上海市扬尘污染源遥感解译及其管理信息系统

利用遥感影像资料,分析了上海市扬尘污染源的空间分布特征与规律,并计算了上海市主要扬尘源的起尘量。利用获取的基础数据,建立了上海市扬尘污染源管理地理信息系统,为上海市扬尘污染源的控制管理提供了依据。     

关于煤矿安全法制化进程的几点思考

我国十一五规划对煤炭发展做出了新的要求,要建立和谐社会,煤矿安全是煤炭行业和谐发展的第一要务.煤矿安全立法相对滞后,现行法律缺乏针对性和可操作性,应加强煤矿安全立法.加强煤矿安全司法力度,对有效预防煤矿安全事故意义重大,同时应积极开展煤矿安全法制教育,提高煤矿从业人员的安全法治意识.强化煤矿安全执法力度,执法必严,是保障煤矿安全的关键环节.     

The role of scientists in statutory interpretation of the U.S. Endangered Species Act

Like many federal statutes, the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) contains vague or ambiguous language. The meaning imparted to the ESA's unclear language can profoundly impact the fates of endangered and threatened species. Hence, conservation scientists should contribute to the interpretation of the ESA when vague or ambiguous language contains scientific words or refers to scientific concepts. Scientists need to know at least these 2 facts about statutory interpretation: statutory interpretation is subjective and the potential influence of normative values results in different expectations for the parties involved. With the possible exception of judges, all conventional participants in statutory interpretation are serving their own interests, advocating for their preferred policies, or biased. Hence, scientists can play a unique role by informing the interpretative process with objective, policy‐neutral information. Conversely, scientists may act as advocates for their preferred interpretation of unclear statutory language. The different roles scientists might play in statutory interpretation raise the issues of advocacy and competency. Advocating for a preferred statutory interpretation is legitimate political behavior by scientists, but statutory interpretation can be strongly influenced by normative values. Therefore, scientists must be careful not to commit stealth policy advocacy. Most conservation scientists lack demonstrable competence in statutory interpretation and therefore should consult or collaborate with lawyers when interpreting statutes. Professional scientific societies are widely perceived by the public as unbiased sources of objective information. Therefore, professional scientific societies should remain policy neutral and present all interpretations of unclear statutory language; explain the semantics and science both supporting and contradicting each interpretation; and describe the potential consequences of implementing each interpretation. A review of scientists’ interpretations of the phrase “significant portion of its range” in the ESA is used to critique the role of scientists and professional societies in statutory interpretation.     

Review of LCA studies of solid waste management systems – Part I: Lessons learned and perspectives

The continuously increasing solid waste generation worldwide calls for management strategies that integrate concerns for environmental sustainability. By quantifying environmental impacts of systems, life cycle assessment (LCA) is a tool, which can contribute to answer that call. But how, where and to which extent has it been applied to solid waste management systems (SWMSs) until now, and which lessons can be learnt from the findings of these LCA applications? To address these questions, we performed a critical review of 222 published LCA studies of SWMS. We first analysed the geographic distribution and found that the published studies have primarily been concentrated in Europe with little application in developing countries. In terms of technological coverage, they have largely overlooked application of LCA to waste prevention activities and to relevant waste types apart from household waste, e.g. construction and demolition waste. Waste management practitioners are thus encouraged to abridge these gaps in future applications of LCA. In addition to this contextual analysis, we also evaluated the findings of selected studies of good quality and found that there is little agreement in the conclusions among them. The strong dependence of each SWMS on local conditions, such as waste composition or energy system, prevents a meaningful generalisation of the LCA results as we find it in the waste hierarchy. We therefore recommend stakeholders in solid waste management to regard LCA as a tool, which, by its ability of capturing the local specific conditions in the modelling of environmental impacts and benefits of a SWMS, allows identifying critical problems and proposing improvement options adapted to the local specificities.     

银川活动断层卫星遥感图像解译

采用对地表具有一定穿透能力的合成孔径雷达数据（ENVISAT ASAR）和光谱信息丰富的常规光学遥感数据（Landsat-7 ETM）作为主要数据源,综合了雷达遥感与光学遥感的成像优势,利用图像预处理、图像增强处理与多源遥感信息融合突出了银川研究区的活动断裂遥感影像特征。根据活动断层遥感解译标志,共解译出8条主要活动断层,分别为银川-平罗断裂、芦花台断裂、镇北堡断裂、黄河-灵武断裂、贺兰山东麓断裂带、黎家新庄-南泉子断裂、三关口断裂与青铜峡断裂,并对其影像特征与空间分布规律进行详细分析。银川活动断裂的解译分析为该地区的地震安全性评价与地震活动性分析奠定了基础。     

浅谈预防中国西北地区土地荒漠化的法律对策

2006年世界环境日聚焦"沙漠和荒漠化",关注人为因素导致的土地退化,为全人类敲响"沙漠和荒漠化"警钟!本文从土地荒漠化这一概念入手,分析了中国西北地区土地荒漠化的现状及成因;以各个部门法为切入点,阐述了目前中国预防西北地区土地荒漠化的法律对策.     

基于GIS技术的汶川8.0级地震诱发地质灾害危险性评价——以四川省安县为例

通过汶川8．0级地震后对绵阳市安县地震诱发地质灾害的应急调查和遥感解译，共获得地质灾害点187处。在此基础上，利用GIS技术对地震诱发地质灾害分布与发震断裂距离、坡度、岩性、水系等因素的关系进行统计分析。结果表明，地震诱发地质灾害在区域上沿断裂带呈带状分布和沿水系呈线状分布的特点；地震诱发的地质灾害与地形坡度有很大的关系，绝大部分的灾害点集中在15°-45°的范围内；地震诱发的地质灾害与地形有很好的对应关系，北部高山地区地质灾害数量明显高于南部平原区；滑坡多发生在千枚岩、泥页岩等软岩中且多为土质滑坡，而岩浆岩等硬岩中多发生崩塌。     

论我国国际河流可持续开发利用的问题与法律对策

中国是世界上国际河流最多的国家之一，在国际河流的开发利用方面采取了一定的措施并取得了一定的成绩，但是在国际河流的可持续开发利用中仍存在不少问题，需要完善相关的国际与国内法律制度并采取其他有效的措施予以解决。从中国国际河流的概况出发，阐述对其进行可持续的开发利用在促进中国经济发展、加强民族团结以及保障国防安全等方面的重大意义，进而分析中国国际河流在可持续开发利用中存在的问题，包括立法缺失、保障措施缺位、管理机构缺乏等，最后从完善可持续开发利用的前提要素、确立可持续开发利用的基本原则、完善可持续开发利用的立法以及积极参与可持续开发利用的国际合作等方面提出解决上述问题的对策思考，以促进和保障我国国际河流可持续开发利用的实现.     

对中国防灾减灾立法体系的探讨

中国是自然灾害和经济、社会发展中人为突发事件灾害普遍、灾情严重的国家。灾害已直接影响和制约着国家的经济建设、社会发展和公众的安全。要把防灾减灾作为中国的基本国策。为此,必须长远规划和全面制定中国的防灾减灾立法体系,以适应２１世纪中国减灾安全与可持续发展的战略任务。本文就编制中国防灾减灾立法体系应遵循的指导方针、基本原则及方案的框架设想全面提出研讨建议。     

Satellites viewing our world: The NASA landsat and the NOAA SMS/GOES

Thousands of individuals throughout the world are now users of satellite data. Hundreds of satellites have been launched—military, navigation, communications, educational, weather, and earth resources. One of the weather satellites (the SMS/GOES) and the NASA earth resources mapping satellite (Landsat) are the subjects of this article. Data from these systems have been highly cost beneficial, not only in the United States, but in developed and developing nations all over the globe as well. There is an increasing demand both for data and for training in data use.Data samples are shown and applications are discussed. Strong reference is made to the value of the digital computer in natural and man-made features mapping and monitoring. Procedures for acquiring NASA data are explained so that the reader may order data for his home region, or for other regions throughout the world which are of interest for their agriculture, forestry, hydrology, marine resources, geology, or land use. The cost of data is incredibly low; some products cost as little as three dollars.Also discussed are the remotely based data-collection platforms that acquire ground or water data daily and relay results to the NASA Landsat or to the NOAA SMS/GOES.