紫外光芬顿-膜分离耦合体系降解金霉素

以金霉素为降解对象，采用沉淀法制备α-FeOOH光催化剂，进一步将其用共价结合法负载在陶瓷膜上，用SEM、XRD、EDS、UV-Vis和FTIR对α-FeOOH和光催化陶瓷膜进行表征.结果表明催化剂α-FeOOH呈针状或纺锤长片状，长宽分别为500~550nm、25~50nm，经α-FeOOH改性的陶瓷膜孔隙率由14.83%变为8.11%.研究光芬顿陶瓷膜耦合体系对金霉素的降解效率和动力学行为，确定了光芬顿陶瓷膜耦合体系的最优降解条件为金霉素初始浓度50mg/L，H₂O₂投加浓度10mmol/L，UV强度为3796.6μW/cm².进一步利用UV-Vis光谱分析了两种体系对金霉素的降解机理，光催化剂体系下，H₂O₂的浓度基本保持不变，而光芬顿陶瓷膜耦合体系下H₂O₂的浓度先升后降，同时后者在同一时间点对TOC和NH₄⁺-N去除率更高，表明光芬顿陶瓷膜耦合体系氧化能力更强，对金霉素的降解更为彻底.     

二氧化锰氧化降解金霉素的动力学研究

研究了金霉素(CTC)在二氧化锰(MnO2)作用下的氧化降解过程,并讨论了初始MnO2浓度、体系pH及温度对降解反应的影响.无MnO2存在时,CTC没有发生降解.但是当体系中存在MnO2时,CTC浓度开始迅速下降,反应后期降解速率逐渐变慢;同时体系中二价锰离子(Mn2+)浓度逐渐升高,表明MnO2可以降解CTC,该过程是一个氧化还原反应.采用草酸溶解MnO2和过滤2种不同的方法终止反应,对比2种方法所得的结果,可以发现该反应过程中,开始阶段降解作用占主导地位,在反应达到平衡后吸附作用才明显.CTC的降解速率随着MnO2初始浓度的增加和体系温度的升高均显著加快.反应体系的pH能强烈影响CTC的氧化降解,降解速率随着pH的升高而明显降低.这是由于CTC随体系pH由3.77升高到7.41时,分别以阳离子、中性形态和阴离子的形式存在;而-δMnO2(pHzpc=2.25)表面在pH3.77的整个范围内均呈现为负电性.因此随pH升高,阴离子形态的CTC逐渐增多,导致其在MnO2表面的吸附作用减弱,从而使降解速率变缓.     

Chlortetracycline and tylosin runoff from soils treated with antimicrobial containing manure

This study assessed the runoff potential of tylosin and chlortetracycline (CTC) from soils treated with manure from swine fed rations containing the highest labeled rate of each chemical. Slurry manures from the swine contained either CTC at 108 μ g/g or tylosin at 0.3 μ g/g. These manures were surface applied to clay loam, silty clay loam, and silt loam soils at a rate of 0.22 Mg/ha. In one trial, tylosin was applied directly to the soil surface to examine runoff potential of water and chemical when manure was not present. Water was applied using a sprinkler infiltrometer 24-hr after manure application with runoff collected incrementally every 5 min for about 45 min. A biofilm crust formed on all manure-treated surfaces and infiltration was impeded with > 70% of the applied water collected as runoff. The total amount of CTC collected ranged from 0.9 to 3.5% of the amount applied whereas tylosin ranged from 8.4 to 12%. These data indicate that if surface-applied manure contains antimicrobials, runoff could lead to offsite contamination.     

Land application of tylosin and chlortetracycline swine manure: Impacts to soil nutrients and soil microbial community structure

The land application of aged chortetracycle (CTC) and tylosin-containing swine manure was investigated to determine associated impacts to soil microbial respiration, nutrient (phosphorus, ammonium, nitrate) cycling, and soil microbial community structure under laboratory conditions. Two silty clay loam soils common to southeastern South Dakota were used. Aerobic soil respiration results using batch reactors containing a soil-manure mixture showed that interactions between soil, native soil microbial populations, and antimicrobials influenced CO₂ generation. The aged tylosin treatment resulted in the greatest degree of CO₂ inhibition, while the aged CTC treatment was similar to the no-antimicrobial treatment. For soil columns in which manure was applied at a one-time agronomic loading rate, there was no significant difference in soil-P behavior between either aged CTC or tylosin and the no-antimicrobial treatment. For soil-nitrogen (ammonium and nitrate), the aged CTC treatment resulted in rapid ammonium accumulation at the deeper 40cm soil column depth, while nitrate production was minimal. The aged CTC treatment microbial community structure was different than the no-antimicrobial treatment, where amines/amide and carbohydrate chemical guilds utilization profile were low. The aged tylosin treatment also resulted in ammonium accumulation at 40 cm column depth, however nitrate accumulation also occurred concurrently at 10 cm. The microbial community structure for the aged tylosin was also significantly different than the no-antimicrobial treatment, with a higher degree of amines/amides and carbohydrate chemical guild utilization compared to the no-antimicrobial treatment. Study results suggest that land application of CTC and tylosin-containing manure appears to fundamentally change microbial-mediated nitrogen behavior within soil A horizons.     

四环素类抗生素对淡水绿藻的毒性作用

四环素类抗生素是目前世界上应用最为广泛的抗生素之一,也是我国畜禽养殖业中使用量最大的兽药和饲料添加剂.由于该类物质不易被生物体吸收且当前的污水处理设施对抗生素不能彻底去除,故大量抗生素及其代谢产物最终进入地表水环境,其对水生态系统和人体健康的潜在威胁值得关注.本研究以水生态系统初级生产者淡水绿藻为受试生物,系统考察四环素、金霉素和强力霉素对蛋白核小球藻、斜生栅藻细胞膜通透性和生长抑制作用的影响.结果表明,抗生素暴露96 h后,强力霉素在整个作用浓度范围内使供试淡水绿藻细胞膜通透性降低;而金霉素和四环素低浓度暴露可以增大藻细胞膜通透性,此后随着作用浓度的增大转为降低.3种抗生素对淡水绿藻生长抑制率大致呈现强力霉素>四环素>金霉素的顺序趋势.斜生栅藻对四环素类抗生素的毒性响应较蛋白核小球藻更为敏感.     

两种兽药添加剂对蚯蚓的DNA损伤及其联合效应

采用土壤中的指示生物赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia foetida）作为受试生物,研究了两种兽药添加剂四环素和金霉素对赤子爱胜蚓的急性毒性.结果表明：滤纸接触法染毒48h后,这两种兽药添加剂在所设最大受试剂量内没有引起蚯蚓死亡,半致死浓度LC50〉3.98×10^-2mg·cm^-2.应用彗星试验检测蚯蚓体腔细胞的DNA损...     

土壤有机质和镉对金霉素吸附-解吸的影响

金霉素已经广泛应用于兽药生产和疾病治疗.由于动物废弃物的土地应用和其它输入来源,重金属与四环素类抗生素往往共存于土壤环境中.基于OECD 106号指导准则,采用批量平衡实验方法,研究了金霉素及其与镉复合后在褐土及去有机质褐土中的吸附和解吸行为.结果表明,在单一和复合污染条件下,金霉素在褐土和去有机质褐土中的吸附和解吸等温线都可以用Freundlich模型进行良好地拟合.在金霉素单一污染和金霉素-镉复合污染条件下,去除有机质能够增加金霉素在褐土中的吸附容量(Kf)和吸附强度(1/n).金霉素在土壤上的解吸过程存在明显的滞后现象,在单一污染物情况下,金霉素在去有机质褐土的解吸滞后现象增强,其HI从0.81增加到1.06;而加镉后这种现象反而有所减弱,其HI从1.11减低到0.84.本研究为建立更加完善的模型以预测金霉素环境浓度或评价其环境风险,提供了可利用的数据和参数.     

Microbial response to repeated treatments of manure containing sulfadiazine and chlortetracycline in soil

Substantive addition of antibiotic-contaminated manure to agricultural soil may lead to “persistent” residues of antibiotics and may affect soil health. Therefore, this study examines the effects of repeated manure treatments containing sulfadiazine (SDZ) and chlortetracycline (CTC) residues, both individually and combined, on the functional diversity and structure of soil microbial communities in the soils under laboratory conditions. The average well color development (AWCD), Simpson diversity index (1/D, dominant populations), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H′, richness), and McIntosh diversity index (U, evenness) in the antibiotics-treated soils decreased in the first 60-day treatment and then gradually recovered or even exceeded the initial level in the unamended soils with increasing treatment frequency. A total of 11 specific bands in temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) profiles were observed and sequence analyzed for five repeated treatments, and most of them belonged to the phyla Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. These results indicate that repeated treatments of manure containing SDZ and CTC residues can alter soil microbial community structure, although they have a temporary suppression effect on soil microbial functional diversity.     

3种四环素类抗生素在褐土上的吸附和解吸

以OECD Guideline 106为基础,采用批量平衡方法研究3种四环素类抗生素在褐土上的吸附和解吸作用.结果表明,3种四环素类抗生素的吸附和解吸不同程度地偏离线性模型,其中Freundlich模型可以对吸附和解吸数据进行良好的非线性拟合,平均拟合相关系数为0.991;其中金霉素的吸附等温线呈“S型”,土霉素的吸附等温线呈“L型”,而四环素的吸附等温线呈线性.在2种褐土中,金霉素吸附容量(lgKf) (4.307和4.003)高于四环素,而四环素lgKf (3.252和3.198)高于土霉素lgKf (2.932和2.724).对于同一种抗生素,在2种褐土中的吸附容量和吸附强度并无显著差异性.此类抗生素在褐土中的吸附均以物理性吸附为主.土霉素在褐土中的滞后系数显著高于四环素和金霉素(P<0.01),而四环素和金霉素的解吸滞后系数之间无显著差异.     

畜禽养殖废水沼液生物脱氮的影响因素研究

畜禽养殖废水中的抗生素会影响生物脱氮过程,加剧水体富营养化。采用SBR法处理模拟畜禽废水厌氧消化液探究金霉素、碱度和温度对生物脱氮的限速步骤硝化过程的影响。6个相同的SBR反应器分别在25,30℃、不同金霉素浓度和碱度条件下运行166个周期。结果表明:不同温度和碱度下,金霉素质量浓度依次为0,5,20 mg/L时,随着金霉素浓度升高,氨氧化率降低,亚硝态氮积累率升高。不同温度和金霉素浓度下,氨氧化率随碱度的减少(ALK/N分别为9.28、7.14、4.76、3.57、2.38、0)而降低;而亚硝态氮积累率随温度变化而改变。由此可见,金霉素对AOB和NOB均有抑制作用,致使氨氧化率降低;其中,金霉素对NOB的抑制作用大于AOB,造成亚硝态氮累积。金霉素和温度的共同作用可致使亚硝态氮积累率增加。