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81.
Tobias J. Legler Zhong Liu Ariadni Mavrou Kirstin Finning Ilona Hromadnikova Silvia Galbiati Cathy Meaney Maj A. Hultén Francesco Crea Martin L. Olsson Deborah G. Maddocks Dorothy Huang Sylvia Armstrong Fisher Markus Sprenger-Haussels Aicha Ait Soussan C. Ellen van der Schoot 《黑龙江环境通报》2007,27(9):824-829
Objective Cell free foetal DNA (cff DNA) extracted from maternal plasma is now recognized as a potential source for prenatal diagnosis but the methodology is currently not well standardized. To evaluate different manual and automated DNA extraction methods with a view to developing standards, an International Workshop was performed. Methods Three plasma pools from RhD-negative pregnant women, a DNA standard, real-time-PCR protocol, primers and probes for RHD were sent to 12 laboratories and also to one company (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). In pre-tests, pool 3 showed a low cff DNA concentration, pool 1 showed a higher concentration and pool 2 an intermediate concentration. Results The QIAamp DSP Virus Kit, the High Pure PCR Template Preparation Kit, an in-house protocol using the QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit, the CST genomic DNA purification kit, the Magna Pure LC, the MDx, the M48, the EZ1 and an in-house protocol using magnetic beads for manual and automated extraction were the methods that were able to reliably detect foetal RHD. The best results were obtained with the QIAamp DSP Virus Kit. The QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit showed very comparable results in laboratories that followed the manufacturer's protocol and started with ≥ 500 µL plasma. One participant using the QIAamp DNA Blood Midi Kit failed to detect reliably RHD in pool 3. Conclusions This workshop initiated a standardization process for extraction of cff DNA in maternal plasma. The highest yield was obtained by the QIAamp DSP Virus Kit, a result that will be evaluated in more detail in future studies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
82.
83.
Claudia Westhus Line V. Ugelvig Edouard Tourdot Jürgen Heinze Claudie Doums Sylvia Cremer 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2014,68(10):1701-1710
Repeated pathogen exposure is a common threat in colonies of social insects, posing selection pressures on colony members to respond with improved disease-defense performance. We here tested whether experience gained by repeated tending of low-level fungus-exposed (Metarhizium robertsii) larvae may alter the performance of sanitary brood care in the clonal ant, Platythyrea punctata. We trained ants individually over nine consecutive trials to either sham-treated or fungus-exposed larvae. We then compared the larval grooming behavior of naive and trained ants and measured how effectively they removed infectious fungal conidiospores from the fungus-exposed larvae. We found that the ants changed the duration of larval grooming in response to both, larval treatment and their level of experience: (1) sham-treated larvae received longer grooming than the fungus-exposed larvae and (2) trained ants performed less self-grooming but longer larval grooming than naive ants, which was true for both, ants trained to fungus-exposed and also to sham-treated larvae. Ants that groomed the fungus-exposed larvae for longer periods removed a higher number of fungal conidiospores from the surface of the fungus-exposed larvae. As experienced ants performed longer larval grooming, they were more effective in fungal removal, thus making them better caretakers under pathogen attack of the colony. By studying this clonal ant, we can thus conclude that even in the absence of genetic variation between colony members, differences in experience levels of brood care may affect performance of sanitary brood care in social insects. 相似文献
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85.
Cecilia Matasci Sylvia Kruse Nico Barawid Philippe Thalmann 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2014,19(8):1239-1254
Increasingly, various sectors are affected by climate change and need to find ways to adapt with much public guidance and support. This paper examines the adaptation process of a sector that started it some time ago – Swiss Alpine tourism. It identifies barriers that may be relevant for all sectors, all along the successive phases of the adaptation process. It additionally identifies the barriers which are most important and how these can be overcome. In order to do this we use an online survey directed to Swiss tourism stakeholders. Our results indicate that both economic and social feasibility barriers are important impediments to the adjustment process, whereas the acceptability among inhabitants and the willingness to act of stakeholders appear less critical. These barriers can be overcome and adaptation facilitated with more and especially better information about the regional consequences of climate change and feasible adaptation measures, by some top-down leadership and coordination, and by providing financial support. 相似文献
86.
Cremer S D'Ettorre P Drijfhout FP Sledge MF Turillazzi S Heinze J 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2008,95(11):1101-1105
Winged and wingless males coexist in the ant Cardiocondyla obscurior. Wingless (“ergatoid”) males never leave their maternal colony and fight remorselessly among each other for the access to
emerging females. The peaceful winged males disperse after about 10 days, but beforehand also mate in the nest. In the first
5 days of their life, winged males perform a chemical female mimicry that protects them against attack and even makes them
sexually attractive to ergatoid males. When older, the chemical profile of winged males no longer matches that of virgin females;
nevertheless, they are still tolerated, which so far has been puzzling. Contrasting this general pattern, we have identified
a single aberrant colony in which all winged males were attacked and killed by the ergatoid males. A comparative analysis
of the morphology and chemical profile of these untypical attacked winged males and the tolerated males from several normal
colonies revealed that normal old males are still performing some chemical mimicry to the virgin queens, though less perfect
than in their young ages. The anomalous attacked winged males, on the other hand, had a very different odour to the females.
Our study thus exemplifies that the analysis of rare malfunctioning can add valuable insight on functioning under normal conditions
and allows the conclusion that older winged males from normal colonies of the ant C. obscurior are guarded through an imperfect chemical female mimicry, still close enough to protect against attacks by the wingless fighters
yet dissimilar enough not to elicit their sexual interest. 相似文献