基于大气被动式采样的人体头发中类二(口恶)英多氯联苯暴露的途径

本研究通过分析采集自云南省开远市的13个树皮混合样品和13个相应的头发混合样品中DL-PCBs的水平、同族体分布及相关性,研究了当地人群对DL-PCBs的主要暴露途径.结果表明,云南开远树皮和头发样品中DL-PCBs的含量分别为4.0~88.9 pg·g^-1和4.1~19.3 pg·g^-1,其在当地环境和人体中的污染程度均较轻.树皮和头发样品中主要的DL-PCB同族体均是PCB-118,分别占总含量的48%和61%.树皮样品中DL-PCBs的各同族体具有相同的源,其主要的来源可能是大气的长距离输移.云南开远市居民头发中的PCBs可能来源于内部暴露和外部暴露的综合作用,其中外部暴露对低氯代PCBs的贡献要高于高氯代PCBs.     

滴水湖及其环湖水系沉积物、土壤中多氯联苯的空间分布特征及风险评价

为了解城市人工湖泊中多氯联苯(PCBs)的污染状况,利用GC/MS技术测定了滴水湖及其环湖水系沉积物、土壤中14种PCBs的含量,并对其分布特征、来源和生态风险进行了探讨与分析.结果表明,滴水湖及其环湖水系沉积物、周边农田土壤中Σ_(14)PCBs含量分别为0.65~16.41 ng·g~(-1)(以干重计)和0.47~1.27 ng·g~(-1),总体处于较低污染水平.但环湖水系表层沉积物高于湖区表层及柱样沉积物中PCBs含量,引水过程可能会对湖区造成污染.湖区沉积物中PCBs随深度增加而降低,表明自成湖以来湖区沉积物中PCBs有污染加剧的趋势.研究区沉积物、土壤中PCBs均以四氯联苯(Tetra-CBs)和五氯联苯(Penta-CBs)为主,分别占Σ_(14)PCBs的20.65%和67.12%,主要特征单体为PCB105、PCB118和PCB77.主成分分析(PCA)结果表明,PCBs主要来源于国产2号、1号PCB产品的使用残留、城市固废焚烧及煤、木材的燃烧排放.研究区沉积物及土壤中12种类二噁英类多氯联苯(DL-PCBs)的毒性当量浓度(TEQs)为0.01~79.40 pg·g~(-1),其中环湖水系及湖区表层沉积物有7个样点中DL-PCBs-TEQs超过了美国EPA沉积物质量指导值(ISQGs),可能对水生生物产生毒性影响,应当引起重视.     

青海省西宁市和天峻县大气颗粒物中有机氯农药和类二噁英多氯联苯的水平与分布

本研究测定了青海省西宁市与海西蒙古族藏族自治州天峻县夏、冬两季大气颗粒物中有机氯农药(OCPs)和类二噁英多氯联苯(DL-PCBs)的浓度水平.结果表明,青海省大气颗粒物中OCPs主要为DDTs、HCHs.西宁市DDTs和HCHs的平均水平分别为:35 pg·m-3、5.9 pg·m-3(夏季)和93 pg·m-3、11 pg·m-3(冬季),天峻县DDTs和HCHs的平均水平分别为:83pg·m-3、6.4 pg·m-3(夏季)和28 pg·m-3、6.7 pg·m-3(冬季).与亚洲其它地区相比,青海省大气颗粒物中OCPs处于较低水平.西宁市大气颗粒物中DL-PCBs的平均水平分别为:0.52 pg·m-3(夏季),0.99 pg·m-3(冬季),天峻县为:0.58 pg·m-3(夏季)、0.52 pg·m-3(冬季).西宁市夏、冬两季OCPs的平均水平均大于天峻县,而两地DL-PCBs的平均水平相当.本研究中高原地区DL-PCBs的分布特点及变化规律与极地地区的研究相比存在一定的相似性,而DDTs和HCHs则存在差异性.     

东营市孤岛地区土壤中类二噁英类PCBs的污染特征

2011年4月采集了东营市孤岛地区20个表层土壤样品,采用索氏提取-弗罗里土柱净化-气相色谱-电子捕获检测器检测的方法对采集的样品进行测定,揭示了该地区表层土壤中类二英类PCBs(dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls,DL-PCBs)的污染特征.结果表明,DL-PCBs的含量范围为1.4～7.4μg·kg-1,平均含量为(3.5±1.7)μg·kg-1;DL-PCBs的毒性当量为1.2～31.8 ng·kg-1,平均值为5.4 ng·kg-1,超过了加拿大土壤环境质量标准(4.0 ng·kg-1).各采样点间DL-PCBs的同系物组成相似,均以四氯联苯和五氯联苯为主,两者之和超过DL-PCBs总量的80%;从孤岛城镇到郊区,DL-PCBs的含量逐渐降低,这与许多化工厂分布在城镇周围有关.相关性分析显示,土壤中DL-PCBs的含量与土壤有机碳含量与黏粒含量显著正相关(R2分别为0.732和0.687,P<0.01),而与土壤砂粒含量负相关(R2=-0.438,P<0.05).     

Monitoring of environmental contaminants in raw bovine milk and estimates of dietary intakes of children in South Korea

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are ubiquitous residual contaminants in the environment and in the food chain. Milk is an important matrix for monitoring POP contamination. This study determined the concentrations of POPs including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in raw bovine milk, and the data was used to estimate dietary intakes in South Korea. The average concentrations of PBDEs, HCB, PCDD/Fs, and DL-PCBs in raw milk were 0.29 ng g⁻¹ fat, 0.50 ng g⁻¹ fat, 0.27 pg TEQ g⁻¹ fat, and 0.33 pg TEQ g⁻¹ fat, respectively. No significant relationship was found between the concentrations of analytes and the regions sampled. The dietary intakes of PBDEs from the consumption of milk was calculated to be 0.26, 0.10, and 0.05 ng kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹ for the group of ages 0–6, 7–12, and 13–19, respectively. The dietary intakes of HCB was calculated to be 0.44, 0.16, and 0.09 ng kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹ for the group of ages 0–6, 7–12, and 13–19, respectively. The dietary intakes of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs was calculated to be 0.78, 0.29, and 0.16 pg TEQ kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹ for the group of ages 0–6, 7–12, and 13–19, respectively. These results indicated that the residual levels of PBDEs, HCB, PCDD/Fs, and DL-PCBs in raw bovine milk were within safe levels.     

焦炉烟气中二（口恶）英类物质排放水平研究

二噁英和类二噁英多氯联苯属于《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》规定的非故意产生的持久性有机物,统称为二噁英类物质.焦化生产过程中具备二噁英类物质生成所需的前体物、温度、催化剂等条件,但目前国内外对焦化行业焦炉烟气二噁英类物质排放研究仍属空白,为进一步明确焦化行业排放水平和影响因素,针对性地提出行业减排和控制措施,利用高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱法对4个不同规模的典型焦化企业焦炉烟气中二噁英类物质排放情况进行现场采样和实验室分析.结果表明,二噁英类物质毒性当量(以WHO-TEQ计)范围为3.9~30.0 pg·m-3,处于较低水平,检出较多的PCDD/Fs同系物主要是高氯代的.另外,烟气中此类物质的排放量与焦化生产工艺关系密切,捣鼓炼焦、较高的炭化室高度有利于减少二噁英类物质的排放.     

Suppressive effect of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls transfer from feed to eggs of laying hens by activated carbon as feed additive

In this study, we investigated the suppressive effect of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) transfer from the feed to the eggs of laying hens by using activated carbon as a feed additive. Four groups of six hens (White Leghorn egg-layers; age, 11 weeks) were housed as two control groups and two exposure groups for a period of 20 weeks. Two control groups were fed with either the basal feed “Control” or basal feed additing activated carbon “Control + C”. Another two exposure groups were fed with feed contaminated (about 6 ng TEQ kg⁻¹ feed) by standard solutions of PCDDs/PCDFs and DL-PCBs “Exposure” alone and contaminated feed adding activated carbon “Exposure + C”. There was no significant effect on each groups for the growth rate, biochemical blood components, and egg production: these were around the standard levels for poultry in general. Moreover the results in this study showed the availability of activated carbon as a feed additive owing to the reduction in the risk of food pollution by PCDDs/PCDFs and DL-PCBs. The concentration in the eggs of the Exposure group gradually increased following the start of egg-laying but reached a steady state after about 1 month. In contrast, the concentration for the Exposure + C group was stationary and below the maximum EU level (6 pg TEQ g⁻¹ fat). In comparison to the Exposure group, the Exposure + C group showed a significant decline in the percentage of bioaccumulation into the egg. This reduction due to activated carbon was also observed in the muscle and abdominal fat. The reductions were compound- and congener-dependent for DL-PCBs as follows: PCDDs/PCDFs, non-ortho-PCBs, and mono-ortho-PCBs were more than 90%, 80%, and 50%, respectively, irrespective of the type of tissues. Fat soluble vitamin concentrations in the eggs of the Exposure + C group showed lower trends than the Exposure group. The γ-tocopherol and α-tocopherol concentrations in eggs of Exposure + C group showed a significant reduction of about 40%. However, the addition of activated carbon into animal feed could obviate the remote potential for accidents causing unintentional food pollution with PCDDs/PCDFs and DL-PCBs.     

饲料级硫酸铜中二英类多氯联苯的污染特征及其来源研究

近年来,持久性有机污染物（POPs）对人体和环境带来的危害在世界范围内引起了广泛关注.饲料添加剂已成为畜禽动物养殖过程中必不可少的原料,为探明典型动物饲料添加剂饲料级硫酸铜（CuSO₄）中POPs的来源,本研究分析了饲料级CuSO₄、铜盐产品、蚀刻废液（包括酸性蚀刻废液、碱性蚀刻废液及微蚀废液）、蚀刻液（包括盐酸（HCl）和氧化剂）、硫酸（H₂SO₄）共计79个样品中二英类多氯联苯（DL-PCBs）的污染特征.结果发现,饲料级CuSO₄和铜盐产品中DL-PCBs均以PCB-77、PCB-169和PCB-126为主要检出单体,与其生产原料酸性蚀刻废液中具有完全一致的指纹分布特征,表明其来源的一致性;对于蚀刻液,DL-PCBs仅在工业HCl中有不同程度检出,然而指纹特征（单体组成以PCB-118、PCB-77和PCB-126为主）与其他样品中有所区别.通过主成分分析（PCA）进一步确认表明,工业HCl是蚀刻废液中DL-PCBs的一个重要来源,但亦可能存在其他未知来源.相关研究为去除和控制微量元素饲料添加剂尤其是铜盐产品中DL-PCBs提供了重要的科学依据.     

太湖沉积物中多溴联苯醚和类二噁英多氯联苯的水平垂直分布

分析了太湖竺山湾、梅梁湾、南太湖的3个柱状沉积物样品中8种溴代阻燃剂(PBDEs)和12种类二英多氯联苯(DL-PCBs).结果表明太湖PBDEs污染水平为竺山湾最高,其余依次为梅梁湾、南太湖;DL-PCB污染水平梅梁湾最高,其次则为竺山湾、南太湖.沉积物中PBDEs的水平垂直分布显示:近年来在太湖PBDEs污染呈现指数式增长趋势,BDE-209为最主要的PBDEs同族体;沉积物中DL-PCBs的水平垂直分布显示:DL-PCBs污染近年仍有增加,说明在太湖地区存在PCBs的释放源.太湖梅梁湾不同深度的沉积物中PBDEs同族体组成差异明显,具体原因需要进一步研究证实.PCBs在垂直分布模式显示:在0～15 cm的上层沉积物中PCB-77、-118、-105水平随深度增加而明显降低,下层则无明显变化.     

济南市道路尘中类二噁英类多氯联苯残留情况

通过采集济南市区主要路段道路尘样品,用气相色谱-电子俘获检测器(GC-ECD)方法分析了济南市区主要路段道路尘中毒性较高的12种类二噁英类多氯联苯(DL-PCBs)的残留情况,并对样品中DL-PCBs的含量、污染水平及同系物的组成进行了详细研究。结果发现,DL-PCBs在各采样点均有检出,残留总浓度在0.20～22.84ng/g(干重)范围内,平均值为0.0051ng/kg,同系物PCB81的检出率最高为90%,而同系物PCB189未被检出。计算的毒性当量(TEQ)值显示,对毒性当量贡献最大的是同系物PCB126,其TEQ值高达117.100pg/g(干重)。由平均残留百分含量较大的同系物结构分析可知,济南市区主要路段道路尘中非邻位氯取代的剧毒类二噁英类PCBs含量相对较大。