基于WRF-CFD耦合的复杂城市形态街道通风性能模拟研究

目的研究静稳天气下复杂城市形态街道的通风性能。方法用WRF中尺度气象模式耦合CFD流体模型,通过选取冬季一次静稳天气过程,对南京市不同城市形态的街区通风性能进行分析,评价不同形态街区的通风性能,给出现有城市通风性能的状态,并对城市规划提供合理的意见。结果静稳天气条件下,人口密集居住的住宅区,通风性能严重不足,大部分街区风速只有0.3m/s,不利于居民的健康生活。局部区域的通风性能主要由街道的交叉口位置和街道与主导风向的位置关系决定,此次静稳天气综合型切片的中心区域通风性能明显优于中心区和住宅区。在迎风向的街谷或道路的通风性能明显,在静稳天气下能够达到2～3m/s,很好地起到了城市通风走廊的作用。结论合理的城市设计和建筑布局能够有效地增加局部区域,尤其是高密度地区的通风性能,有利于污染物等的扩散以及居民的健康。     

三峡库区澎溪河流域消落带土壤有机磷生物有效性研究

选取了澎溪河流域六个点位消落带土壤和岸边土壤,以NaOH-EDTA提取土壤中有机磷,并采用酶水解技术表征有机磷生物有效性。结果表明：①消落带土壤NaOH-EDTA提取液中总磷含量为74.55～140.54 mg/kg,无机磷含量为49.91～104.23 mg/kg,有机磷含量为14.61～36.31 mg/kg。消落带土壤有机磷含量低于岸边土壤。②消落带土壤有机磷中总可酶解有机磷（EHP）含量均值为6.23 mg/kg,占土壤有机磷含量的26.7%。消落带土壤EHP含量与有机磷含量呈极显著正相关（n=6,p<0.01）。③消落带土壤EHP含量、活性单酯磷含量与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关（n=6,p<0.01）,土壤有机质含量是影响有机磷生物有效性的重要因素。④消落带土壤与岸边土壤EHP组分特征相同,含量由高到低依次为类植酸磷、活性单酯磷、二酯磷,但消落带土壤EHP含量显著低于岸边土壤。周期性的干湿交替会造成消落带土壤有机磷向库区水体释放,消落带土壤有机磷地球化学循环对库区水体的潜在影响不容忽视。     

南京市校园室内空气微生物特征

为调查南京市学校教室内空气微生物污染状况,本研究各选一所幼儿园、小学、初中和大学,每所学校分别随机选取10间教室,采用六级安德森采样器进行空气微生物采样.研究发现,在南京地区所调研的这4所不同类型的学校中,幼儿园室内空气微生物浓度最高,细菌和真菌浓度均值分别为605CFU/m³和648CFU/m³,均显著高于其余3所学校.室内细菌和真菌粒径分布趋同,峰值均出现在Ⅴ级（1.1~2.1μm）.仅在大学教室内,发现环境参数与空气微生物浓度存在显著相关性.幼儿园教室内学生每天吸入的细菌和真菌剂量分别为150.2CFU/kg和160.9CFU/kg,均显著高于其他学校学生.     

A monitoring-modeling approach to SO42 − and NO3− secondary conversion ratio estimation during haze periods in Beijing, China

SO_4~(2-) and NO_3~- are important chemical components of fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)),especially during haze periods.This study selected two haze episodes in Beijing,China with similar meteorological conditions.A monitoring-modeling approach was developed to estimate the secondary conversion ratios of sulfur and nitrogen based on monitored and simulated concentrations.Measurements showed that in Episode 1(24th–25th October,2014),the concentrations(proportions)of SO_4~(2-) and NO_3~- reached 35.1μg/m~3(14.9%) and 55.0μg/m~3(22.9%),while they reached 14.4μg/m~3(9.3%) and 59.1μg/m~3(38.1%)in Episode 2(26th–27th October,2017).A modeling system was applied to apportion Beijing's SO_4~(2-) and NO_3~- in primary and secondary SO_4~(2-)/NO_3~- emitted from local and regional sources.Thus,secondary conversion contributions considering the local and regional level were defined.The former primarily focused on Beijing atmospheric oxidation ability and the latter mainly considered the existence form of Beijing SO_4~(2-)/NO_3~- under the regional transport impacts.Finally,secondary oxidation ratios were estimated through combining secondary conversion contribution coefficients for simulated and monitored concentrations.At regional level,sulfur oxidation ratios in polluted(clean)days during two sampling periods were0.57–0.72(0.07–0.52)and 0.74–0.80(0.08–0.61),nitrogen oxidation ratios were 0.20–0.29(0.05–0.15)and 0.34–0.38(0.02–0.29),indicating that atmospheric oxidation was enhanced when considering regional transport through 2014–2017.At the local level,sulfur oxidation ratios were 0.66–0.71(0.04–0.48)in haze(clean)days,while nitrogen oxidation ratios were0.16–0.29(0.02–0.16).The atmospheric oxidation ability markedly increased in PM_(2.5)pollution days,but changed only slightly between the two periods.     

基于能值理论的三江源区生态系统服务物质当量研究

鉴于生态系统服务的多样性和评估方法的复杂性使得生态系统服务研究难于纳入到政府决策和政绩考核的问题,以三江源区为例,提出生态系统服务物质当量的概念,并发展了基于能值理论的物质当量估算方法;进而通过构建用于调节生态系统类型之间与生态系统内部差异的均衡因子和调整因子,发展了生态系统服务快速核算方法.结果表明:三江源区主导生态系统服务(包括水源涵养、土壤保持和生态系统固碳)所具有的能值量为2.74×1022sej/a,标准物质当量(即物质当量单位)的能值基准值为1.58×1017sej/(km~2·a),由此估算的物质当量为173 618.80当量/a,单位面积物质当量为0.56当量/(km~2·a),其中,水源涵养、土壤保持和生态系统固碳服务的物质当量所占比例分别为52.72%、28.14%和19.14%.三江源区主导生态系统服务物质当量的空间分布特征表现为从东南向西北逐渐递减的变化趋势;分县(乡)估算的主导生态系统服务物质当量的空间分布与其单位面积物质当量存在较大差异,前者的高值区主要位于治多县、曲麻莱县和杂多县,后者则主要位于尖扎县、同仁县、久治县和班玛县.基于直接评估法估算的各县(乡)单位面积物质当量与基于快速核算方法估算结果的决定系数为0.72,均方根误差为0.25当量/(km~2·a).研究结果有助于实现生态系统服务的快速评估.     

1956-2010年三江源区水土流失状况演变

为研究三江源区水土流失状况变化及其可能成因,基于1956—2010年三江源区水文、气象观测资料以及遥感数据,借助Mann-Kendall趋势检验法分析了输沙量的年际变化,并采用双累积曲线、RUSLE（修正的通用土壤流失方程）分析了水土流失状况变化的可能成因.结果表明:① 三江源区输沙量表现为黄河源区>长江源区>澜沧江源区,输沙量最大值均出现在6—8月,最小值均出现在12月—翌年1月.② 各流域输沙量的年际变化较大,并且均以20世纪80年代为最大.2005—2010年黄河源区输沙量较多年平均值减少32.25%,而长江源区和澜沧江源区分别相应增加24.76%和41.86%.黄河源区土壤水蚀量增加明显,长江源区不同河段各有增减,澜沧江源区土壤水蚀强度降低.③ 引起水土流失状况变化的原因主要包括气候变化和生态工程两个方面.即① 降雨量的增加导致降雨侵蚀力和径流量增加,使得土壤水蚀量和河流输沙量有所增加;② 生态工程实施后,土壤中w（有机质）虽有所增加,但仍明显低于1980年的水平.尽管植被覆盖度有所提高,但对水土保持功能起重要作用的根系层恢复却较为缓慢,因此,土壤保持功能基本上未得到提高.      

基于大气环境风险的危险废物集中处置设施环境防护距离研究

针对危险废物集中处置设施选址的环境管理要求,以某危险废物经营企业为研究对象,从大气环境风险对人体健康损害的角度出发,研究了为防止危险废物集中储存和综合利用设施有毒有害物质泄漏、油品火灾燃烧烟气和焚烧设施废气排放等对周边居住场所及农用地造成严重影响应设置的环境防护距离,可为该类项目的选址和环境管理提供科学依据。     

油气田企业固定资产投资项目节能评估工作研究

阐述了塔里木油田分公司实施固定资产投资项目节能评估的主要做法,分析了实施节能评估的时间节点问题,并指出建设节能评估配套体系文件的必要性,提出了对节能评估的几点认识。     

Allozyme polymorphisms in horseshoe crabs, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda, collected from polluted and unpolluted intertidal areas in Peninsular Malaysia

It has been widely reported that allozyme frequency variation is a potential indicator of heavy metal-induced impacts in aquatic populations. In the present study, wild populations of horseshoe crab (Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda) were collected from contaminated and uncontaminated sites of Peninsular Malaysia. By adopting horizontal starch gel electrophoresis, seven enzyme systems were used to study allozyme polymorphisms. Nine polymorphic loci were observed in C. rotundicauda. The relationships of allozyme variations with the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn in sediments and in muscle tissues of horseshoe crabs were determined. Based on genetic distance, the lower mean value of Nei??s D (0.017) indicated that both of the contaminated populations of Kg. Pasir Puteh and Kuala Juru were very closely related when compared to the relatively uncontaminated Pantai Lido population. Higher heterozygosities were shown by the contaminated populations when compared to the uncontaminated population. Different allelic frequencies could be observed for the aldolase (ALD; E.C. 2.7.5.1) locus between the contaminated and uncontaminated populations of C. rotundicauda. The dendrogram of genetic relationships of the three populations of C. rotundicauda showed the same clustering pattern as the dendrograms are based on heavy metals in the sediments and in the horseshoe crabs?? abdominal muscles. From the F statistics, the present study showed that the three populations of horseshoe crabs were considered to have undergone moderate genetic differentiation with a mean F _ST value of 0.092 .The current results suggest that allozyme polymorphism in horseshoe crabs is a potential biomonitoring tool for metal contamination, although further validation is required.     

Effects of water vapor pretreatment time and reaction temperature on CO(2) capture characteristics of a sodium-based solid sorbent in a bubbling fluidized-bed reactor

CO(2) capture from flue gas using a sodium-based solid sorbent was investigated in a bubbling fluidized-bed reactor. Carbonation and regeneration temperature on CO(2) removal was determined. The extent of the chemical reactivity after carbonation or regeneration was characterized via (13)C NMR. In addition, the physical properties of the sorbent such as pore size, pore volume, and surface area after carbonation or regeneration were measured by gas adsorption method (BET). With water vapor pretreatment, near complete CO(2) removal was initially achieved and maintained for about 1-2min at 50 degrees C with 2s gas residence time, while without proper water vapor pretreatment CO(2) removal abruptly decreased from the beginning. Carbonation was effective at the lower temperature over the 50-70 degrees C temperature range, while regeneration more effective at the higher temperature over the 135-300 degrees C temperature range. To maintain the initial 90% CO(2) removal, it would be necessary to keep the regeneration temperature higher than about 135 degrees C. The results obtained in this study can be used as basic data for designing and operating a large scale CO(2) capture process with two fluidized-bed reactors.