The effect of imazethapyr on soil microbes in soybean fields in northeast China

Large quantities of herbicides are used on agricultural soils, but the effects of herbicides on the structure of the soil microbial community have not been well investigated. In this study, soil from three soybean fields was investigated. The herbicide imazethapyr was applied in one year to soil 1 and in two sequential years to soil 2. Control soil received no imazethapyr. Microbial biomass and community structure were characterised using chloroform fumigation–extraction and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) determination. The imazethapyr residue was 1.62 μ g·kg^?1 in soil 1 and 1.79 μ g·kg^?1 in soil 2. The microbial biomass carbon and total PLFAs for soil 2 were much higher than for the other soils. PLFA profiles showed that fatty acids for Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as total bacteria and total fungi in soil 2 were higher than in other samples. Principal component analysis of the PLFAs showed that the structure of the microbial community differed substantially among the three different soybean field soils. Application of the herbicide imazethapyr to soybean fields clearly changed the soil microbial biomass and shifted the structure of the microbial community.     

改性大豆秸秆生物炭对咪唑乙烟酸的吸附

700℃热解温度下制备大豆秸秆生物炭,并利用酸、碱、氨基修饰和铁磁化4种方法对其进行改性,比较4种改性大豆秸秆生物炭对咪唑乙烟酸的吸附性能及机制,同时考察溶液pH值、温度和添加量对吸附效果的影响,并探讨了改性大豆秸秆生物炭在提高土壤对咪唑乙烟酸吸附固定能力中的应用效果.结果表明,在pH值为2~4的酸性环境中,改性大豆秸秆生物炭吸附效果更好;相对于其他3种方法,铁磁化改性大豆秸秆生物炭对咪唑乙烟酸具有更好的吸附性能,吸附符合准一级动力学模型和Langmuir模型,且Langmuir模型拟合结果表明其对咪唑乙烟酸的最大吸附量可达338.785mg/g;添加1%铁磁性改性大豆秸秆生物炭的土壤对咪唑乙烟酸吸附量提高为对照组的2.37倍.     

Release behavior and bioefficacy of imazethapyr formulations based on biopolymeric hydrogels

Controlled release formulations of imazethapyr herbicide have been developed employing guar gum-g-cl-polyacrylate/bentonite clay hydrogel composite (GG-HG) and guar gum-g-cl-PNIPAm nano hydrogel (GG-NHG) as carriers, to assess the suitability of biopolymeric hydrogels as controlled herbicide release devices. The kinetics of imazethapyr release from the developed formulations was studied in water and it revealed that the developed formulations of imazethapyr behaved as slow release formulations as compared to commercial formulation. The calculated diffusion exponent (n) values showed that Fickian diffusion was the predominant mechanism of imazethapyr release from the developed formulations. Time for release of half of the loaded imazethapyr (t_1/2) ranged between 0.06 and 4.8 days in case of GG-NHG and 4.4 and 12.6 days for the GG-HG formulations. Weed control index (WCI) of GG-HG and GG-NHG formulations was similar to that of the commercial formulation and the herbicidal effect was observed for relatively longer period. Guar gum-based biopolymeric hydrogels in both macro and nano particle size range can serve as potential carriers in developing slow release herbicide formulations.     

改性大豆秸秆生物炭对咪唑乙烟酸的吸附

700℃热解温度下制备大豆秸秆生物炭,并利用酸、碱、氨基修饰和铁磁化4种方法对其进行改性,比较4种改性大豆秸秆生物炭对咪唑乙烟酸的吸附性能及机制,同时考察溶液pH值、温度和添加量对吸附效果的影响,并探讨了改性大豆秸秆生物炭在提高土壤对咪唑乙烟酸吸附固定能力中的应用效果.结果表明,在pH值为2~4的酸性环境中,改性大豆秸秆生物炭吸附效果更好;相对于其他3种方法,铁磁化改性大豆秸秆生物炭对咪唑乙烟酸具有更好的吸附性能,吸附符合准一级动力学模型和Langmuir模型,且Langmuir模型拟合结果表明其对咪唑乙烟酸的最大吸附量可达338.785mg/g;添加1%铁磁性改性大豆秸秆生物炭的土壤对咪唑乙烟酸吸附量提高为对照组的2.37倍.     

咪唑乙烟酸降解菌S181的分离鉴定及其降解特性

为咪唑乙烟酸污染土壤的生物修复提供菌源,采用瓶富集培养法,从长期施用咪唑乙烟酸的土壤中筛选出1株对咪唑乙烟酸降解能力较强的放线菌,命名为S181.该菌株可利用咪唑乙烟酸为唯一氮源生长.经形态特征、生理生化特性及16S rRNA序列分析,初步鉴定该菌株为大宫链霉菌(Streptomyces omiyaensis).以S1...     

除草剂普杀特在土壤—水两相中的吸附-脱附和光解

 为了解普杀特农药进入自然界的环境行为，特别是它在不同土壤—水体系中的分配和归宿，研究了其在8种土壤上的吸附 脱附过程，并且通过模拟太阳光探讨了普杀特在水相中的光解情况。结果表明，普杀特在土壤上的吸附 脱附与土壤的理化性质密切相关，高有机质、低pH值的土壤具有强吸附能力；其吸附、脱附均可用Freundlich方程描述，但脱附等温线要滞后于吸附线。太阳光中紫外部分的光有利于普杀特光解，其光解可用假一级动力学方程表示。     

Abiotic degradation (photodegradation and hydrolysis) of imidazolinone herbicides

The abiotic degradation of the imidazolinone herbicides imazapyr, imazethapyr and imazaquin was investigated under controlled conditions. Hydrolysis, where it occurred, and photodegradation both followed first-order kinetics for all herbicides. There was no hydrolysis of any of the herbicides in buffer solutions at pH 3 or pH 7; however, slow hydrolysis occurred at pH 9. Estimated half-lives for the three herbicides in solution in the dark were 6.5, 9.2 and 9.6 months for imazaquin, imazethapyr and imazapyr, respectively. Degradation of the herbicides in the light was considerably more rapid than in the dark with half lives for the three herbicides of 1.8, 9.8 and 9.1 days for imazaquin, imazethapyr and imazapyr, respectively. The presence of humic acids in the solution reduced the rate of photodegradation for all three herbicides, with higher concentrations of humic acids generally having greater effect. Photodegradation of imazethapyr was the least sensitive to humic acids. The enantioselectivity of photodegradation was investigated using imazaquin, with photodegradation occurring at the same rate for both enantiomers. Abiotic degradation of imidazolinone herbicides on the soil surface only occurred in the presence of light. The rate of degradation for all herbicides was slower than in solution, with half-lives of 15.3, 24.6 and 30.9 days for imazaquin, imazethapyr and imazapyr, respectively. Abiotic degradation of these herbicides is likely to be slow in the environment and is only likely to occur in clear water or on the soil surface.     

Sorption and predicted mobility of herbicides in Baltic soils

This study was undertaken to determine sorption coefficients of eight herbicides (alachlor, amitrole, atrazine, simazine, dicamba, imazamox, imazethapyr, and pendimethalin) to seven agricultural soils from sites throughout Lithuania. The measured sorption coefficients were used to predict the susceptibility of these herbicides to leach to groundwater. Soil-water partitioning coefficients were measured in batch equilibrium studies using radiolabeled herbicides. In most soils, sorption followed the general trend pendimethalin > alachlor > atrazine～ amitrole～ simazine > imazethapyr > imazamox > dicamba, consistent with the trends in hydrophobicity (log K_ow) except in the case of amitrole. For several herbicides, sorption coefficients and calculated retardation factors were lowest (predicted to be most susceptible to leaching) in a soil of intermediate organic carbon content and sand content. Calculated herbicide retardation factors were high for soils with high organic carbon contents. Estimated leaching times under saturated conditions, assuming no herbicide degradation and no preferential water flow, were more strongly affected by soil textural effects on predicted water flow than by herbicide sorption effects. All herbicides were predicted to be slowest to leach in soils with high clay and low sand contents, and fastest to leach in soils with high sand content and low organic matter content. Herbicide management is important to the continued increase in agricultural production and profitability in the Baltic region, and these results will be useful in identifying critical areas requiring improved management practices to reduce water contamination by pesticides.     

毒死蜱和咪草烟对土壤微生物呼吸的影响

土壤微生物是土壤生态系统中重要的组成部分,也是土壤肥力的一个重要指标。不同品种除草剂对不同土壤微生物的影响是不同的,有些除草剂在田间常用量的条件下,对土壤微生物会产生明显的影响,而选择性除草剂在常规用量下一般不会引起土壤微生物区系的改变,且有的微生物以除草剂作碳源,施用后使微生物增殖。本文采用密闭静置培养测CO2法,测定了毒死蜱和咪草烟对土壤中微生物呼吸的影响。结果表明：两种农药对土壤中微生物的影响不大,属于低毒与无实际危害级农药。     

咪唑乙烟酸降解菌的分离、鉴定及其降解特性研究

从生产咪唑乙烟酸化工厂排污口的污泥和长期施用咪唑乙烟酸的混合土壤中分离到1株能降解咪唑乙烟酸的细菌.该菌株在72h内对500mS/L的咪唑乙烟酸降解率达到90%以上. pU为5时,500mS/L的咪唑乙烟酸72h内可全部降解,而pU 8和pH9条件下,72h咪唑乙烟酸的降解率仅为50%左右,酸性条件比碱性条件更适合降解菌的生长.25℃和30℃条件下,降解菌对咪唑乙烟酸的降解效率较高.25℃, pH 5是降解菌对咪唑乙烟酸降解的最佳条件.从形态特征、生理生化特性及 16S rRNA序列分析鉴定该菌株属于产碱菌属.