态最终向着稳定、合理化方向发展;自然环境、经济发展、人口增长、交通建设、政府行为等是合肥市城市扩展的主要驱动力量     

城市边界土地增值收益之经济学分析——兼论土地征收中的农民利益保护

经济发展使得城市增长具有必然性。而城市增长又会带来城市内外特定区位土地价格的增加。城市边界区土地价格具有自身的特点。从动态的城市地价模型分析来看．其增值不仅来自于外部性作用，还得益于城市的扩张。城市的扩张有两种方式：一是由于城市化和收入的增加导致城市地租曲线整体向外平移；二是即使人口保持不变，但由于交通的改善使得城市地租曲线逆时针旋转。不能以农业地价来定量边界区土地价格。因为该区土地增值不仅仅来自于外部性，农民具有参与增值分割的权利。应该重新建立土地征收补偿的价格体系．保护农民的合法权利。     

南京近30年人口空间格局演变与机制研究

人口分布是人口发展过程在地理空间中的表现形式,研究人口空间布局的时空演变过程,揭示其中的规律,确定影响因子,对引导人口合理布局,实现人口、资源、环境、社会的协调发展具有指导作用。以南京市为研究区域,1982年、1990年、2000年和2010年数据为依据,采用行政区划法、圈层方向法、空间插值法和热点分析法,从四大区域、区县、乡镇街道和网格等不同层次分析了南京近30 a人口空间格局演变过程;总结出人口格局演变的六大特征;最后,从经济发展水平、自然地理条件、产业优化升级与布局调整、新城和开发区建设、交通便捷程度、公共服务水平和设施配套、工作选择、居住空间选择、城市空间发展政策与城市规划等方面阐释了南京人口格局演变的机理,并通过回归模型加以实证     

都市扩张与土地资源利用集约化：关于上海市城市发展模式的研究

随着我国经济的持续高速增长,人口向城市,尤其是大城市集中的趋势越来越明显,城市规模正在迅速膨胀。具体说来,主要体现在以下三个方面－城市占地面积的扩张;城市人口的膨胀;城市经济实力的增长。     

城市建设用地扩张的区域差异及其驱动因素

中国城市建设用地规模随着工业化、城镇化的不断发展而日益剧增。受经济、社会等诸多驱动因素影响,各地建设用地扩张在时间维度、空间维度都存在明显的区域差异,对上述问题进行全面考察,有助于理清建设用地扩张的机理,促进土地集约、节约利用。将城市建设用地扩张的影响因素分为政府推动和市场拉动两个方面,采用基尼系数及基于半对数回归方程的Shapley值分解方法,考察了2006—2015年中国大陆31个省(市、自治区)城市建设用地扩张的区域差异及其驱动因素的贡献程度。结果表明:(1)2006—2015年,中国城市建设用地扩张的区域差异比较明显,衡量差异程度的基尼系数先升后降,最后稳定于0.3左右;(2)财政赤字率、经济政策执行力、经济增长、人口城镇化等因素对建设用地扩张具有正向驱动作用,产业结构调整、建设用地利用效率等因素对建设用地扩张具有负向驱动作用;(3)经济增长、财政赤字率、经济政策执行力等三个因素对建设用地扩张区域差异的贡献最大;(4)影响我国东、中、西三个区域建设用地扩张的主导因素不尽相同。为此,应从促进区域经济平衡发展、拓宽政府融资渠道、加快产业结构调整、提高建设用地利用效率等多方面入手,破解城市建设用地过度扩张的困局。     

Examination of land use/land cover changes,urban growth dynamics,and environmental sustainability in Chittagong city,Bangladesh

As in many other developing countries, cities in Bangladesh have witnessed rapid urbanization, resulting in increasing amounts of land being taken over and therefore land cover changing at a faster rate. Until now, however, few efforts have been made to document the impact of land use and land cover changes on the climate, environment, and ecosystem of the country because of a lack of geospatial data and time-series information. By using open source Landsat data integrated with GIS technologies and other ancillary data, this study attempts to classify land use and create land cover maps, enabling post-classification change detection analysis. By this method, we document the spatial and temporal trajectory of urban expansion in Chittagong, the second largest city in Bangladesh, over a 36-year period. The findings suggest that, over the study period, 56 % of the land cover has undergone change, mainly because of the expansion of built-up areas and other human activities. During the 36-year period, the built-up area around Chittagong city has expanded by 618 %, with an average annual rate of increase of 17.5 %. As a result of rapid urbanization, the vegetated hills near urban development areas face serious threats of further encroachment and degradation, given that 2178 ha of hills have already been intruded over the study period. Because urbanization processes in Bangladesh have traditionally been viewed as the result of population growth and economic development, very little work has been done to track the potential growth trajectory in a physical or spatial context. This study, therefore, will contribute to the current understanding of urban development in Bangladesh from a temporal and spatial point of view. Findings will be able to assist planners, stakeholders, and policy makers in appreciating the dynamism of urban growth and therefore will facilitate better planning for the future to minimize environmental impacts.     

1980年以来南京市建设用地扩张阶段性特征

以快速城市化地区南京市为例，基于1980~2016年7期遥感影像分类结果，采用规则格网法、等扇分析法和公共边测度法等空间分析方法，分阶段分析36a间城市建设用地扩张强度、方向和模式等特征。结果表明：36a间南京城市建设用地增长迅速，达574.73 km2；在不同时期和不同方向上，南京城市空间扩张强度和扩张模式有很大差异， 36a间南、东北方向扩张强度最大；扩张最快的阶段是2004~2008年，年均扩张55.28 km2；填充式扩张主要发生在主城区内部和已有一定发展基础的地区，蔓延式扩张除围绕主城区向外扩张外，还包括上一阶段飞地式扩张地区的持续发展，飞地式扩张则比较分散，多受开发区、大学城等选址的影响；南京城市建设用地扩张经历了低速扩张-加速扩张—高速扩张—变化趋缓的过程。