基于孔隙网络模型的表面活性剂去除LNAPLs作用力分析

通过多孔介质网络模型试验,并采用可视化技术研究了可溶相液体注入条件下轻质非水相污染物(Light non-aqueous phase liquids,LNAPLs)去除过程中多孔介质孔隙内毛细力和粘滞力的作用机理.实验和理论分析发现,可溶相液体去除孔隙内正十六烷在第一阶段(0～17823s)去除率为40%～50%,第二阶段(17823s之后)去除率为80%～95%,即正十六烷残余饱和度5%～20%;Triton X-100溶液可以大大降低多孔介质孔隙中LNAPLs的残余饱和度,最终正十六烷残留量为4.4%,是蒸馏水注入过程中正十六烷残留量的22.3%.蒸馏水注入过程中的毛细力比1100mg·L-1Triton X-100溶液驱替NAPLs的毛细力大1个数量级,使得该毛细数位于毛细指进区(logNCa∈10-4),多孔介质内所有滞留的NAPLs保持静止.多孔介质内NAPLs主要被驱替去除;毛细数小的蒸馏水注入条件下,更多的NAPLs滞留在孔隙内;注人液在孔隙内流动溶解了部分NAPLs,导致NAPLs残余饱和度小于孔隙内由于毛细作用滞留的NAPLs初始饱和度.     

轻质非水相流体(柴油)在多孔介质中的垂向运移

紫外分光光度计为测量手段,通过简易一维土柱实验装置模拟了在不同条件下柴油在多孔介质中的运移。实验发现:柴油在两种不同粒径的砂土中垂向迁移的规律大致相同,并在持续淋滤108 h后,约90%的残余柴油都聚集在距离表层30 cm的范围内;间歇淋滤比持续淋滤更容易使柴油聚集在毛细带,不易向深处迁移;并在一定程度上验证了LNAPLs在地下环境中运动的渗漏、顶托阶段。     

Inverse modeling to estimate LNAPL plume release timing

Methodologies are presented for dating releases of light nonaqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) using an inverse modeling approach with simple analytical models. Models for LNAPL plume migration are presented to predict LNAPL plume velocity in the unsaturated and saturated zones as a function of basic soil and fluid properties. A relative mobility factor is introduced for LNAPL movement at the water table that depends primarily on the van Genuchten n parameter (related to the breadth of the soil pore size distribution) and the magnitude of water table fluctuations. Estimated LNAPL plume velocities compare reasonably with more rigorous numerical models, which may be used in cases where data availability warrant the greater effort entailed.Two methods of estimating release timing and its uncertainty are investigated. A direct estimation method is described that determines travel time for a single observed travel distance based on estimated soil and fluid properties. Release date uncertainty may be determined using the first order (FO) or Monte Carlo (MC) methods. The second method for estimating release date involves nonlinear parameter estimation utilizing distance vs. time measurements and other data.A case study is presented for a field site where independent estimates of release timing were obtained from a numerical modeling analysis. Release timing estimates based on direct inversion of the analytical timing model agree well with the numerical analysis. Results for a second field site indicate that release date confidence limits estimated by the FO method, assuming log-normally distributed travel times, are close to values determined by the MC method, which makes no assumption regarding the form of the travel time probability distribution.Results for a hypothetical problem indicate that LNAPL velocity and travel time may be accurately estimated if sufficient data on travel distance vs. time are available. Incorporating prior information on relevant soil and fluid properties into the objective function reduces the uncertainty in release date if prior estimates are accurate. However, biased prior estimates may lead to over- or underestimation of release date uncertainty. Simultaneous estimation of soil and fluid properties and release date is possible if prior information is available to condition the parameter estimates.