丰水期鄱阳湖氮磷含量变化及来源分析

通过系统测定丰水期鄱阳湖湖水、主要支流水、长江水及部分农田水、地下水及城市污水的氮磷含量,对其氮磷含量变化及来源进行了分析,结果表明,鄱阳湖水体中主要的氮素形式是硝酸盐氮（090 mg/L）,赣江是其主要贡献者。鄱阳湖五大支流氮磷含量存在着较大的差异,赣江NO-3 N含量明显高于鄱阳湖其它主干流,而NH+4 N和TN含量以饶河的最高,TP以信江的最高。农田水、城市废水以及地下水含有较高的氮磷含量,是鄱阳湖及其五大支流氮磷的主要来源。农田水TN和TP含量最高,分别为1347、2863 mg/L。高含量的NO-3 N（735 mg/L）和NH+4 N（548 mg/L）分别出现在地下水和城市污水中。鄱阳湖水体氮负荷较大,N/P比值远大于7〖DK〗∶1。受滞留区及赣江和修水补给的影响,鄱阳湖主河道氮含量变化从上游至下游呈总体上升趋势。鄱阳湖湖体氮含量以下游最高,滞留区次之,上游主河道最低,TP含量呈相反的趋势变化。底层沉积有机物的降解和扰动导致鄱阳湖水体底层NO-3 N、NH+4 N、TN、TP的含量高于表层。     

Environmental and human risk hierarchy of pesticides: A prioritization method,based on monitoring,hazard assessment and environmental fate

A pesticide prioritization approach was developed and implemented in the Pinios River Basin of Central Greece. It takes under consideration the Level of Environmental Risk containing information on the frequency of occurrence of pesticides above environmental thresholds, the intensity of this occurrence and the spatial distribution as well as information about the fate and behavior of pesticides in the environment and the potential to have adverse impact on humans' health. Original 3-year monitoring data from 102 Stationary Sampling Sites located on rivers and their tributaries, reservoirs, streams and irrigation/drainage canals giving rise to a collection of 2382 water samples resulting in 7088 data sets, were included in this integrated prioritization study.Among 302 monitored active ingredients, 119 were detected at least once and the concentrations found in the aquatic systems for 41% of compounds were higher than the respective lowest Predicted Non-Effect Concentration (PNEC) values. Sixteen and 5 pesticides were found with risk ratios (MEC_max/PNEC) above 10 (high concern) and 100 (very high concern), respectively. However, pesticides with maximum Measured Environmental Concentration (MEC_max) values exceeding by 1000 times the respective lowest PNEC values were also found which were considered of extremely high concern; in the latter group were included prometryn, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, λ-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, α-cypermethrin deltamethrin, ethalfluralin and phosmet. The sensitivity of the analytical methods used in the monitoring study was considered inadequate to meet the toxicological endpoints for 32 pesticides. The widest distribution of occurrence in the Stationary Sampling Sites of the monitoring program was found for the pesticides, prometryn, fluometuron, terbuthylazine, S-metolachlor, chlorpyrifos, diphenylamine, acetochlor, alachlor, 2,4-D, etridiazole, imidacloprid and lindane (γ-ΗCH). Among the 27 priority pesticides included in the Directive 2013/39/EU, in the present study 13 pesticides were considered as candidates for River Basin Specific Pollutants (RBSP) for the River Basin of Pinios. Among the 30 pesticide specific pollutants that were established by the Greek authorities, in the present study only 6 were considered as candidates for RBSP for the river basin of Pinios. As a result of the implementation of the prioritization approach developed in this study a total of 71 pesticides were identified as being RBSP for the river basin of Pinios. The higher Level of Environmental Risk was found to be exerted by the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos, followed by lindane and prometryn.The present study provides background information for important decisions to be made concerning the selection of pesticides which should be included in the target analyte list of new monitoring and screening programs of surface water quality in the Pinios River Basin. In addition, the prioritization approach proposed here can be useful for the development of River Basin Management Plans.     

赤水河流域枯水期水环境质量评价研究

赤水河是长江上游唯一没有筑坝的一级支流，是长江上游珍惜特有鱼类自然保护区，被誉为美酒河、美景河、英雄河和生态河，具有重要的保护价值。选取枯水期赤水河为研究对象，进行全流域的采样与分析，总计37个采样点。运用箱线图直观表现出各个水质指标的分布情况，并运用综合水质标识指数法得出赤水河枯水期的水质类别，进行水质定性评价，然后根据水质标识指数的变化分析了赤水河干流的水质空间分布变化特征。结果表明：赤水河水质总体较为良好，流域总体水质标识指数X1.X2为16；干流的水质标识指数X1.X2为15；各个支流来看，桐梓河、古蔺河和习水河的水质标识指数X1.X2分别为15、17和15，均为Ⅰ类水，水质与干流差别不大，但是盐津河污染较为严重，X1.X2为32，为Ⅲ类水，特别是TP浓度达到06 mg/L。各个采样点水质评价结果均为优秀（源头除外）。另外城镇污水对赤水河的影响不容忽视，要提高警惕，限制或减少城镇污水的排放     

水温分层对香溪河库湾浮游植物功能群季节演替的影响

三峡水库水环境问题近年来引起社会广泛关注，以浮游植物功能群为基础，通过对2010年1~12月香溪河库湾水温、浮游植物等进行跟踪监测，探究支流库湾浮游植物群落结构演替趋势及其影响因子。结果表明：香溪河库湾2010年共出现18个浮游植物功能群，其中B、X1、P、Y、X2、D、LO、J、MP、G是代表性功能群；水温分层的季节性发育和消失是浮游植物群落结构演替的主要影响因素；冬季以耐受水温及光照限制的CS/S策略藻种为主；春季弱分层时，CR/R策略藻种适宜生长；夏季汛期时，呈现CR/R/C/CS多种策略藻种混生格局，强分层时，适宜稳定生境的S型策略藻种占据优势；秋季分层被打破，群落结构演替为耐受频繁波动环境的R型群落格局占优势     

长江流域泥沙特点及对流域环境的潜在影响

泥沙是流域系统中的一个重要的物理通量，对流域环境具有直接影响。近40年来，长江上游流域的植被覆盖率减少近一半，水土流失扩大了一倍多。金沙江下游干支泥沙80年代较60年代增加了12％－60％，而通过长江宜昌站的泥沙年平均输沙量则没有增加。由水土流失、山地灾害等带给流域系统的泥沙大部分堆积在各支流的中下游河道。50％以上的支流河道出现了严重的泥沙加积，加积速率可达5－20cm/a，部分支流因泥沙过只而呈辫状河特点。支流河道泥沙的过度液积，构成长江环境的巨大隐患。当发展到一定程度或环境突然变化，堆积在支流的泥沙必然会进入主河道。一旦爆发，将严重影响到长江环境的安全。应尽快开展长江流域上游和支流泥沙的运移和淤积现状及规律调研。     

苏皖交界河网区浮游植物群落结构及其与环境因子关系的研究

苏皖交界处的石臼湖是长江下游唯一的通江淡水湖,通过青弋江和姑溪河直接与长江相连,形成了复杂的河网水系。为探讨这种复杂的河网水系中浮游植物种群结构特征,2012年平水期和枯水期分别对石臼湖及其周边入湖支流进行了浮游植物调查,研究河网水系中河网与湖区浮游植物的种类组成、季节变化及与环境因子的关系。结果显示:共采集到浮游植物105种,平水期与枯水期种类数差别不大,两次调查均出现的种类约有70%相同;浮游植物丰度最高可达1×108cell/L,达到了水华暴发的标准。优势种类主要绿藻门和蓝藻门为主,但是从生物量来看硅藻门占优。排序分析显示河网区域浮游植物季节演替明显,且河网与湖区浮游植物群落结构差异明显,进一步分析则表明影响浮游植物主要的环境因子是氮、磷等营养元素。     

灌溉和降雨条件下生态沟渠氮、磷输出特征研究

为了研究长沙县金井河流域农业源头生态沟渠氮和磷的输出特征，对灌溉和降雨条件下及不同季节生态沟渠水体氮、磷的变化特征进行监测研究。研究结果表明：灌溉和降雨期间，生态沟渠中总氮的输出最大值为270 mg/L，其输出的主要形态为氨态氮和硝态氮，总磷的最大值达032 mg/L。灌溉后，生态沟渠氮、磷的输出均呈单调递减变化，在灌溉初期均最高。降雨后，总氮、总磷沿程变化趋势均呈递减变化；生态沟渠对水体总氮、总磷去除率分别达64%、70%；各断面氮、磷的输出随着时间的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势，其中总氮、氨态氮含量在雨后第3 d达到最高，总磷含量在雨后第2 d达到最高。在不同季节中水体氮、磷的变化以冬季总氮、氨态氮和磷浓度最高     

长江中游城市群PM2.5时空特征及影响因素研究

近年来，伴随着工业化和城市化进程的加快，长江中游城市群灰霾天气持续增多，空气污染问题日益突出。基于2015年1月至2016年2月长江中游城市群189个空气质量监测站点的PM2.5逐时监测数据，采用普通克里金插值、探索性空间数据分析法和相关系数法，从年、季、月尺度上分析了PM2.5的空间分布格局及其影响因素。结果表明：（1）在年尺度上，长江中游城市群PM2.5浓度空间分布总体呈现出明显的北部高南部低，局部地区略有突出的特征，该区PM2.5浓度年均值为55.28 μg/m3，其中湖北省PM2.5的年均值为三省市最高，为68.17 μg/m3；其次为湖南省，年均值为53.66 μg/m3；江西省PM2.5的年均值较小，为44.01 μg/m3。（2）在季节尺度上，长江中游城市群PM2.5浓度表现出冬春季高，夏秋季低的现势性，这与区域内夏季高温多雨、冬季低温少雨的气候条件密切相关。（3）长江中游城市群PM2.5月浓度变化大致呈U形分布，1月份PM2.5浓度最高， 1~6月份，PM2.5浓度呈逐步下降趋势， 6~8月份，区域PM2.5浓度处于“U”字的谷底。（4）NO2、CO是影响PM2.5浓度的两项主控大气污染物，而降水量和相对湿度则是影响PM2.5浓度的两个重要气象因素。 关键词： PM2.5浓度；时空特征；气象因素；长江中游城市群     

金沙江下游鱼类栖息地评估和保护优先级研究

为了给受金沙江下游水电开发影响的鱼类筛选合适的支流进行栖息地保护，对金沙江下游12条支流进行了鱼类栖息地评估和保护优先级的研究。通过河段分类-河段样方调查-河流整体评估的路线评估了支流栖息地质量；通过2次流动调查，结合历史资料获取了各支流的特有鱼类种数；最后，结合栖息地评估结果、各支流的特有鱼类种数、年径流量和水电开发强度，运用分层排序法，得出了各支流的保护优先级，由高到低依次为：牛栏江>西溪河>黑水河>普渡河>龙川江>鲹鱼河>西宁河>美姑河>以礼河>普隆河>勐果河>小江。建议将乌东德库区的龙川江和鲹鱼河、白鹤滩库区的黑水河和普渡河、溪洛渡库区的牛栏江和西溪河，以及向家坝库区的西宁河作为金沙江下游鱼类优先保护支流     

Relationship between the riverine nitrate–nitrogen concentration and the land use in the Teshio River watershed, North Japan

The present research investigated the relationship between nitrate–nitrogen (NO₃–N) in river water and the land use/land cover (hereafter, land use) in the Teshio River watershed located in northern Hokkaido island to understand the effect of human activities such as agriculture, forestry, industry, and urbanization in the drainage basin on the river ecosystem quality and services. River water was sampled at nine points seasonally during a 2-year period and the nutrients concentration was measured. Land use profiles were estimated at two spatial scales, riparian and sub-catchment, for each sampling station. The spatial pattern of water quality in the Teshio River showed increased NO₃–N levels associated with agriculture and urban expansion, and forest reduction in the watershed. Land use at the riparian scale closely reflected that at the sub-catchment scale, which masked the unique riparian buffer effect on the river water condition. The increased agricultural and reduced forest area in the riparian zone, especially in the upper middle reach, could be a possible reason for a decline of ecosystem service for the provisioning of clean water and habitat for aquatic organisms. Measures towards sustainable and more nature-friendly agricultural management are necessary in the area to protect the Teshio River ecosystem and its ecosystem services.     

南京近城市河流沉积物营养水平与磷形态的空间分布

近城市河流位于城市与农村的过渡带，其环境现状反映城市化过程对河流的影响。通过不同断面的样品研究了南京近城市河流--秦淮新河沉积物中主要营养元素与磷形态的空间分布，分析其变化特征和污染成因。研究表明，不同河段由于受人为活动和沉积环境的影响营养程度差异较大。河流表层沉积物的TOC、TN和TP范围分别为307～3497 g/kg、830～2 370 mg/kg和447～3 517 mg/kg，磷的形态显示Fe P或Ca P>Org P>>Al P>DP，其中Fe P和Ca P二者之和占TP的70%以上，两者均可指示营养化程度的轻重。通过西善桥段和入江口段柱状沉积物分析表明，营养元素和磷形态垂向上均呈现明显的“沉降 降解 堆积”三段式变化，西善桥段以Fe P为优势形态，占TP的431%～505%，入江口段以Ca P为优势形态，占TP的463%～603%。通过不同河流磷含量的对比，表明秦淮新河作为近城市河流，营养水平介于一般的乡村河流与城市河流之间，并且优势形态磷空间分布带有区域性，表明长三角的城市化对近郊河流的影响是局部的     

三峡库区腹心地带消落区土壤氮磷含量调查

消落区土壤中氮磷是上覆水体营养物质的潜在来源之一。在2008年底三峡蓄水至172 m之前，采样分析了小江（澎溪河）等库区5条典型支流淹没前的消落区土壤氮磷含量分布情况。在研究样区范围内，消落区土壤全氮均值为1317±0484 mg/g，变化范围在0459~2735 mg/g，而土壤全磷均值为0676±0282 mg/g，变化范围在0314~2799 mg/g。不同的土地利用方式消落区土壤全氮含量有明显差异，耕地消落区和园林地消落区的全氮值明显高于河滩地消落区。不同流域之间氮素差异也达到极显著水平，朱衣河和大宁河流域消落区土壤氮素要明显高于其他3条支流。但是，不同土地利用方式的消落区之间全磷差异不显著，不同流域之间磷素差异也不显著。相比长江中下游一些浅水湖泊的底泥，库区消落区土壤中全氮和全磷含量水平已处于偏高状态，向上覆水体释放的风险较大。小江流域的丰乐镇和养鹿镇、朱衣河的胡家坝地区是研究范围内释放风险高的区域.     

1999年6月16日大咕噜沟泥石流

通过对岷江大咕噜沟1999-06-16泥石流的数次现场考察与观测,首先叙述了本次泥石流的活动及其危害情况,描述了泥石流的形成条件,指出了泥石流发生的原因,认为本次泥石流是由于大咕噜沟流域内物质的含水量较高,在连续暴雨的条件下其含水量将会超饱和,引起二岔沟以上南支右岸海拔3750m处的沟岸滑,进而产生泥石流的。然后对流沟沟床演变以及单侧支流入汇的影响进行了分析,认为大咕噜沟主沟呈串珠状沟道,平面上宽窄相间,纵剖面为深潭—跌水形式,跌坎的形成通常有以下三种情况一种是沟床本身为岩石或含有岩石,一种是两岸崩塌或滑坡而残留的粗大堆积物形成,一种是支流的冲出物或堆积扇形成。另外,同岸支沟的存在使主河逼近对岸,在岩坡稳定性较差的条件下,使对岸产生相当规模的崩塌或滑坡。最后,提出防治泥石流灾害的建议。     

巢湖水及沉积物中总磷的分布变化特征

磷是导致巢湖水体富营养化的主要营养物质。采集大量巢湖表层水和沉积物样品,通过检测上覆水和沉积物中总磷含量,分析巢湖水体中磷的时空变化及赋存特征。结果显示:巢湖南淝河和裕溪河河口的上覆水中总磷含量值时间变化特征为8月5月3月12月;且南淝河口总磷含量年均值超过地表水Ⅴ类水质标准,明显高于裕溪河口值;表层水和沉积物中总磷含量在空间分布上呈西高东低趋势,最高值均出现在靠近合肥市河口处。巢湖周边土壤及湖区磷的等值线分布表明:杭埠河流域农业污染、东巢湖东南部水土流失可能是巢湖磷面源污染的主要来源。巢湖上覆水和沉积物中总磷的相关系数为0.515,蓝藻爆发期全湖表层沉积物中总磷含量显著减少,揭示目前内源磷释放已是巢湖富营养化的主要因素。结果将对巢湖流域的污染综合防治及蓝藻治理工作提供科学依据。     

1999年6月16日大咕噜沟泥石流

通过对岷江大咕噜沟 1999 0 6 16泥石流的数次现场考察与观测 ,首先叙述了本次泥石流的活动及其危害情况 ,描述了泥石流的形成条件 ,指出了泥石流发生的原因 ,认为本次泥石流是由于大咕噜沟流域内物质的含水量较高 ,在连续暴雨的条件下其含水量将会超饱和 ,引起二岔沟以上南支右岸海拔 3750m处的沟岸滑 ,进而产生泥石流的。然后对流沟沟床演变以及单侧支流入汇的影响进行了分析 ,认为大咕噜沟主沟呈串珠状沟道 ,平面上宽窄相间 ,纵剖面为深潭—跌水形式 ,跌坎的形成通常有以下三种情况 :一种是沟床本身为岩石或含有岩石 ,一种是两岸崩塌或滑坡而残留的粗大堆积物形成 ,一种是支流的冲出物或堆积扇形成。另外 ,同岸支沟的存在使主河逼近对岸 ,在岩坡稳定性较差的条件下 ,使对岸产生相当规模的崩塌或滑坡。最后 ,提出防治泥石流灾害的建议。     

The effect of floods on the transport of suspended sediments and contaminants: a case study from the estuary of the Dese River (Venice Lagoon, Italy)

A flood event was investigated in a measurement section of the estuary of the Dese River, the major tributary of the Venice Lagoon (mean annual discharge=7.5 m3/s), to observe the variations induced by the flow on the physico-chemistry of the water column and the transport of particles and pollutants. The flood was generated by a typical summer storm, which had a return period of 2 years. The study was based on the continuous recording of the discharge and the measurement of both current speed and physico-chemical variables along the vertical profile. Water samples were also collected for the analysis of total and dissolved heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn), and nutrients (TKN, N-NO3-, N-NO2-, N-NH3, total phosphorous, P-PO43-). The suspended particle matter (SPM) concentration increased in the water column during the flood, and the discharge versus SPM relationship showed a counterclockwise hysteresis. The occurrence of hysteresis was related to the delayed response of the load, deriving from the runoff on the basin soils with respect to materials mobilized from the streambed in the initial phases of the flood. The transport of most of the analysed heavy metals was driven by the SPM. The increase in concentration of this parameter significantly affected the amount of Fe, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, and partially Zn transported by the stream. Among nutrients, N-NO3- concentration also increased significantly during the flood, due to the runoff on agricultural surfaces. The study allowed describing the mechanisms of load generation with high flow magnitudes, highlighting the importance of floods in the transport of materials and pollutants from the drainage basin to the Venice Lagoon.     

苏州河七条支流建闸控制工程水环境影响分析

利用苏州河及其支流的水文水质调查资料综合分析苏州河水系控制和污染源分布特点 ,指出苏州河的支流污水汇入是苏州河污染的主要原因。在此基础上 ,建立苏州河水系一维非恒定流河网水动力学模型与一维河网动态水质模型 ,对苏州河七条支流建闸控制工程后的水环境影响进行计算、分析与评价 ,预测建闸后对黄浦江各水厂的水质变化和苏州河、蕴藻浜以及七条支流的水质变化。预测结果 :七条支流建闸后 ,苏州河及其支流的水质有所改善 ,污水在苏州河内回荡有所减轻 ,排向黄浦江的速度加快。另外 ,污水从蕴藻浜排向黄浦江 ,缩短了污水在黄浦江输移的距离 ,黄浦江沿岸的水厂水质大大改善 ,污水在黄浦江内回荡的时间也有所减少 ,但是七条支流及蕴藻浜的水体污染会加重。根据预测结果 ,提出水资源调度方案、解决七条支流及蕴藻浜水污染加重的对策措施     

Seasonal and spatial variability of Po,U and Pu levels in the river catchment area assessed by application of neural-network based classification

The present study deals with the application of self-organizing maps (SOM) in order to model, classify and interpret seasonal and spatial variability of ²¹⁰Po, ²³⁸U and ^239+240Pu levels in the Vistula river basin. The data set represents concentration values for 3 alpha emitters (²¹⁰Po, ²³⁸U and ^239+240Pu) measured in surface water samples collected at 19 different sampling locations (8 in major Vistula stream while 11 in right or left Vistula tributaries) during four seasons (winter, spring, summer and autumn) in the framework of a one-year quality monitoring study. The advantages of an SOM algorithm, its classification and visualization ability for environmental data sets, are stressed. The neural-network based classification made it possible to reveal specific patterns related to both seasonal and spatial variability. In the middle and upper part of Vistula catchment as well as in the right-shore tributaries, concentrations of ²¹⁰Po and ²³⁸U during summer and winter are the lowest. Concentrations of ²¹⁰Po and ²³⁸U increase significantly during spring and autumn in the Vistula river catchment, especially in the delta of Vistula river. High concentration of anthropogenic originated ^239+240Pu indicates “site-specific” character of pollution in two large left-shore tributaries located in the middle part of the Vistula drainage area. Efficient classification of sampling locations could lead to an optimization of river radiochemical sampling networks and to a better tracing of natural and anthropogenic changes along Vistula river stream.     

三峡水库入库污染负荷研究(Ⅰ)--蓄水前污染负荷现状

分析蓄水前三峡水库入库污染负荷,包括库区污染负荷,如城市生活污水、工业废水、农业面源、船舶流动污染源;主要干支流长江、嘉陵江、乌江的入库背景污染负荷,包括上游天然背景负荷和上游污染贡献负荷,为三峡水库水污染防治提供理论依据。研究表明：①进入三峡库区的污染源主要来自长江、嘉陵江、乌江上游输入的背景负荷,包括上游贡献负荷和天然背景负荷,其中：CODCr的天然背景负荷与上游污染贡献负荷较为接近,BOD5、NH3-N的上游贡献负荷略大于天然背景负荷;TP的上游贡献负荷远大于天然背景负荷。因此,“三江”上游区域的污染治理工作应为今后三峡水库水污染防治的重点;②库区内排放的主要污染物是TP、BOD5、TN、CODCr等有机污染物,其累计等标污染负荷比达到98%以上。库区内的主要污染源为农田径流,其等标污染负荷比为77.85%;其次为城市污水,其等标污染负荷比为19.45%,工业废水的等标污染负荷比只占1.62%。因此,农田面源将是今后库区污染防治的重点。     

长江干支流输沙量减少趋势及其影响因素浅析

通过对长江干支流各主要水文控制站的多年径流量、输沙量、含沙量、中值粒径等水沙基本特征值的统计分析，表明在过去的近50年时间内，长江干支流的年径流量中心趋势不存在具有显著统计意义的变化，而输沙量、含沙量、中值粒径值均有明显的下降态势。以水库建设和水土保持为主的人类活动是长江干支流泥沙输移量减少趋势的重要影响因素，在20世纪90年代以前长江输沙量的减少主要是水库建设的影响，之后随着“长治”工程的展开则兼具了水库建设和水土保持的影响，未来水土保持工作对长江保水减沙的长期效益将更为显著。