附着生物对富营养化水体氮磷的去除效果

以太湖梅梁湾“863示范工程”水草恢复区原位湖水以及该区渔网围隔上的附着生物为材料，通过室内静态培养试验，研究了附着生物对富营养化湖水的氮、磷去除效果。结果表明，附着生物对水体中的氮有显著的去除效果，半个月内，附着生物对水体中总氮的累积去除率可达60%，在有附着生物的水体中总氮浓度从5 mg/L左右下降到2 mg/L左右；附着生物对水柱中氮的累积去除率和水柱中氮的浓度、附着生物的生物量以及附着生物作用时间密切相关。从培养过程中水体磷的浓度变化来说，培养初期，水体中磷的浓度比较高，附着生物对其有一定的去除作用；培养后期，水柱中磷的浓度比较低，附着生物不但不去除水中的磷，而且还向水柱中释放磷，这可能与附着生物向水体分泌碱性磷酸酶密切相关。     

灌溉和降雨条件下生态沟渠氮、磷输出特征研究

为了研究长沙县金井河流域农业源头生态沟渠氮和磷的输出特征，对灌溉和降雨条件下及不同季节生态沟渠水体氮、磷的变化特征进行监测研究。研究结果表明：灌溉和降雨期间，生态沟渠中总氮的输出最大值为270 mg/L，其输出的主要形态为氨态氮和硝态氮，总磷的最大值达032 mg/L。灌溉后，生态沟渠氮、磷的输出均呈单调递减变化，在灌溉初期均最高。降雨后，总氮、总磷沿程变化趋势均呈递减变化；生态沟渠对水体总氮、总磷去除率分别达64%、70%；各断面氮、磷的输出随着时间的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势，其中总氮、氨态氮含量在雨后第3 d达到最高，总磷含量在雨后第2 d达到最高。在不同季节中水体氮、磷的变化以冬季总氮、氨态氮和磷浓度最高     

丹江口库区典型小流域地表径流氮素动态变化

探明面源污染特征对制定丹江口水库水质保障体系具有重要意义。以胡家山小流域为研究对象，对村落和林 耕复合两种典型土地利用类型和流域各集水区出口地表径流氮浓度进行了连续监测。结果表明：村落降雨径流中总氮、硝态氮浓度较高，其中总氮均值超过20 mg/L，变化幅度都不大；氨氮浓度较低，但变化剧烈，这种氮浓度演变过程和降雨强度关系密切。硝态氮是村落氮输出的主要形态，占总氮输出的6031%～9655%，与总氮输出变化过程具有显著的相关性。林 耕地的氮浓度相对较低，总氮表现出上升—下降—平稳—上升的变化过程，硝态氮和总氮变化有着显著的相关性。在空间传输过程中，小流域下游氮浓度表现出稀释和富集两种效应，其中村落的氮输出对两种效应影响较大；在时间上，受耕作制度和气象变化，各集水区的氮浓度季节性变化明显，总氮浓度表现出春季>夏季>秋季>冬季，硝氮浓度表现出秋季>夏季>春季>冬季。胡家山小流域径流中氮素的含量均高于水库水体氮素含量，总氮高于地表水Ⅴ类水质标准，需要加强对小流域污染源的控制与处理，尤其是对村落径流的处理。
     

淀山湖浮游植物营养限制因子的研究

通过藻类增长的生物学评价(Nutrient Enrichment Bioassay)研究淀山湖浮游植物生长限制性因子，并采用析因方差分析和事后比较方法分析营养盐（PO^3-₄P、NH₃N、NO^-₃N）对浮游植物生长速度、平均最大现存量和平均最大特定增长率的影响。研究表明：磷对浮游植物生长有明显的促进作用，能提高浮游植物的生长速度和现存量，且促进作用随磷浓度（0.13～0.53 mg/L）的增加而加强，磷是淀山湖浮游植物增长的第一限制性因子；低浓度硝氮（2.91～5.91 mg/L）对浮游植物生长有微小的促进作用，但高浓度（5.91～8.91 mg/L）的硝氮表现出抑制作用；氨氮对浮游植物生长有抑制作用，并随浓度（1.25～7.25 mg/L）的增加而增大；添加磷+硝氮能明显促进浮游植物生长，磷与硝氮之间存在一定的交互作用.     

乌江中上游水库-河流体系夏秋季N、Si分布特征

测定了乌江中上游的洪家渡至乌江渡水库段水体中总氮、氨氮和溶解态硅等营养物质含量，并现场测定水深、温度、溶解氧和叶绿素浓度等理化参数。研究结果表明：在夏秋水库分层现象不断减弱期间，氮、硅的空间分布受水库生物地球化学作用差异的影响，在空间上具有明显不同的分布特征。流域内地表水总氮含量变化不大，水库内垂直分布也较均一；7至9月份河流和水库表层水体总氮含量平均值呈下降趋势，分别为347、317和 3.00 mg/L。7、8月份水库表层水溶解态硅含量明显低于上下游水体，说明水库生物吸收作用强而导致水库滞留溶解态硅；在垂直剖面上，0～30 m 水体溶解态硅含量随水深增加而增加，30～60 m 溶解态硅含量变化不大，这反映了水库上层水体生物对硅的吸收,和下层水体溶解态硅的吸收和释放平衡。     

乌江中上游水库-河流体系夏秋季N、Si分布特征

测定了乌江中上游的洪家渡至乌江渡水库段水体中总氮、氨氮和溶解态硅等营养物质含量，并现场测定水深、温度、溶解氧和叶绿素浓度等理化参数。研究结果表明：在夏秋水库分层现象不断减弱期间，氮、硅的空间分布受水库生物地球化学作用差异的影响，在空间上具有明显不同的分布特征。流域内地表水总氮含量变化不大，水库内垂直分布也较均一；7至9月份河流和水库表层水体总氮含量平均值呈下降趋势，分别为347、317和 3.00 mg/L。7、8月份水库表层水溶解态硅含量明显低于上下游水体，说明水库生物吸收作用强而导致水库滞留溶解态硅；在垂直剖面上，0～30 m 水体溶解态硅含量随水深增加而增加，30～60 m 溶解态硅含量变化不大，这反映了水库上层水体生物对硅的吸收,和下层水体溶解态硅的吸收和释放平衡。     

巢湖湖滨带生态恢复工程对暴雨径流氮磷削减效果研究

从湖滨带区域环境条件及氮磷输出强度差异出发,探讨湖滨带生态恢复工程对暴雨径流氮磷削减的特征及效果,选取巢湖西北岸湖滨带生态恢复区与原生灌草区内4个典型断面开展暴雨径流氮磷削减的对比试验,研究暴雨期及暴雨间期4个断面氮磷削减效果的差异及原因。结果表明:暴雨期,断面2和断面3对暴雨径流中氮磷去除效果明显,断面2对暴雨径流中氮、磷去除率分别为69%和60%,断面3对暴雨径流中氮、磷去除率分别为60%和58%;暴雨间期,断面2 区域内水体氮磷浓度平均下降67%和63%,断面3则为59%和51%;生态恢复工程去除暴雨径流中氮、磷的效果,与暴雨径流中氮、磷浓度呈显著正相关;断面2对暴雨径流氮磷削减效果最佳。     

大薸对水体氮磷去除效果的初步研究

通过大薸在模拟富营养化水体中的培养试验，研究其在不同程度富营养化水体中对N、P的去除效果。结果显示：在总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）初始浓度分别为245～941 mg/L和044～153 mg/L的3种富营养化水体中，大薸均可正常生长。经过21 d的生长，大薸鲜重达16433～1934 g，干重达857～1053 g，大薸鲜重的特定生长率为044%～119%/d，大薸干重的特定生长率为046%～14%/d，大薸的分株速率为133%～362%/d。3种富营养化水体中的N、P去除量分别为6920～31860 mg和1560～6600 mg，大薸的N、P吸收量分别为3520～20821 mg和899～4837 mg，且随水体初始N、P浓度的升高而增加。大薸吸收对水体N去除的贡献率为5326%～6524%，对水体P去除的贡献率分别为5958%～7419%。由此可以看出，大薸对氮磷具有较好的去除效果，在富营养化水体中种植大薸可起到改善水质的作用     

涪陵地区农村径流水体中氮磷含量及分布特征

在涪陵地区大面积和定点采集了农村降雨径流水样品，测定了径流水体中总磷、总氮含量。用统计方法探讨了径流氮、磷平均含量及氮、磷在径流水体中的时空变化，计算出涪陵地区降雨径流氮、磷流失量。结果表明，土壤氮、磷资源流失严重，流失的氮、磷进入水体，造成水体富营养化。     

鄱阳湖枯水期水体营养浓度及重金属含量分布研究

通过监测鄱阳湖枯水期的主湖区、五河入湖口以及碟形湖表层水体氮、磷等营养浓度以及重金属含量变化，对鄱阳湖全湖的营养状况以及重金属污染现状进行了系统分析。结果表明：2010年枯水期的鄱阳湖流域表层水体总氮、总磷、化学需氧量等含量较高，达富营养化水平，湖泊水质受总氮、氨态氮、总磷和pH的影响较大。且鄱阳湖水域的氮、磷等营养存在明显的空间差异。研究结果进一步显示，饶河入湖口水体N、P污染最严重（TN 314 mg/L；TP 025 mg/L），修河入湖口污染程度次之（TN 134 mg/L；TP 009 mg/L），而南矶山碟形湖水体污染最小（TN 049 mg/L；TP 005 mg/L）。鄱阳湖表层水体重金属Pb、Cd的含量较低，符合国家渔业水质标准要求，尤其是湖泊Cd含量低于地表水Ｉ类标准。但鄱阳湖流域Cu、Zn污染较严重     

Suspended particle adhesion on aquatic plant surfaces: implications for 137Cs and 133Cs uptake rates and water-to-plant concentration ratios

Suspended particle adhesion on aquatic biota can significantly increase the apparent concentration of radionuclides above their endogenous value, leading to an overestimation of the uptake rate and concentration ratios. This study is an attempt to assess quantitatively the importance of suspended particle adhesion on periphyton samples (biological material coating submerged surfaces). The concentrations of 137Cs and stable Cs (133Cs) in periphyton, suspended particles and filtered water were measured to determine the net water-to-periphyton concentration ratios for 137Cs and stable Cs. The net amount of 133Cs (or 137Cs) taken up by periphyton was calculated by subtracting from the total amount of 133Cs (or 137Cs) on the collected material (periphyton + inorganic particles), the 133Cs (or 137Cs) due to the inorganic particles adhering to periphyton. The mass of suspended particles adhering to the periphyton surface was calculated using scandium as an indicator of the mineral fraction of the suspended particles. The relationship between the concentration ratios for 137Cs and stable Cs and suspended particle adhesion on periphyton external surfaces is discussed.     

Investigating freshwater periphyton community response to uranium with phospholipid fatty acid and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analyses

Periphyton communities can be used as monitors of ecosystem health and as indicators of contamination in lotic systems. Measures of biomass, community structure, and genetic diversity were used to investigate impacts of uranium (U) exposure on periphyton. Laboratory exposures of periphyton in river water amended with 238U were performed for 5 days, followed by 2 days of U depuration in unamended river water. Productivity as measured by biomass was not affected by concentrations up to 100 microg238U L(-1). Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) banding patterns revealed no changes in community or genetic structure related to U exposure. We suggest that the periphyton community as a whole was not significantly impacted by exposures of 238U up to a concentration of 100 microgL(-1). These findings have significance for the assessment and prediction of U impacts on aquatic ecosystems.     

Phytoplankton-nutrient relationships in years with various water levels in the Pasłęka River in the vicinity of the hydroelectric power station (North-east Poland)

Relationships between abundance of basic net phytoplankton taxonomic groups (cyanobacteria, diatoms, and chlorophytes) and nutrient concentrations in water were studied on the Pas??ka River in years with varied water levels. In high water level conditions, large amounts of orthophosphates and total nitrogen from the catchment could favor development of cyanobacteria and chlorophytes. The species could be allochthonic. At low water levels, the factor stimulating phytoplankton development could be nutrients coming from mineralization of accumulated organic matter. The highest nutrient concentrations could favor diatom development. In such conditions, dominant taxa were autochthonic. In terms of numbers, F. capucina was dominant, and in terms of biomass—genus Spirogyra sp. It could come from plant periphyton inhabiting the concrete drops of the dam included in the river’s development in the vicinity of the hydroelectric power station.     

雅鲁藏布江谢通门江段着生生物和底栖动物资源初步研究

分别于2008年10月、12月和2009年3月、8月对西藏雅鲁藏布江谢通门江段的着生生物和底栖动物进行了调查。本次调查共检出着生生物12门104属，底栖动物3门26属。着生生物的密度和生物量以春季最高，分别为1 478 501.6 ind./cm2和45 912.8×10-4 mg/cm2，夏季最低，分别为1 037.1 ind./cm2和457×10-4 mg/cm2；而底栖动物的密度以秋季最高，为7 706.2 ind./m2，但生物量却以春季最高，为128 g/m2。着生生物和底栖动物的Margalef丰富度指数（D），Shannon Wiener多样性指数（H’）和Pielou均匀性指数（J）均以夏季最高。其中，着生生物以硅藻最多，其优势属为等片藻和桥弯藻；底栖动物以摇蚊幼虫最多。研究表明，雅鲁藏布江谢通门江段着生生物和底栖动物的种类数和现存量呈现明显的季节差异，这可能主要与水位等环境因子有关     

上海城市河岸带对降雨径流氮垂直去除研究

在上海市城市河岸带人工绿地建设了微区径流场,进行了5次模拟降雨径流实验,研究了人工绿地岸带下渗流中氮浓度和去除率的时空变化。结果表明：人工绿地岸带对垂直下渗流中氮有显著的净化作用,且主要集中于土壤的0~30 cm以内,TN和NH4+去除率在399%和398%以上,NO3-+NO2-去除率除11月为负值外,其余月份均在100%以上;在30~60 cm深度,由于土壤氮的析出导致径流中氮浓度增加,去除率降低;而60~90 cm深度的去除率增加。径流场内下渗流中氮浓度具有明显的水平空间变化,随距入水端距离的增加,30 cm深度下渗流中氮浓度先上升后下降;人工绿地岸带对下渗流中氮的净化作用均随淹水时间的延长呈降低趋势,且季节变化明显,在10月和4月具有较高的去除率,0~30 cm内TN、NH4+和NO3-+NO2-的去除率可分别达635%、891%和416%以上     

Periphyton Developed on Artificial Substrates: Effect of Substrate Type and Incubation Depth

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of substrate type and incubation depth on periphyton that had developed on artificial substrates. Uniform rectangular tiles made out of artificial substrates: glass, ceramic, willow tree and yew tree, were fixed on a floating buoy and deployed at three different depths in a photic zone of the Sava Lake (Belgrade, Serbia). Non-taxonomic attributes in the developed biofilm were estimated week-by-week from the start of the experiment in July, until its end in September 2014. Through assessment of substrate type and depth of incubation effect we concluded that these parameters for the fact influence periphyton development and composition. Glass was preferred by autotrophic component over ceramic and wooden substrates. In general, substrate type effect was diminished by increasing incubation depth. When non-taxonomic parameters are to be used in biomonitoring studies, our results suggest that glass substrate and shallow layer of water column (up to 50 cm) for incubation should be preferred.     

复合构建湿地运行初期理化性质及氮的变化

研究了在间歇式进水条件下，复合构建湿地系统对氮的去除效果，阐述了湿度要、溶氧、pH等理化因子变化的原因。实验初期，系统尚处于不稳定时期，对N的去除不够理想。随着筚驼逐步步和稳定状态，对KN、NH4^ 、N、NO2^-有明显的去除效果，平均去除率分别为50％、66％和71％。硝化－反硝化作用是氨氮去除的主要途径。从总体上看，有植物系统中硝态氮的出水含量较对照系统同，说明间歇式进水以及植物的存在都有利于硝化作用的发生。实验发现，复合构建湿地在冬季仍能较好地改善水质，是一种有效的水链管理对策，对受污水体水质改善和水生态系统恢复具有重要意义。     

Simultaneous biological removal of endosulfan (alpha+beta) and nitrates from drinking waters using wheat straw as substrate

Nitrate and endosulfan (alpha+beta) removal was studied in an upflow biological denitrification reactor packed with wheat straw as carbon source and support particles for microorganisms. While almost complete nitrate elimination and between 65% and 70% endosulfan (alpha+beta) elimination occurred when the temperature was higher than 20 degrees C; below that value, nitrate removal efficiency decreased to about 10%. Nitrate, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and endosulfan (alpha+beta) removal efficiencies decreased considerably at 1500 microg/l endosulfan concentration in the batch experiments. Although a high removal efficiency was observed for endosulfan (alpha+beta) and nitrate in the biological denitrification continuous reactor, the effluent water could not be used for drinking purpose because of the unacceptable levels of endosulfan (alpha+beta), colour and dissolved organic content. During the continuous study, 23.4% of the initial weight of wheat straw was lost and 24 g was consumed per gram of nitrogen removed. The results of the continuous study showed that 21.3% of the endosulfan removal was achieved by adsorption onto the wheat straw and 68.2% of the endosulfan removal occurred by biological activity and the remaining portion was detected in the effluent water.