Pearce型构造岩浆地球化学判别图评述——以玄武岩为例

自从六十年代板块构造的概念诞生以来,人们认识到有必要探讨古地理和古构造重建的方法.一段时期以来,很多学者(如Gilluly,1971)认为,岩浆作用与特定的大地构造环境紧密相关,不同的岩浆类型或火山岩系列产在一定的地壳环境,因而出现了许多运用主要或微量元素资料的分类体系或判别图.基于Irvine和Barager(1971)以及Miyashiro(1973)发表的主要元素图解能用来判别岩浆类型,而Pearce(1976)则介绍     

大型车车身覆盖件冲压成形特征分析及选材研究

为满足大型车身覆盖件冲压成形要求并实现钢板与零件的对路供应 ,必须在深入解析零件成形特征的基础上 ,确定高应变部位的成形敏感材料参数。在材料力学性能测试和成形极限分析的基础上 ,对侧围外板的冲压成形特征和成形敏感参数进行了分析。结果表明 :侧围外板零件高应变部位的变形方式为胀形 深拉延变形 ,n值和r值为影响侧围外板零件成形的主要材料敏感参数     

燕山地区大红峪组火山岩古风化作用新认识

大红峪组火山岩 ,在成岩后受古风化作用影响引起化学成分的变化 ,特别是深风化带岩石后期K2 O沉积的影响 ,造成从未风化到深风化岩石在TAS图解、碱度系数、岩系指数及岩石类型等方面相应地发生变化。在TAS图解上 ,岩石向碱性增加、SiO2 减少方向变化。碱度系数变大 ,岩系指数的变化使火山岩反映为从钙碱性到超碱性。岩石类型也出现不确定性。深风化带岩石根据岩石化学成分计算标准矿物时 ,出现白榴石、霞石等碱性矿物 ,而实际矿物未见这一现象 ,也是后期K2 O沉积影响的结果。排除古风化的影响 ,作者认为大红峪组火山岩应为钾质的粗面岩和粗面玄武岩 ,属钙碱系列。粗面玄武岩为铝过饱和型 ,粗面岩为正常型。不存在明显的岩浆分离结晶作用 ,其原始岩浆应以基性为主。由于上述的原因 ,影响了对岩浆来源、构造环境的判断。推断其构造环境 ,是在总的海进条件下 ,出现多次的海退 ,伴有多次火山喷发活动 ,水动能比较大 ,气候干旱 ,封闭、半封闭的海盆中富含钾的环境。     

一种预测左半部成形极限图的简单方法

板材成形性能的评价一般基于成形极限图(FLD)。然而，无论是经由理论计算还是实验方法来获得成形极限图依然很困难而且很耗时。提出了一种预测深拉延部分成形极限图的新方法。假设对所有钢板来说其成形极限图的形状几乎都是一样的，而深拉延变形区域内其失效厚度应变也几乎一样，据此可利用体积不变原理推导出主应变和次应变之间的关系。结果表明，根据此方法计算的左半侧(拉深应变区)成形极限图与实验获得的FLD基本一致。     

Graphical strategies for design of evaporation crystallization networks for environmental wastewater applications

This paper introduces graphical strategies for the design of an evaporation/crystallization network for ternary wastewater environmental applications. Sources, sinks and other streams are located on a ternary composition diagram. While a source is any wastewater stream that has the potential to be recycled, a sink is any unit in the process that can accept sources. The proposed methodology is extremely simple to understand and implement, as it only requires basic solid-liquid phase equilibria data and uses lever arm principles to generate alternative process designs. Geometric constructions are carried out on the ternary composition diagram and the respective lever arms are used to determine intermediate flow rates in the evaporation/crystallization network. The relative locations and flow rates of the sources and sinks under consideration, as well as the unique shape of the solid-liquid equilibrium, drive the design of the separation (via evaporation/crystallization) network. Some generic structures are proposed for a typical evaporation and crystallization network. Once the general problem statement has been defined, special cases consisting of a single source-single sink, single source-two sinks and two sources-single sink are described. These special cases are representative of commonly occurring industrial wastewater design problems. Several graphical insights are listed that allow one to represent evaporation and crystallization operations on a ternary triangular composition diagram and avoid mathematical complexity. The possibility of bypassing a part of the initial feed streams is also considered. Certain feasible composition regions are identified on the ternary composition diagram for cases dealing with multiple sources and sinks. The methodology is useful in pre-screening and eliminating certain sources/sinks and is readily applicable to cases with lower number of sources and sinks. A case study involving the ammonium nitrate manufacturing process is included to demonstrate the broad applicability and value of the proposed approach.     

聚合铝的凝聚絮凝特征及作用机理

采用不同碱化度B(OH/Al)值的聚合铝和AlCl_3对高岭土悬浊液进行凝聚絮凝实验,同时测定电泳度及表面吸附特征,结合不同铝盐的化学形态分布,探讨聚合铝的高效凝聚作用原理.并求得表面吸附覆盖率,电位变化与形态分布间的定量关系,绘出聚合铝的凝聚区域图,对阐明聚合铝的作用机理提供了实验依据.     

基于主逻辑图的安全风险建模研究

概率风险评估已成为研究复杂系统安全风险较为成熟的方法 ,其风险模型的建立是基于故障树/事件树的 ,风险分析具有众多的静态特性。然而 ,大的复杂系统往往存在诸多动态因素 ,在风险研究需要考虑这些动态因素的情况下 ,基于传统故障树 /事件树的模型则难以提供支持。笔者对此进行了分析 ,提出了基于主逻辑图的安全风险建模 ;主要介绍了主逻辑图的概念及其建模方法 ,并对模型进行了分析 ;在此基础上 ,基于主逻辑图分析事故场景 ,对场景风险的量化评估进行了简要介绍 ,并结合某核反应堆例子进行了分析。     

Systems thinking in a gas explosion accident – lessons learned from Taiwan

On July 31, 2014, at around 23:57, several huge explosions occurred that lasted for 2 h in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. As a result of a gas leak from a ruptured underground pipeline, the catastrophic incident destroyed more than 6 km of roads, killed 32 people, injured 321 people, and damaged 3259 buildings. Pipeline explosions have been reported as a repeatedly occurring problem, indicating that (1) complex systems are difficult to manage and control, and (2) humans are unable to effectively learn from experiences of accidents. Initial analyses results reveal that root causes of this incident were a combination of a series of complex chain reactions, which eventually led to propylene leakage and explosion. This is a systematic problem, which can hardly be investigated or analyzed by traditional research approaches. Based on the investigation reports and “systems thinking” method, this study develops causal loop diagrams for the Kaohsiung gas explosion to explore the root causes of the disaster. The research results indicate that (1) this pipeline explosion incident was the result of the chain reactions and was the output of a complex system; (2) the mental model of “production first” and “experience gap” were the root causes of the disaster; and (3) to achieve a higher safety standard, continuous education to improve the mental model of “safety first and safety over production” are essential. The findings of this study may contribute toward the improvement of the standard operating procedure for disaster management and preventing similar incidents in the future.     

基于BDD考虑共因失效的接触网系统可靠性分析

为分析共因失效对高速铁路接触网系统的影响，将二元决策图(Binary Decision Diagram，BDD)与共因失效理论引入到接触网系统可靠性分析中。利用逻辑相邻优先组合法(Logic Neighbor Priority Connect，LNPC)将高速铁路接触网系统的故障树模型转化为BDD模型并求取其可靠度表达式，利用隐式方法对考虑了共因失效的接触网系统可靠度进行计算，利用MATLAB绘制考虑共因失效和不考虑共因失效情况下接触网系统可靠度变化曲线。研究结果表明:提出的分析方法适用于接触网系统的可靠性分析，为接触网系统的可靠性分析提供了一定的理论依据。     

基于模糊影响图方法的库存弹药事故概率分析

针对库存弹药安全的特殊性,在分析国内外库存弹药典型事故案例的基础上,指出FTA、ETA等传统概率计算方法存在的局限。提出一种基于模糊影响图(FID)的库存弹药事故概率分析方法,并对FID模型的构建过程和算法进行概述;以弹药被盗事故作为实例分析,并得到事故概率分布图和累积概率曲线。结果表明,FID的算法理论及建模过程能较好地克服FTA、ETA等传统方法的局限性,实例分析指出弹药被盗事故在10-4数量级的隶属度最高,且事故发生概率更趋向于10-3～10-1数量级,从而得到一旦仓库安全防范措施不到位,就很有可能发生弹药被盗事故的结论。