炼油厂VOCs排放及其对O3生成的敏感性研究

对某炼油石化厂进行了O3体积分数和VOCs的监测分析,获得炼油厂周边地区各月O3的体积分数变化特征和日O3体积分数变化特征.研究发现,该炼油厂地区O3体积分数经常超过国家二级标准,说明该地区O3污染严重.该地区O3日变化曲线不同于所在城市中心的O3变化特征.炼油厂地区O3体积分数在6-8月显示出双峰特性以及更长的最大值持续时间.与此同时,在5月、9月、10月使用SUMMA采样罐在炼油厂厂界进行VOCs样品采集,使用气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC - MS)对样品进行分析,得到厂界VOCs各组分的体积分数,烷烃比例最高,约82.6％,其中直链烷烃占49.9％,而芳香烃和烯烃仅为10.2％和7.5％.VOCs监测结果与文献相近,烯烃排放量略低.此外,为了对炼油石化厂排放的VOCs各物种敏感性特征进行量化描述,利用丙烯等效浓度法,对炼油厂区域各VOCs物种的反应活性进行了归一化研究,量化了该地区各物种的反应活性,获得了综合反应活性较强的5种烯烃、4种直链烷烃和1种环烷烃.     

尾矿库地下水污染风险评价体系研究

为解决目前缺乏统一的、系统的尾矿库地下水污染风险评价方法的问题,通过超标浓度风险直观地反映最大可信事故的危害及其风险的大小,综合水层固有脆弱性、污染荷载风险、污染危害性3方面因素对地下水污染风险进行定量分析和评价.提出相应的评价标准以及风险管理措施,建立了尾矿库地下水污染风险评价体系.将地下水污染风险分成5个等级,实现了尾矿库地下水环境风险评价定量化和标准化.最后将评价体系应用于排山楼金矿尾矿库的地下水污染风险评价,验证了其可行性.     

铅锌冶炼废水处理后沉渣重金属元素特征与环境活性研究

通过扫描电子显微镜与X射线衍射仪分析、BCR法三步连续提取及元素化学分析,对铅锌冶炼废水处理后沉渣中重金属的赋存状态、环境活性进行研究。结果表明,沉渣中主要毒害元素为Zn、Pb、Mn、Cd和Cu,且以非晶态存在,其含量分别为62350、29530、7650、4530和830 mg/kg。渣中Zn和Cd酸可提取态所占比例较大,分别为37.72%和34.44%; Mn的可还原态相对含量很高,达到49.67%;Zn和Pb的可氧化态含量较高,分别占全量的34.16%、34.68%;Pb和Cu的残渣态含量较高,分别占全量的39.72%和61.69%。     

Matrix-bound phosphine and phosphorus fractions in paddy soils

Phosphine (PH(3)) is a natural gaseous carrier of phosphorus (P) in its geochemical cycles, and it might be important to the P balance of natural ecosystems. Paddy fields are thought to be one of the main sources responsible for the production and emission of PH(3) in to the environment. The relationships between matrix-bound PH(3) (MBP) and different P fractions, as well as selected metals were investigated to explore the possible production of MBP and its link to P cycle in the paddy soils. MBP range from 20.8 (-1) to 502 ng kg(-1) with an average of 145 ng kg(-1). Concentrations at the milk stage are significantly higher than at the jointing stage. The total P range from 333 mg kg(-1) to 592 mg kg(-1). Average P fractions decrease in the order: Ca-P (69.9%) > Organic P (16.5%) > occluded P (6.50%) > Fe-P (5.93%) > dissolved P (0.80%) > exchangeable P (0.32%) > Al-P (0.02%). Different levels of nitrogen fertilizer have little effect on the contents of MBP, P fractions and metals. A significant positive correlation between MBP and Ca-P (p = 0.002), as well as between MBP and Ca (p = 0.008) could be observed, suggesting that Ca-P mainly affects the production of MBP in the paddy soils. It is suggested that soil MBP is strongly linked to Ca-P fertilizer use because soil spiked with P-fertilizer produced an additional 758 ± 142 ng of MBP per kg of soil, compared to only 81.7 ± 12.3 ng of MBP per kg of unspiked soil. No correlations are found between MBP and other P fractions, or between MBP and Al, Fe and Mn.     

2008年湖南低温雨雪冰冻天气分析与数值模拟

利用湖南省地面观测站点资料、探空资料、NCEP再分析资料及海温资料对该省2008年1月中旬至2月上旬异常低温雨雪冰冻天气形成原因进行了分析,结果表明:长时间的大气环流异常是造成此次低温雨雪冰冻天气的主要大气环流背景;温度的垂直结构分析表明,925~700hPa长时间存在强的逆温层,为冰冻提供了有利的形成环境;海温异常对气温有一定的影响作用,在拉尼娜起始年,湖南冬季平均气温偏低,出现冷冬的概率较大。通过中尺度数值天气预报模式MM5的模拟,也间接印证了冰冻的形成过程。最后,针对此异常低温雨雪冰冻天气发生特点,提出在气候变暖的大背景下仍要加强冬季极端气象灾害的研究和防范,同时加强和完善灾情上报制度。     

东北区域空气质量时空分布特征及重度污染成因分析

东北已成为我国又一个霾污染多发和重发区域.采用2013～2017年东北区域大气污染物地面监测数据、卫星数据和气象数据等信息,探讨了中国东北地区空气质量时空分布特征与重度污染成因.结果表明,"沈阳-长春-哈尔滨"带状城市群是全年污染最严重的区域,空气质量指数(AQI)的空间分布具有明显的季节性,冬季污染最严重,春季吉林省西部周围为椭圆形污染区,夏季和秋季大部分时间空气质量最佳.3个典型的霾污染时期是10月下旬和11月上旬(即秋末和初冬,时期一),12月下旬和1月(即冬季最冷的时候,时期二),及4月到5月中旬(即春季沙尘和农业耕作期).时期一,季节性作物残茬焚烧和冬季采暖用煤燃烧产生的PM_(2.5)强排放是极端霾事件发生的主要原因(AQI 300);时期二,在最严寒月份里,重度霾污染事件(200 AQI 300),主要由燃煤和汽车燃料消耗的PM_(2.5)排放量高,大气边界层较低,以及大气扩散性差等共同引起;时期三,春季PM_(10)浓度较高,主要是由内蒙古中部退化草原的风沙和吉林省西部裸地的区域性扬尘传输造成的.同时,当地农业耕作本身也释放PM_(10),并提升了裸土的人为源矿物尘的排放强度.     

Progress in quantitative research on the relationship between atmospheric oxidation and air quality

Atmospheric oxidizing capacity (AOC) is an essential driving force of troposphere chemistry and self-cleaning, but the definition of AOC and its quantitative representation remain uncertain. Driven by national demand for air pollution control in recent years, Chinese scholars have carried out studies on theories of atmospheric chemistry and have made considerable progress in AOC research. This paper will give a brief review of these developments. First, AOC indexes were established that represent apparent atmospheric oxidizing ability (AOIe) and potential atmospheric oxidizing ability (AOIp) based on aspects of macrothermodynamics and microdynamics, respectively. A closed study refined the quantitative contributions of heterogeneous chemistry to AOC in Beijing, and these AOC methods were further applied in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and key areas across the country. In addition, the detection of ground or vertical profiles for atmospheric OH·, HO₂·, NO₃· radicals and reservoir molecules can now be obtained with domestic instruments in diverse environments. Moreover, laboratory smoke chamber simulations revealed heterogeneous processes involving reactions of O₃ and NO₂, which are typical oxidants in the surface/interface atmosphere, and the evolutionary and budgetary implications of atmospheric oxidants reacting under multispecies, multiphase and multi-interface conditions were obtained. Finally, based on the GRAPES-CUACE adjoint model improved by Chinese scholars, simulations of key substances affecting atmospheric oxidation and secondary organic and inorganic aerosol formation have been optimized. Normalized numerical simulations of AOIe and AOIp were performed, and regional coordination of AOC was adjusted. An optimized plan for controlling O₃ and PM_2.5 was analyzed by scenario simulation.     

Multi-process and multi-pollutant control technology for ultra-low emissions in the iron and steel industry

The iron and steel industry is not only an important foundation of the national economy, but also the largest source of industrial air pollution. Due to the current status of emissions in the iron and steel industry, ultra-low pollutant emission control technology has been researched and developed. Liquid-phase proportion control technology has been developed for magnesian fluxed pellets, and a blast furnace smelting demonstration project has been established to use a high proportion of fluxed pellets (80%) for the first time in China to realize source emission reduction of SO₂ and NO_x. Based on the characteristics of high NO_x concentrations and the coexistence of multiple pollutants in coke oven flue gas, low-NO_x combustion coupled with multi-pollutant cooperative control technology with activated carbon was developed to achieve efficient removal of multiple pollutants and resource utilization of sulfur. Based on the characteristics of co-existing multiple pollutants in pellet flue gas, selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) coupled with ozone oxidation and spray drying adsorption (SDA) was developed, which significantly reduces the operating cost of the system. In the light of the high humidity and high alkalinity in flue gas, filter materials with high humidity resistance and corrosion resistance were manufactured, and an integrated pre-charged bag dust collector device was developed, which realized ultra-low emission of fine particles and reduced filtration resistance and energy consumption in the system. Through source emission reduction, process control and end-treatment technologies, five demonstration projects were built, providing a full set of technical solutions for ultra-low emissions of dust, SO₂, NO_x, SO₃, mercury and other pollutants, and offering technical support for the green development of the iron and steel industry.     

基于随机森林模型的中国PM2.5浓度影响因素分析

选取气溶胶光学厚度、海拔、年降水量、年均气温、年均风速、人口密度、GDP密度和NDVI作为影响因子,基于随机森林模型、特征重要性排序和偏依赖图技术,研究中国PM_(2.5)浓度空间分布的影响因素及其区域差异.结果表明:①与多元回归、广义可加模型和BP神经网络相比,随机森林模型估算的PM_(2.5)浓度精度最高,可用于PM_(2.5)污染的影响因素研究.②PM_(2.5)浓度随气溶胶光学厚度、人口密度和GDP密度的增加呈先上升后平稳的趋势,随降水、风速和NDVI的增加呈先下降后平稳的趋势,随海拔和气温的增加呈下降→上升→下降的趋势.③气溶胶光学厚度对PM_(2.5)浓度空间分布的影响最大,可解释37.96%的PM_(2.5)浓度空间分异;年降水量对PM_(2.5)浓度空间分布的影响最小,解释率仅为5.75%.④影响因子与PM_(2.5)浓度的关系存在空间异质性,同一影响因子对不同地理分区的PM_(2.5)浓度的影响程度有所不同.气溶胶光学厚度对华南地区PM_(2.5)浓度的空间分布影响最大,对东北地区影响最小.     

粤港澳大湾区典型化工场地苯系物污染特征及迁移规律

以粤港澳大湾区某典型化工污染场地为例,共采集了247个土壤样品和20个地下水样品,探讨了场地苯系物的污染分布特征,利用GMS分别从水平和垂直方向模拟分析了该场地苯系物在土壤与地下水的污染迁移扩散规律.结果表明,场地土壤样品中苯、乙苯、间,对-二甲苯、邻-二甲苯超筛选值,其中苯系物超筛选值的土壤样品主要集中在0. 5～4 m深度范围;地下水样品中苯、乙苯、间,对-二甲苯和邻-二甲苯超标较严重,最大超标倍数分别为140. 00、101. 33、212. 00和103. 40倍,主要分布在浅层地下水.地下水中的苯污染物在水平方向主要以对流/弥散运移方式从西北往东南方向迁移,而在垂向上浮苯主要集中在地下水面处,溶解态苯主要在水动力作用下迁移.模拟验证分析结果表明,MT3D模型能较准确地反映场地苯系物的空间分布和迁移特征,可为粤港澳大湾区化工类污染场地的精准化管控与修复提供科学指导.