Overall Planning of Development of Urban-Rural Areas:A Policy Mechanism for Urban-Rural Coordinated Growth

While analyzing overall planning and coordinated development of urban-rural areas, this paper shows that overall planning for the development of urban-rural areas is a requirement for the best use of productive forces. It means the setting up of a policy mechanism for coordinated growth. Recognizing this, the government should set up a way to lead and manage a unified program to increase service and decrease controlling administration power, while safeguarding and fulfilling the farmers' ownership to the means of production.     

The Application of Multiple Evaluating Methods on the Comprehensive Evaluation of Urban-rural Interaction and Conjunctional Development of China

Abstract

Urban-rural interaction and conjunctional development is the effective way of harmonizing urban-rural relationship and promoting urban-rural development. However, there are differences in the level of urban-rural interaction and conjunctional development of China. How to measure and reflect the difference properly is a decision-making foundation for optimizing urban-rural development of different regions. The paper employs multiple methods to evaluate and order the urban-rural interaction and conjunctional development of 31 provinces (municipalities) in China. Kendall's W consistency coefficient is employed to give a consistent test for the evaluation result series, and the results of multiple methods are aggregated as the final evaluation value. The results reflect the level of regional urban-rural interaction and conjunctional development in China.     

重庆都市区城乡一体化发展模式分析

随着社会生产力的发展,从城乡分隔到城乡融合的理论与实践越来越为人们所关注,城乡一体化将成为城乡发展的基本趋势。近年来,重庆都市区经济发展较快,城乡联系日趋紧密,因此加速推进城乡一体化的条件已经具备。然而当前重庆都市区城乡一体化发展受到经济、政策和自然环境等多方面约束,迫切需要建构新的模式框架。未来重庆都市区将以经济发展为先导,以城市和产业空间调整为契机,在市场机制和政策引导两种力量作用下推进城乡一体化进程,与之相适应,其城乡空间特征将呈现多中心的簇群状格局。在具体实施过程中,实现城乡经济与空间一体化,加强生态环境保护与建设将成为重庆都市区城乡一体化发展的战略重点。     

基于自然生态单元的中国城乡建设用地空间格局特征分析

基于经济和社会视角的国家尺度城市空间格局研究取得重要进展,而全国城市空间格局的自然生态关联性呈现新的研究需求。由此通过自然生态单元等级划分并与城乡建设用地叠加,揭示了全国城乡建设用地在自然生态单元的空间格局特征及其主要问题:在一级生态功能区中,生态调节区面积最广,主要分布在我国西北、西南和东北等生态脆弱地区,但其内部城乡建设用地占比最小仅为0.69%,产品提供区城乡建设用地的占比为2.74%,人居保障区面积最小且集中分布在我国东部沿海地区,但其城乡建设用地占比最大,高达11.20%;城乡建设用地在自然生态单元的分布差异总体由自然地貌与大河流域特征决定,城镇群区、农产品提供区和土壤保持区占据79.54%的城乡建设用地,位于平原水网、丘陵、喀斯特和丹霞等地貌特征为主的胡焕庸线东南部;城乡建设用地分布格局也表现为东多西少,与我国三大阶梯的地势格局分布较为一致;上述格局关联性体现了人和环境之间的相互依存关系,但近些年来在开发需求膨胀和工程技术进步等人为因素驱动下,城乡建设用地呈现向较高海拔地区的扩张趋势。这为新型城镇化背景下城乡可持续发展和生态安全格局构建提供基础信息,也为辨识中国城市空间组织和演化机理提供技术支撑。     

我国区域城乡互动与关联发展综合评价

城乡互动与美联发展是协调城乡关系，促进城乡共同发展的有效途径。但我国区域城乡发展水平还存在较大差异，如何正确衡量和反映这种差异是进一步优化不同区域城乡发展的决策依据。综合应用多种评价方法对我国31十省（直辖市）的城乡互动与关联裳展进行综合评价和排序，并采用Kerndalls W协和系数对结果序到作一致性检验，将综合多种方法的结果作为最后评价值，较好地反映了我国区域城乡互动与关联发展的发展水平。     

On the Laws and Causes of Socio-economic Territorial Differentiation in Minority Areas in China

Abstract

On the basis of applying quantitative and qualitative approaches as well as GIS technology, this paper established an index system to make a comprehensive evaluation on socioeconomic development of minority areas in China. The result showed that socio-economic development in minority area presents a series of characteristics that the north is high and the south is low, center-margin pattern is obvious and the areas with middle and lower development indices are distributed centrally and continuously. However, the causes of the socioeconomic characteristics mainly include natural conditions, economic development basic, population cultural quality, regional combination and development conditions of mineral and energy resources, informal institutional factors and distribution of major traffic lines.     

Study on Sustainable Development in Vulnerable Eco-areas

Abstract

The vulnerable eco-area is one of the important research targets in the field of sustainable development. It is the requirement of building a well-off society in an all-round way that we should study more on the vulnerable eco-areas, deal with the relationship between environmental protection and economic development, speed up the economic development in these areas and increase the living standard of the local people. This paper puts forward the countermeasures of environment—economy coordination, on the basis of the recognition of eco- environment features and social economic conditions in the vulnerable eco-areas of China, in view of the progress in sustainable development studies of the vulnerable ones, taking the transitional areas of farming and pasturing in northeast China as an example to study the regional environment vulnerability.     

都市农业发展的功能定位体系研究

中国城市化进程加速迫切需要人们重新认识农业发展的特点与作用。20世纪80年兴起的都市农业变传统农业单一生产模式向多功能化发展。它有助于在城市社会来临之际,重新对农业进行定位,为城乡协调发展提供途径。鉴于我国都市农业发展急需理论指导,本文从都市农业相关的学科背景出发,详细评述和总结了各学科对都市农业价值功能的认识,提出了要从社会、经济、环境和空间的综合系统对都市农业发展进行定位。并建议应遵循整体功能的阶段性和适宜的发展形式,推动我国都市农业的发展。要注意发挥和协调各功能间的相互作用与演进,将都市农业纳入到城乡统筹规划之中。     

中国城乡一体化水平的省区分异

推进形成城乡经济社会发展一体化新格局,是全面建设小康社会、实现城乡社会经济发展方式转型的重要举措。本文采用城乡发展差异系数、城乡一体化水平指数等指标,分析了中国城乡一体化水平的省区差异,揭示了这种地域分异所产生的影响因素,进一步探讨推进全国城乡一体化新格局形成的科学机制。研究表明,中国城乡发展无论是东部相对发达省区,还是西部欠发展省区,差异显著,呈现不均衡特点;城乡一体化水平受自然环境、经济社会发展综合实力和公共政策等因素影响明显;加快建构城乡一体化发展新格局,需要进一步纠正"城市偏向"的发展观,加大城乡统筹力度,推进城乡基本公共服务均等化进程,并根据变化趋势,调整公共政策的着力点,提升城乡一体化发展的区域协调性。     

Rural-urban Migration,Rural Household Income and Sustainable Development in Rural Areas of China

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to investigate the relationships among rural-urban migration, rural household income and sustainable development in rural areas of China. The typical case study is done and 288 questionnaires are collected from five villages in Hebei and Guangxi provinces, China. The migration and remittance status, household income and sustainable development of rural areas are analyzed on the basis of questionnaires. Rural-urban migration is becoming a part of routine life in rural areas. And remittance is an important component in rural household income. Rural-urban migration increases the arable land area per labor, which releases the tight human-land relationship in villages. In total, the migration increases the rural household income and accelerates the sustainable development of rural areas.     

Estimate on spillover effect of environmental pollution between peripheral areas

ABSTRACT

Interaction of environmental pollution between peripheral areas has become a central topic in the field of resources and environment but little is known about the actual impact on peripheral areas in the current literature. This paper sets out a simultaneous equation model to investigate the spillover effect of environmental pollution between China’s peripheral areas utilizing the panel data of 218 cities in China. Making use of indicators for measuring the impact on environmental pollution, it identifies that environmental pollution between cities of China has a significant two-way spillover effect. After standardization of variables, it is found that the spillover effect of peripheral areas on urban environmental pollution cannot be neglected. Nearly, a third of the environmental pollution level in a city is induced by the environmental pollution in peripheral areas. If the indicator of environmental pollution in peripheral areas is missing, wrong conclusions will be drawn. Therefore, government should shift the emphasis of environmental regulation from local to global, and improve the overall environmental quality through coordinated management of regional environment.     

Analysis of the Capacity of Wellspring Conservation in Limestone Areas of Jinan

Abstract

Spring water in the city of Jinan comes from the limestone areas. Understanding the capacity of wellspring conservation is a critical point to resume the perennial spewing of the spring water. The vegetation, soil, and other natural and human aspects related to the conservation are studied by using the methods of geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing (RS), and field investigation. In the end, suggestions for administration and planning as well as countermeasures are put forward.     

政府主导、人口流动与城乡收入差距

中国经济增长具有典型的政府主导特征,通过构造一个包含城镇和农村经济产出的社会福利函数来分析政府主导型经济增长对城乡收入差距的影响关系,并基于中国城镇化发展实际分析了人口流动对城乡收入差距的影响,在此基础上提出研究假说,统计中国1997—2014年省际面板数据,采用泰尔指数测度城乡收入差距并分别进行静态和动态回归分析与检验。静态研究发现政府主导和人口流动显著地拉大了城乡收入差距,但是二者的交互项对城乡收入差距的确具有收敛效应,即随着人口流动的增加,政府主导对城乡收入差距的边际贡献会降低,同样随着政府主导的提升也会降低人口流动对城乡收入差距的边际贡献,这种影响关系在分区域的回归中依然成立,并通过了稳健性检验;动态研究发现全国和分区域中城乡收入差距的变动存在显著的正向路径依赖特征,全国层面政府主导显著地拉大了城乡收入差距,而人口流动及其与政府主导的交互项则显著地缩小了城乡收入差距,但分区域来看政府主导和人口流动对城乡收入差距的影响存在显著的区域异质性,并通过了稳健性检验。因此缩小城乡收入差距不应设置单一的政策目标,需要建立多方面的政策配套体系,逐步矫正政府主导型经济中造成的政府职能异化,精准识别地方财政收支量的规模和结构条件,扩大涉农业务投资的规模,激活农村经济发展活力;在城乡户籍制度改革中进一步打破城乡分割藩篱,大力发展非农产业,增加农民的非农就业机会,促进农民的非农化就业和城镇化迁移,提升城镇化发展质量;最终通过一系列的配套性制度安排,旨在加强支持农业发展和农村建设,促进农民收入增长的制度供给,实现城乡共享发展。     

China’s Regional Policies: Progress of the 11th Five Year Plan Period and Prospect of the 12th Five Year Plan Period

Abstract

During the 11^th Five Year Plan period, China improved its policy system for the overall strategy of regional development, and established and completed the policies intended for the promotion of regional cooperation and interaction. Thereupon, regional development in China took on a series of positive changes such as the enhancement of coordination. During the 12^th Five Year Plan period, China will fully implement and continuously improve the policy measures for development in its four major regions, strengthen differentiated guidance to different regions in line with the planning for major function-oriented zones, and accelerate the establishment of basic systems that facilitate coordinated regional development.     

大都市区城乡空间边界演化识别方法研究——以南京市为例

城乡空间边界识别是区分城乡地域、划定城市增长边界的科学基础，城乡边界动态演化方法一直是地理学研究的重要内容之一。以南京市1985~2016年土地利用、二三产业增加值和人口密度数据为基础，选取景观紊乱度和建设用地占比为形态指标，二三产业增加值和人口密度为功能指标，从形态和功能两个维度构建城乡空间边界识别的指标体系，利用公里网格对各个指标进行切分后依据距离衰减理论和“断裂点”分析方法来识别南京市的不同阶段城乡边界及其演化过程。结果表明：(1)1985~2000年南京城市扩张以内部填充为主，城乡边界变化较为缓慢；2000~2016年城镇建设用地迅速扩张，城乡边界变化幅度较大；(2)南京市城乡空间边界在不同阶段呈现出不同的扩张特点，与不同发展阶段的发展模式密切相关，城市国有经济和乡村工业化阶段城乡边界变化较慢，快速城市化和开放型经济阶段城乡边界变化较快；(3)南京作为特大城市，城镇化及城乡融合发展水平较高，以南京为例检验城乡边界演化识别方法具有一定的代表性，也有利于为其他大都市区城乡空间边界识别提供参考借鉴。     

东南沿海经济发达地区发展趋势与问题

东南沿海经济发达地区是我国改革开放和现代化建设的先行地区。在持续十几、二十几年的经济快速发展过程中，该地区产业结构进一步优化，经济实力迅速提高，已经基本形成城乡一体化、城市连绵化的格局，为我国综合实力的增强做出了巨大贡献。随着经济全球化、一体化的发展，该地区将继续担负我国国际竞争力提升和国内经济发展示范的重要作用。然而，产业自主创新能力不强、能源缺口较大、耕地流失严重、粮食安全问题、产业发展空间受限、生态环境恶化等已成为该地区可持续发展的瓶颈。在分析该地区发展状况与问题的基础上，从协调经济、环境与社会的角度出发，以科学发展观为指导，对东南沿海地区经济可持续发展提出了建议。     

喀斯特地区与生态治理——人口·岩溶·生态·环境

本文在分析喀斯特的分布与该类地区人口、生态、环境与社会经济发展特征的基础上,总结了贵州省人民长期治理喀斯特的经验与成就,提出了“人口.粮食.生态”整体战略,运用生态农业原理,因地制宜,全面规划,综合开发、利用和保护,实现社会经济与生态环境协调发展。     

乡域资源与环境协调发展的实践与探讨——以山东省枣庄市萝藤乡为例

本文通过山东省枣庄市峄城区萝藤乡建立生态经济乡途径研究的实践,探讨了在乡域实现资源与环境协调发展的新思路,为我国农村现代化建设做出了有益的尝试。     

Fundamental issues and solutions in the design of China's ETS pilots: Allowance allocation,price mechanism and state-owned key enterprises

This paper analyzes the three main fundamental issues in the design of China’s ETS pilots,including allowance allocation,price mechanism and state-owned key enterprises,and proposed suggested solutions.For the issue of allowance allocation,we suggest that the gradual hybrid mode could be applied at the beginning,which starts with mainly free allocation and then increases auction ratio gradually.And grandfathering is a suitable method of free allocation.For the issue of price mechanism,we suggest a price floating zone with open market operation to reduce the uncertainty of prices.For the issue of state-owned key enterprises,we suggest a good coordination with SASAC,defining the state-owned property right and supervision right when state-owned key enterprises are involved into the carbon market,and the local government can set rules of allocation and transaction to limit their potential market power.     

基于多因素的我国城乡收入差距实证分析

本文从宏观经济学“收入=消费＋储蓄”这个恒等式和我国经济、人口的相关数据,动态上测算出不同时期我国城市居民和农村居民的收入,总体上估计了我国城乡收入差距的大小,其结果更接近当前我国社会的现实。由此可以看出我国城乡收入差距将有不断扩大的必然趋势。本文进一步把城乡收入差距分解为消费差距和储蓄差距,并且考察了我国人口和产业的演进,分析了它们各自对现在和今后形成差距的影响,表明我国城乡收入差距不断扩大的原因是：城乡资源占有不均等的制度和由于制度原因形成的存量资产（储蓄）又在市场作用下继续拉大差距的双重因素。所以,政府不仅要使农民“减负”、“增收”,而且要运用法律、财政、税收等手段,多管齐下,改变目前的资源分配格局,方能解决“三农”问题之痼疾。