大连市臭氧污染特征及典型污染日成因

通过对大连市区10个空气监测子站的监测数据进行分析,探讨了大连市臭氧污染的时空分布、气象条件对臭氧污染的影响,对臭氧污染日进行了归类分析。结果表明,大连市臭氧污染主要出现在4—10月。在强紫外辐射、高温、低湿、低压和低风速的气象条件下,监测点位的臭氧浓度较高。臭氧污染日的日变化分为单峰型、双峰型和夜间持续升高型3种类型。通过对2015年的一次高浓度臭氧污染过程的气象条件、污染物浓度和污染气团轨迹进行分析,发现臭氧浓度在夜间持续升高现象与区域输送密切相关。     

燃煤电厂掺烧废弃物现状及环境管理建议

我国燃煤电厂掺烧废弃物进入了快速发展期,但也暴露出底数不清、现状不清等问题。基于文献调研和国家排污许可平台统计数据介绍了国内外燃煤电厂掺烧废弃物的现状。相较国外,目前我国燃煤电厂掺烧生物质的项目较少,以掺烧污泥为主,包括城市污水厂污泥以及各种工业污泥,烟气污染物排放标准交叉引用GB 13223—2011《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》、GB 18485—2014《生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准》、GB 18484—2001《危险废物焚烧污染控制标准》和地方排放标准等,烟气、粉煤灰等污染治理措施普遍沿用电厂原有技术路线。据此,全面梳理了现阶段我国燃煤电厂掺烧废弃物存在的无序掺烧、污染物管理与排放控制要求缺失、信息公开力度不够等环境管理问题,并提出了相应的对策建议。     

基于FERC模型的油品流淌火灾定量风险评估方法研究

为了评价油品储运过程中的流淌火灾风险,提出1种基于FERC模型的油品流淌火灾定量风险评估方法。以某汽油管道为例,分析大孔泄漏、中孔泄漏、小孔泄漏３种模式下流淌火各参数的动态变化过程,计算管道周边不同位置处的个人风险值。研究结果表明:流淌火燃烧面积的最大值随泄漏速率的增加而增大,对于给定的算例条件,大孔泄漏情景下的最大燃烧半径较小孔泄漏增大了18.4倍;相较小孔泄漏,大孔泄漏下安全距离增大了6.7倍;在距离泄漏点100 m的位置,小孔泄漏、中孔泄漏和大孔泄漏条件下的辐射热流密度值分别为0.13,1.34,8.02 kW/m2;距离泄漏点34 m处时,大孔泄漏已经占总个人风险的99%;在开展风险评价时,应着重分析大孔泄漏的情景。     

长输管道凹陷提压回圆评价方法

为了解决长输管道深凹陷所导致的清管器及内检测器难以通过的工程问题,基于局部提高管道内压可使凹陷回圆、深度减小以达到清管器或检测器可通过深度门槛值的思想,建立了内压作用下管道凹陷回圆过程非线性有限元模型;提出了管道凹陷回圆系数的定义;通过应力应变响应分析对凹陷回圆过程的安全性进行论证;对回圆系数的影响因素进行分析,探讨径厚比、管材、凹陷尺寸、初始内压、回圆压力等参数对回圆系数的影响;基于有限元计算算例,采用非线性回归的方法拟合了凹陷回圆系数工程计算公式。研究结果表明:在极限回圆压力工况下,凹陷回圆过程中管道未发生二次塑性损伤;误差分析显示拟合所得公式预测精度较好,可用于长输管道凹陷的回圆评价。     

武汉地区人类世的湖泊沉积指示

"人类世"(Anthropocene)概念是在人类活动引起的全球性环境问题日益突出的背景下提出的。人类世问题近年来已逐步成为环境、地球科学及其相关学科领域的一个研究热点。武汉位于长江中游,汉水与长江交汇之处,是中国中部地区的中心城市,也是全国重要的工业基地和综合交通枢纽,因此开展武汉地区的人类世界限研究对于指示人类活动在自然环境中可开展的安全活动空间具有重要的意义。以武汉市湖泊沉积物中有机氯农药(OCPs)、重金属元素(Zn、Cu、Pb、Hg、Cr)、总磷总氮和沉积色素的含量为标志,结合武汉城市化进程对武汉地区的人类世界限进行了研究。结果表明:武汉地区的人类世界限大概在1960年左右,此时人类活动在湖泊沉积物中留下了标志性的特征。     

磷钼酸铵-聚乙烯醇复合材料的制备及其对水中Cs+的吸附性能研究

利用磷钼酸铵、聚乙烯醇和正硅酸四乙酯合成一种新型复合材料（AMP-PVA）,运用扫描电镜（SEM）、傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）和热重分析仪（TG-DSC）等对AMP-PVA进行结构和形貌表征.同时,探究了不同初始浓度、pH、时间等因素对AMP-PVA特异性吸附Cs⁺性能的影响,并结合等温吸附曲线、吸附动力学等对AMP-PVA的吸附机制进行探讨.结果表明,AMP-PVA可在pH=2~11范围内使用,耐酸性能良好,且在35 ℃、pH=7.7、初始Cs⁺浓度为200 mg·L^-1的条件下达到最大吸附量109.56 mg·g^-1;吸附过程以自发的、吸热的、可持续的化学吸附为主,符合Freundlich等温吸附模型和准二级动力学模型,并伴随着内扩散和Boyd模型的特征;AMP-PVA主要作用机制为Cs⁺与AMP中的NH₄⁺发生离子交换.     

Assessing the capacity of biochar to stabilize copper and lead in contaminated sediments using chemical and extraction methods

Because of its high adsorption capacity, biochar has been used to stabilize metals when remediating contaminated soils; to date, however, it has seldom been used to remediate contaminated sediment. A biochar was used as a stabilization agent to remediate Cu- and Pb-contaminated sediments, collected from three locations in or close to Beijing. The sediments were mixed with a palm sawdust gasified biochar at a range of weight ratios (2.5%, 5%, and 10%) and incubated for 10, 30, or 60?days. The performance of the different treatments and the heavy metal fractions in the sediments were assessed using four extraction methods, including diffusive gradients in thin films, the porewater concentration, a sequential extraction, and the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure. The results showed that biochar could enhance the stability of heavy metals in contaminated sediments. The degree of stability increased as both the dose of biochar and the incubation time increased. The sediment pH and the morphology of the metal crystals adsorbed onto the biochar changed as the contact time increased. Our results showed that adsorption, metal crystallization, and the pH were the main controls on the stabilization of metals in contaminated sediment by biochar.     

2014—2016年海口市空气质量概况及预报效果检验

本文主要基于CUACE模式在海口市的预报产品,结合2014年3月—2017年2月海口市AQI、PM_2.5、PM₁₀和O₃的实况资料进行预报效果检验.结果表明,①近3年海口市空气质量等级主要以优和良为主,但仍有少部分天数以PM₁₀、PM_2.5和O₃为首要污染物,分别占所有首要污染物天数的27.6%、29.5%和42.9%,其中O₃上升幅度较快.②CUACE模式能较好的模拟出AQI和3类污染物浓度的变化特征,其中PM_2.5的预报值与实测值最为接近,而PM₁₀和O₃普遍偏低.③日平均浓度的预报效果检验表明,PM_2.5的标准误差（RMSE）最小,AQI和PM₁₀次之,O₃最大.3个时次预报平均偏差（MB）和归一化偏差（MNB）均为负值,表明CUACE模式预报的污染要素浓度均偏低于实测值.④海口市空气质量为优等级时,TS评分最高;无首要污染物时,首要污染物预报的TS评分最高,但首要污染物为PM_2.5、PM₁₀或O₃时,TS评分均偏低.     

Organochlorine pesticides in the surface water and sediments from the Peacock River Drainage Basin in Xinjiang, China: a study of an arid zone in Central Asia

Fourteen surface water and nine surface sediment samples were collected from the Peacock River and analyzed for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) by gas chromatograph?Celectron capture detector (GC-ECD). All the analyzed organochlorine pesticides, except o,p ^??-DDT, were detected in sediments from the Peacock River; but in the water samples, only ??-HCH, HCB, p,p ^??-DDD, and p,p ^??-DDT were detected at some sites. The ranges for total OCPs in the water and sediments were from N.D. to 195 ng l^???1 and from 1.36 to 24.60 ng g^???1, respectively. The only existing HCH isomer in the water, ??-HCH, suggested that the contamination by HCHs could be attributed to erosion of the weathered agricultural soils containing HCHs compounds. Composition analyses showed that no technical HCH, technical DDT, technical chlordanes, endosulfans, and HCB had been recently used in this region. However, there was new input of ??-HCH (lindane) into the Peacock River. The most probable source was water flowing from Bosten Lake and/or agricultural tailing water that was returned directly into the Peacock River. DDT compounds in the sediments may be derived mainly from DDT-treated aged and weathered agricultural soils, the degradation condition was aerobic and the main product was DDE. HCB in the sediment might be due to the input from Bosten Lake and the lake may act as an atmospheric deposition zone. There was no significant correlation between the concentrations of OCPs (including ??HCH, ??DDT, chlordanes, endosulfans, HCB and total OCPs) and the content of fine particles (<63 ??m). The concentrations of OCPs were affected by salinity.