利用餐厨垃圾湿热处理脱出液制备液态菌肥研究

以餐厨垃圾湿热处理脱出液为发酵培养基,选用圆褐固氮菌(Azotobacter chroococcum)作为实验菌种制作固氮液态菌肥。测定了圆褐固氮菌的主要生理特性,将其接种于餐厨湿热处理脱出液中进行培养,确定最佳发酵时间,并分别测定发酵的最佳初始p H值、接种量、培养温度、摇床转速、装液量、脱出液与水的混合比例。结果表明:圆褐固氮菌在餐厨湿热处理脱出液中最佳发酵时间为36 h,发酵最佳初始p H值、接种量、培养温度、摇床转速、装液量、脱出液与水的混合比例依次为7.5、1%、30℃、150 r/min、50 m L(250 m L锥形瓶)、1∶1。圆褐固氮菌在餐厨垃圾湿热处理脱出液中进行培养后,可达到液态菌肥的活菌数标准。     

石田螺处理城市剩余污泥试验

应用石田螺（Sinotaia quadrata）摄食和消化城市剩余污泥,通过考察石田螺的最佳养殖密度、城市剩余污泥经石田螺处理前后性质的变化和重金属转移规律,对石田螺处理城市剩余污泥的可行性进行了研究. 结果表明:石田螺在养殖密度为13～15 kg/m3时存活率较高;石田螺可将城市剩余污泥直接转化为颗粒螺粪,可有效去除污泥中的有机物,对VS和TOC去除率分别达到23%和37%. 对城市剩余污泥经石田螺处理后得到的螺粪进行厌氧发酵产气试验,12 d后的总产气量仅为0.5 mL,可见螺粪的厌氧消化活性较低,这可在一定程度上避免污泥腐化发臭. 石田螺对城市剩余污泥中Cr,Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd 5种重金属的富集系数（BCF）分别为1.09,1.36,1.17,1.33和3.41;石田螺对Ni无富集作用. 城市剩余污泥处理后得到的螺粪重金属质量分数符合国家《农用污泥中污染物控制标准》（GB4284—84）,在其他污染物项目达标的前提下,可用作为城市绿化用肥或土壤改良剂等,实现污泥的资源化利用.      

解淀粉芽孢杆菌生物有机肥防控土壤氨挥发

为了验证解淀粉芽孢杆菌生物有机肥防控农田土壤氨挥发的效果,并了解其微生物生态学机制,通过温室蔬菜大棚盆栽生菜的方式,探究在施用解淀粉芽孢杆菌生物有机肥（BB）与化肥的条件下,土壤氨挥发量、作物品质及产量、土壤微生物的变化.设置4组盆栽试验,依次为不施肥对照（CK）、100%化肥处理（C）、50% BB+50%化肥处理（B1）和100% BB处理（B2）,3组处理的施氮量相同.采用动态箱法对施肥后土壤氨挥发通量进行测定.基于16S rDNA高通量测序分析,对土壤氨挥发峰值期间的细菌群落进行分析.结果发现,与C组相比,B1和B2组的氨挥发总量分别降低79.5%和84.8%;B2组生菜硝酸盐含量最低、产量最高,相对于CK和C组分别增产50.5%和12.3%;B1组生菜的维生素C含量最高,为67.6mg ·kg^-1;施用BB提高了土壤细菌群落的多样性及丰富度,特别是芽孢杆菌、硝化螺菌属相对丰度明显提升;显示出施用BB对防治空气污染和提高氮素利用率具有重要作用.     

巨大芽孢杆菌在餐厨垃圾湿热处理脱出液中生长条件优化研究

选用巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megatherium)作为实验菌种,以餐厨垃圾湿热处理脱出液为发酵培养基制作解磷液态菌肥。将巨大芽孢杆菌接种于餐厨垃圾湿热处理脱出液中进行培养并确定最佳发酵时间,考察初始p H值、接种量、培养温度、摇床转速、装液量和脱出液与水的混合比例对活菌数的影响。结果表明:巨大芽孢杆菌在餐厨垃圾湿热处理脱出液中最佳发酵时间为36 h,发酵最佳初始p H值、接种量、培养温度、摇床转速、装液量和脱出液与水的混合比例分别为7.5、2%、30℃、210 r/min、50 m L(250 m L锥形瓶)和1∶1。巨大芽孢杆菌在餐厨垃圾湿热处理脱出液中进行培养后可达到农业部规定的液态菌肥的活菌数(2×108cfu/m L)标准。     

Embarking on the Second Green Revolution for Sustainable Agriculture in India: A Judicious Mix of Traditional Wisdom and Modern Knowledge in Ecological Farming

The Green Revolution in India which was heralded in the 1960‘s was a mixed blessing. Ambitious use of agro-chemicals boosted food production but also destroyed the agricultural ecosystem. Of late Indian farmers and agricultural scientists have realized this and are anxious to find alternatives – perhaps a non-chemical agriculture – and have even revived their age-old traditional techniques of natural farming. Scientists are working to find economically cheaper and ecologically safer alternatives to agro-chemicals. Blue-Green Algae Biofertilizers, Earthworm Vermicomposts (Vermiculture), biological control of pests and herbal biopesticides are showing promise. Saline agriculture and sewage farming are also being promoted in India to augment food production in the face of water scarcity. There is a move to search for alternative foods, which are more nutritious, cheaper and have shorter harvest cycles. Farm and food policy in India has to change its outlook before there can be a second green revolution. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.