三峡库区蓄水初期大宁河重金属食物链放大特征研究

三峡库区蓄水后重金属在库区沉积物中累积,为了解由此带来的鱼类重金属富集放大风险,于2012年3月以库区支流大宁河为例,采集16种代表性鱼类,利用稳定同位素技术对鱼类间营养关系和Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、As和Hg等重金属元素在食物链中的生物放大情况进行了研究.结果表明,大部分重金属在鱼体中处于较低水平,但在不同种类鱼体中含量差异显著.鱼体样品δ13C与鱼类生活水层关系密切,分布范围为-22.80‰~-28.97‰,水体上层鱼类δ13C值较低,而水体底层鱼类δ13C值较高;而δ15N受鱼类食性影响明显,范围为6.41‰~13.88‰.在食物链的传递过程中,鱼体Hg浓度随营养等级的升高而显著增大,但放大效率较低.除Hg外的金属元素与δ15N的关系均不显著,未出现明显生物放大.但小个体鱼类体内金属含量较高,存在潜在污染风险.     

A model for estimating the potential biomagnification of chemicals in a generic food web: Preliminary development

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of organic pollutants have been increasingly assessed and modeled during the last years. Due to the complexity of these processes and the large variability of food webs, setting generic assessments for these parameters is really difficult. Equilibrium models, based on a compound's lipophylicity, are the main tool in regulatory proposals, such as for identifying Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic Substances (PBTs), although a refinement has been claimed by the scientific community. Toxicokinetic studies offer an alternative for these estimations, where biomagnification is modeled as a succession of bioaccumulation processes, each one regulated by toxicokinetic parameters. METHODS: A review of kinetic models covering species belonging to different trophic levels and with different ecological behavior has been conducted. The results were employed for setting a conceptual model for estimating the biomagnification potential in a generic food web, which was mathematically implemented through system dynamic models developed under data sheet software. Crystal Ball was then employed for allowing Monte Carlo based probabilistic calculations. Bioaccumulation laboratory assays have been performed to estimate toxicokinetic parameters in mussels (Mytilus edulis) with two PAHs (chrysene and benzo[a]pyrene). The contamination was delivered via food. The exposure period lasted more than one month followed then by a depuration phase. The contaminant content was determined on an individual basis on five replicates. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:. The reviewed information suggested the development of a tiered conceptual biomagnification model, starting with a simplified food chain which can be refined to more realistic and complex models in successive levels. CONCLUSIONS: The mathematical implementation of the conceptual model offers tools for estimating the potential for bioaccumulation and biomagnification of chemicals under very different conditions. The versatility of the model can be used for both comparative estimations and for validating the model. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: Since bioaccumulation and biomagnification processes are crucial elements for a proper risk assessment of chemicals, their estimation by mathematical models has been widely tested. However, inregulatory assessments, too simplistic models are still being used quite often. The biomagnification model presented in this study should be amore accurate alternative to these models. In comparison to other previously published biomagnification models, the present one covers the time variation of bioaccumulation using just a few toxicokinetic parameters.     

北黄海近岸海域生物体中酚类内分泌干扰物富集与放大作用研究

在北黄海近岸海域21个典型区域采集了可构成3个营养级的6种生物样品,分别为海带、裙带菜、牡蛎、扇贝、海参和黑鱼.采用HPLC-MS/MS检测6种生物样品中双酚A(BPA)、辛基酚(0P)、壬基酚(NP)、2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)、对叔丁基苯酚(PTBP)和对特辛基苯酚(POP)质量比,并进一步采用生物富集因子(BAF)和生物放大因子(TMF)评价了北黄海近岸海域生物体内酚类内分泌干扰物的富集作用与放大能力.结果表明,北黄海近岸海域生物体中6种酚类内分泌干扰物的质量比范围为检出限(nd)～1 796.26 ng/g,其中2,4-二氯酚具有较强的生物富集效应,辛基酚和壬基酚具有潜在的生物富集效应,同时营养级越高,生物放大作用越明显.研究表明,海洋生物体对酚类内分泌干扰物的富集能力随营养级升高而增大.     

陡河水库鱼体汞的生物积累初探

为了解陡河燃煤电厂大气汞释放对毗邻的陡河水库水生生态系统中鱼体汞含量、生物积累和放大等的影响,本研究采集陡河水库野生鱼、虾和螺蛳,分别测定了鱼样等生物样品中的总汞和甲基汞,并对部分代表性样品测定稳定碳氮同位素比值。鱼汞分布特征和δ13C‰和δ15N‰同位素比值分布特征显示:鱼体(鲜样)中总汞和甲基汞平均含量分别为56.4±26.7和15.5±8.4 ng·g-1,总汞含量最高的是杂食性的白条鱼为133 ng·g-1。不同食性的鱼体δ13C和δ15N稳定同位素值变化范围分别为-28.1‰~-24.4‰和12.0‰~16.1‰,Log10[Hg]与δ15N的线性相关斜率值为负值。以上结果表明:陡河水库鱼体汞总体偏低,没有发现高生物积累和生物放大,其主要原因在于陡河水库水环境中汞含量较低,且陡河水库靠近市区,过度捕捞使可以捕获的鱼样种类和数量偏少,且鱼龄较低。     

Testing and evaluation methods for environmental chemicals

Although several polydimethylsiloxane oligomers are taken up by fish after dietary and aqueous exposure, they do not significantly accumulate, despite their high hydrophobicity compared to polychlorinated biphenyls. For both cyclic and linear oligomers with less than fourteen silicon units, this is probably due to short half life times. For all oligomers these were less than 4.5 days. Linear oligomers with more than fourteen silicon units were not detectable in fish, probably due to a lack of uptake.

After dietary exposure the body burden of PDMS oligomers usually never exceeded the daily exposure dose. The biomagnification factors were less than 0.06, whereas for 2, 2’, 5, 5'‐tetrachlorobiphenyl 1.4 was found.

After aqueous exposure, bioconcentration factors were all less than 1200 for PDMS oligomers, and 27,000 for the biphenyl. In addition it was found that the uptake rate constants of the silicon compounds from water by fish were comparable to those of other hydrophobic chemicals such as PCB's. Hence it was concluded that the relatively low bioconcentration and biomagnification factors of PDMS oligomers with less than fourteen silicon units must be explained by rapid elimination, rather than by slow uptake.     

饵料加标研究二甲苯麝香在鱼体内的蓄积和清除能力

二甲苯麝香(musk xylene,MX)是一种人造麝香,具有强烈的麝香气,可用作化妆品香精和皂用香精等的定香剂。由于其持续不断地输入环境,它们在水、土壤、大气中的浓度逐渐升高,并且在动物和人体组织中产生了蓄积,其蓄积效应相当于有机氯农药(organochlorine pesticides,OCPs)等持久性有机污染物,因而研究MX在鱼体内的蓄积特征是十分必要的。本文用含浓度为50 mg·kg-1和100 mg·kg-1的MX的饵料投喂斑马鱼(Danio rerio)和稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)14 d,继而进入为期28 d的清除实验。通过快速溶剂萃取(accelerated solvent extraction,ASE)、凝胶渗透色谱(gel permeation chromatography,GPC)、气相色谱-质谱联用法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)测定斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫体内MX的浓度,继而评估鱼对MX的清除能力。结果表明,饵料中MX浓度越高,鱼体内MX的蓄积水平越高,100 mg·kg-1浓度组的蓄积水平为50 mg·kg-1浓度组的蓄积水平的2~3倍。在整个试验阶段的不同时间点分析鱼的体重和脂肪与鱼体内MX浓度的关系,数据显示,MX在鱼体内的蓄积水平与鱼的体重存在正线性关系,而与鱼体内脂肪含量的关系还有待进一步研究。经28 d的清除,鱼体内的MX残留量接近于零,说明斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫对MX的清除能力较强。     

黄海常见鱼类体内汞含量的种内和种间差异研究

海洋鱼类体内的汞含量及其影响因素是研究汞在海洋生态系统中生物放大效应的关键问题.为探明黄海鱼类体内汞含量的种内差异和种间差异,于2012年8~10月采集了9种共164条常见经济野生鱼类,用直接测汞仪测定了鱼体肌肉中的汞含量(总汞),同时测量了每个样品的体长、体重,并分析了不同种鱼类的食性和营养级.164条鱼类样品肌肉中汞含量(以干重计)变化范围为0.025~0.526μg·g-1,平均值为(0.124±0.096)μg·g-1.同一种鱼类,汞含量与体长、体重显著正相关.营养级大于2.8的捕食性鱼类体内汞含量高于营养级小于2.8的滤食性鱼类.此外,体重增长快的鱼类在生长稀释作用下,肌肉中的汞含量也较低.结果表明,体长、体重是影响黄海常见鱼类体内汞含量种内差异的重要因素,食性、营养级水平和体重增长速率的差异是影响黄海常见鱼类汞生物累积种间差异的重要因素.     

多溴联苯醚的生物富集效应研究进展

研究污染物的生物富集效应对于预测污染物在生物体内的含量、建立环境标准以及评估污染物的生态风险具有重要的意义.论文结合近年来国内外有关多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的生物富集及其沿食物链(网)生物放大效应的研究文献,对PBDEs的生物富集效应进行了综述.文献计算的生物富集因子(BAFs)、生物-沉积物/土壤生物富集因子(BSAFs)和生物放大因子(BMFs)表明,生物对大多数PBDEs具有生物富集作用,且生物对PBDEs的富集能力与其生物进化等级及其营养级有关.文献计算的营养级放大因子(TMFs)表明,大多数PBDE单体可以在食物网上产生生物放大效应,但只有较少单体具有统计上的显著性.生物的生理生化参数、化合物本身的特性以及环境条件等因素影响了PBDEs在生物体内及食物链(网)上的富集与放大.     

持久性有机污染物在食物链中积累与放大研究进展

研究持久性有机污染物(Persistent organic pollutants,POPs)在食物链中的积累与放大是进行环境风险评估和有效污染控制的生态学基础.本文综述了POPs的基本特征,POPs在食物链中的生物积累与放大的机制、影响因素以及POPs在食物链中积累与放大的模型等的研究进展.国外学者对POPs在水生食物链的积累与放大方面研究较多,并提出了较为完善的预测模型,而有关POPs在陆生食物链中的生物积累与放大的研究报道较少.大部分学者并未对完整食物链进行过系统而完整的研究.与国外相比,国内学者对POPs在水生陆生食物链中的生物积累、生物放大和预测模型探讨较少.目前POPs对环境和人体健康危害越来越严重,开展对POPs在食物链中积累、放大及相关预测模型更深入更完整的研究,已成为当前生态学和环境科学研究的重点课题和前沿领域.