全新世青藏高原东部西南季风的演变

本研究报道一组新的西南季风代用指标,即泥炭中单一种属植物———木里苔草残体纤维素和泥炭混合植物残体纤维素的δ13C时间序列,所记录的青藏高原东部全新世气候变化。两记录表明,该区全新世的下限年龄约11200aBP(14C年龄约9900aBP);从约11200aBP起该区迅速进入湿暖的全新世阶段,季风活动迅速增强;在约10800～5500aBP期间,季风总体保持在强盛状态,但其间有4次突然减弱,气候变干冷;约从5500aBP起季风活动在波动中逐渐减弱,其中有4次减弱最明显。所有这8次气候的突然变化都与北大西洋浮冰事件一一对应。这种密切的相关关系表明,西南季风强度的波动可能是对全球变化,特别是对海洋热盐环流引起的地球南北方气候波动的所谓"跷跷板效应"的响应。     

预测有机废气在活性半焦上吸附量的实验研究

以甲苯和苯组成的双组分气体作为吸附质,活性半焦作为吸附剂在20℃下进行吸附实验,测定该混合气体在活性半焦上的平衡吸附量;再利用纯组分甲苯和苯在活性半焦上的Langmuir吸附等温线,运用Extend-Langmuir(E-L)方程预测双组分气体在活性半焦上的平衡吸附量,并与实验值进行对比.实验结果表明,E-L方程对于预测甲苯-苯双组分气体在活性半焦上的总平衡吸附量要比各组分吸附量准确,平均相对误差仅为1.40％,最大相对误差为3.32％.     

Research on Corrosion Allowanee and Residual Life of the Oil Pipeline Based on the Allowable Reliability

分析认为输油管道的最大腐蚀深度符合Ⅰ型极大值分布,基于许用可靠度,建立了2个计算公式:①确定输油管道的腐蚀裕量;②确定输油管道的腐蚀剩余寿命.实例验证了方法的有效合理性.     

高压直流输电换流阀冷却系统泄漏保护分析

提出了一种高压晶闸管换流阀冷却系统泄漏保护方法,当水冷却系统在一定时间内泄漏量超过换流阀要求的泄漏流量时泄漏保护能正确动作,同时避免由于冷却介质的热胀冷缩而引起误判断,对国内新建直流工程有指导意义。     

特种设备安全绩效与安全监管能力相关性研究

为强化特种设备安全监管,基于组织能力理论,通过文献计量和专家调查等方法,对特种设备安全绩效和安全监管能力的相关指标进行研究,初步确定27项监管能力指标和4项安全绩效指标。采用相关性分析法,选择安全绩效指标中万台设备事故起数作为基准指标,计算该指标与监管能力和安全绩效各指标的Spearman相关系数。在总体趋势上,基准指标与监管能力指标呈现负相关,与安全绩效指标呈现正相关。计算结果表明:可从增加监管资源投入,提高人员素质,严格监管执行过程等方面提高特种设备安全监管能力。     

乌鲁木齐市大气中SO2的灰色预测

根据灰色系统理论,联系乌鲁木齐市大气环境的实际状况,建立了精度检验为一级的灰色预测模型,并对大气中的SO2值进行了预测分析,结果表明,该预测模型具有较高的准确性、合理性和可信度.     

大气CO2浓度增高对不同供氮水平下水稻生长和化感物质释放的影响

利用开放式空气CO2浓度升高(free air carbon-dioxide enrichment,FACE)平台中的水培试验,研究了低氮(LN:10 mg·L-1)和高氮(HN:30 mg·L-1)水平下,大气CO2浓度升高对化感与非化感水稻(Oryza sativa L.)品种的生长、碳氮比(C/N)和化感物质含量的影响,并分析了CO2浓度升高条件下水稻C/N和化感物质含量间的相互关系.结果表明:CO2浓度升高对化感(PI)与非化感水稻品种(秀水)的生长均有极显著促进作用.CO2浓度升高后,LN条件下水稻C/N显著增加,HN条件下则无显著变化.CO2浓度升高后化感水稻品种次生代谢物质含量增加,特征化感物质含量增加,非化感品种的这种变化不显著.化感水稻品种C/N分别与次生代谢物质含量和特征化感物质含量之间呈显著正相关关系.     

Why does environmental compliance cost more than penalty?

In the environmental protection field of China, due to “lower law-breaking cost but higher law-abiding cost”, it is a common case that the enterprise chooses to break through the law on purpose. The punishment to the unlawful practices by the law directly decides the law-breaking cost of the enterprise, furthermore, influences the willingness to abide by the law and the trend to break through the law. The law-breaking cost of enterprises is jointly decided by the administrative liability, civil liability and criminal liability. However, in China, the enterprises breaking through the law are mainly penalized for the administrative liabilities, focusing less on the civil compensation liability on the environmental damage and criminal liabilities on the environmental crimes. Nevertheless, a complete environmental liability system is composed by administrative punishment, civil compensation and criminal sanction, none of which is dispensable. Therefore, the three layers defense could be established on punishing and deterring the environmental law-breakers. Considering all three aspects, administrative liability, civil liability and criminal liability, this paper analyzes the systemic disadvantages of the current environmental administrative punishment, civil compensation and criminal sanction in China, and investigates the legitimate reasons for the higher law-abiding cost compared with the law-breaking cost, and it is finalized with the measures and suggestions to solve this problem.     

Integrated assessment for aerobic biodegradability of organic substances

In this paper, the amount of oxygen consumption, end products and activities of microorganisms are considered as the three factors which affect the biodegradability of organic substances in water. Two integrated assessment methods for biodegradability of organic substances, fuzzy clustering integrated assessment and weighted integrated assessment, have been developed. Simultaneously, the detail steps for assessing a new organic substance biodegradability with these two integrated assessment methods are proposed.     

浸渍-煅烧法改性凹凸棒石对模拟废水中磷的吸附特性

为提升凹凸棒石对水溶液中磷的吸附性能,以凹凸棒石、氢氧化铝、熟石灰为原料,采用浸渍-煅烧法制备ATP-IA（改性凹凸棒石）.通过吸附磷试验,探讨ATP-IA吸附性能以及投加量对吸附效果的影响;利用SEM（扫描电镜）、XRD（X射线衍射光谱）、XRF（X射线荧光光谱）和FTIR（傅里叶转换红外光谱）对ATP-IA表征,并结合吸附动力学、热力学和等温吸附试验探讨ATP-IA吸附磷机制.结果表明,ATP-IA平衡吸附容量为26.34 mg/g（凹凸棒石的平衡吸附量为0.88 mg/g）,对磷的去除率可以达到99.36%;表征结果表明,改性可使部分凹凸棒石转变为钙沸石,改性能脱除凹凸棒石晶体内的结晶水,使凹凸棒石比表面积显著提升;动力学试验表明,ATP-IA吸附磷过程符合准二级动力学方程,说明ATP-IA吸附磷过程中反应控速步骤为化学反应;等温吸附试验结果符合Freundlich方程,表明吸附为多分子层不均匀吸附;热力学分析表明,ATP-IA吸附磷属于自发进行的吸热过程,且同时包含物理吸附和化学吸附.研究显示,浸渍-煅烧法改性会改变凹凸棒石部分理化性质,能显著提高凹凸棒石对磷的去除率及平衡吸附容量.